{"id":985,"date":"2013-06-27T12:54:26","date_gmt":"2013-06-27T05:54:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=985"},"modified":"2013-06-27T12:54:26","modified_gmt":"2013-06-27T05:54:26","slug":"diem-kiem-du-an","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=985","title":{"rendered":"\u0110i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m d\u1ef1 \u00e1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u00e9m tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf s\u1edbm thay v\u00ec cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. Kh\u00f4ng may, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n k\u00e9m \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft b\u1ecf ch\u1ec9 sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta chi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f3 c\u1eaft b\u1ecf d\u1ef1 \u00e1n k\u00e9m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sau khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u00f3. Sau r\u1ed1t, kh\u00f4ng ai mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1i d\u1edf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecb khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 ti\u00eau ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecb m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecf qua n\u00f3 v\u00e0 hi v\u1ecdng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00f4i \u0111i cho t\u1edbi khi n\u00f3 t\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb c\u1eaft b\u1ecf. Khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n k\u00e9m x\u1ea3y ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao ai \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady x\u1ea3y ra? T\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u1eaft b\u1ecf d\u1ef1 \u00e1n k\u00e9m? \u0110\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Khi m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cho t\u1edbi khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1eb7c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u1ebfu r\u1ee7i ro qu\u00e1 cao. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed cho ph\u00e9p d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng r\u1ee7i ro d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u01a1n cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n trong pha ti\u1ebfp. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n chung cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i sau khi ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m hay c\u1ed5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed5ng cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n bi\u1ebft tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi cho ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c hay c\u1eaft b\u1ecf do nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 hay v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed5ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i t\u1eebng pha. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed5ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a pha y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, pha ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, pha vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 pha ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t t\u1edbi t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c r\u00f5 hi\u1ec3u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi ph\u00ed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang hay c\u1ea7n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Trong su\u1ed1t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c t\u1edbi v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng sau pha ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn theo chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n k\u00e9m v\u00ec bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u00e9p t\u1eeb qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eedi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ed7i, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 sau v\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda ch\u00fang v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tr\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n giao d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 trong ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Project checkpoints<\/p>\n

Like a stock that performs poorly on the stock market, software project that having lots of problems should have been canceled earlier rather than allows it to continue. Unfortunately, the fact is there are many bad projects that were cancelled only after people spent millions of dollars to keep them continue for awhile.<\/p>\n

Of course, it is difficult to cancel a bad project especially after you put so much money and efforts to it. After all, no one wants to look bad. Senior manager does not want to be blame of spending money on something that fails. Project manager does not want to be known as the manager of a fail project so they often ignore it and hope the problems go away until it gets so bad and must be cancelled. When bad thing happens, senior manager blames project manager and project manager blames software developers and usually the lowest level people would be victims.<\/p>\n

Why would someone allow such thing to happen? Why would manager not cancel a bad project? It is really the lack of decision making and accountability. Basically, a project must pass through many checkpoints in its lifecycle and at each checkpoint, manager must make decision. When a project reach a checkpoint without meeting certain conditions, the manager must either fix the problems until it meets the passing condition or cancel the project if the risk is too high. That is what checkpoint is designed for. Without proper knowledge about project management, sometime manager allows the project to continue therefore increase the project risks, both technically and financially. This lack of decision making and poor management judgment often create more problems to the project in the next phase. If it is allowed to continue, the problems will accumulate and project will eventually fail after consumes a lot of money and efforts.<\/p>\n

Project must have several planned checkpoints or gates. Gate reviews allow project manager to know the project status, major issues and risks so he can make the right decision. A good project manager must decide whether the project should be stopped to make improvement before allows to continue or cancel due to certain risks or technology issues. Traditional gate reviews are often set at the end of each phase. For example, in the Waterfall lifecycle, gate reviews happen at the end of the requirement phase, architecture phase, design phase, coding phase and testing phase.<\/p>\n

The first checkpoint comes at the review of the requirements. The review will allow project manager to determine whether the requirements are good enough to start the project. If not then the project should not start as the team may need more time to analyze and understand requirements in details. By understand requirements well, project manager can estimate the development cost and schedule better and decide whether the budget is correct or need to update accordingly. Throughout the project, there are many checkpoints that project manager must review and decides whether to allow the project to continue or not.<\/p>\n

Another important checkpoint comes at the review of the final product after testing phase. The review will allow project manager to decide whether the product is ready to ship to customers or not. This is a major decision that should be planned carefully in specific and measurable details. This is also a test to determine a good project manager and a bad project manager because there is always pressure from senior management to ship the product. However, if you ship a product full of defects, you will get a lot of problems later as customers will complain and you will have to fix them at much higher costs.<\/p>\n

To make better decisions, project manager must plan all checkpoints on the project with certain passing conditions. Sometime, it would be best to involve others into the decision making process and make sure that everybody is working together to achieve the goals of deliver high quality project, on time and within costs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u00e9m tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf s\u1edbm … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-985","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/985","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=985"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/985\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":987,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/985\/revisions\/987"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=985"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=985"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=985"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}