{"id":971,"date":"2013-06-26T11:17:21","date_gmt":"2013-06-26T04:17:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=971"},"modified":"2013-06-26T11:17:21","modified_gmt":"2013-06-26T04:17:21","slug":"cmmi-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=971","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng CMMI l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00ean l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u0103ng? Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1? Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Nh\u00f3m qui tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m &#8211; Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG)?<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cam k\u1ebft t\u1eeb qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. Cam k\u1ebft ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<p>Trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u00ed do nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh &#8211; M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Mong \u0111\u1ee3i l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n<p>Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 Nh\u00f3m qui tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG). Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u00f3m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c thi, th\u00ec c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. N\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ee9 khong \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t hay x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u00ec ai s\u1ebd ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn sau \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1?<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: Nh\u00f3m qui tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m- Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u00a0 H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: Nh\u00f3m qui tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m &#8211; Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG) l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m &#8220;c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n thay \u0111\u1ed5i&#8221; n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00ec nh\u00f3m SEPG ph\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00f3 hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n<li>C\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, Vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, \u0110\u01b0a ra, \u01af\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0110o v.v.<\/li>\n<li>C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng &#8220;th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m&#8221; nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gay c\u1ea5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (Th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1)<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u00edt h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i trang h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ednh h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<li>Gi\u1eef quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi SEPG kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t SEPG t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh cao r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 ch\u1ee9, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, \u1edf m\u1ee9c 2, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. N\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00f9ng l\u1ecfng, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 &#8220;l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng&#8221; s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p nhanh v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo th\u1eddi gian. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea5t k\u00ec khi n\u00e0o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n chung l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng. L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng gi\u1eef cho \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i l\u00ean, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 5. C\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Nh\u1edb c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Xin \u0111\u1eebng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u00f9ng l\u1ecfng, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111i l\u00ean m\u1ecdi l\u00fac.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1edbn 10,000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng? H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi CMMI m\u1ee9c 3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kinh nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i th\u00ec c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 100 t\u1edbi 1000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf\u00a0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn? T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 10,000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c hay m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng? T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng? H\u1ecd \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hay nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng?<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1edbn ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hay l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n th\u00ec ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00ean h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c mi\u1ec1n. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cho t\u1eebng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfu; t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf CMMI m\u1ee9c 3 th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1eebng mi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. G\u1eafn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hay.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t &#8220;t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n thay \u0111\u1ed5i &#8220;. T\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? T\u00f4i h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i cho t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n<p>1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n<p>2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n<p>3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00f4i d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n<p>4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y canh t\u00e2n trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n<p>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Mark Twain \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: &#8220;Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c&#8221;. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 l\u00e0m sao! Cho n\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, h\u00e3y l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ean trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y \u0111\u01b0a thay \u0111\u1ed5i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t bao l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y sang m\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00a0CMMI? Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 3 trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Carnegie Mellon, th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i l\u00ean trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 25 th\u00e1ng t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 1 l\u00ean m\u1ee9c 2, v\u00e0 24 th\u00e1ng t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 2 l\u00ean 3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u00f4i th\u00ec s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 36 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 1 l\u00ean m\u1ee9c 2 v\u00e0 24 th\u00e1ng t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 2 l\u00ean m\u1ee9c 3.<\/p>\n<p>L\u1eadp m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00ean m\u1ee9c 3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 du h\u00e0nh trong r\u1eebng r\u1eadm m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh m\u1ee9c 3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt hay c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c? M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? N\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, chu k\u00ec th\u1eddi gian, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed hay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hai n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ba nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t: S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m, s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111o.<\/p>\n<p>1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m: C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1ecf qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3. C\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n<p>2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tham gia: C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng ngang nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n gia s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n<p>3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e1ch \u0111o: C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i trong to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed s\u1ebd ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e2n qu\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng Citibank \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi CMMI m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh 5 trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Ph\u1ed1 Wall. T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1edbi ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00f4ng ti n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh cao h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: V\u00ec Suzanne Kelly, Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1edf Citibank l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n n\u00ean t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n cho c\u00f4 \u1ea5y v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u1ea5y x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 Citibank \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh 5. Suzanne c\u0169ng chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi t\u00f4i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 sau:&#8221; Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Citibank \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 400 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f3 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. T\u1edbi h\u00f4m nay, Citibank c\u00f3 42 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1edbi 75% \u1edf m\u1ee9c 1, 15% \u1edf m\u1ee9c 2, 10% \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 Citibank, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 5.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Suzanne c\u0169ng chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng Citibank \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong n\u0103m n\u0103m qua b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng then ch\u1ed1t:<\/p>\n<p>1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed theo qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng theo s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/p>\n<p>2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u00f9ng qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<p>3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n<\/p>\n<p>4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng<\/p>\n<p>5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c<\/p>\n<p>Suzanne cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Citibank l\u00e0 do tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc: &#8220;Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi&#8221;. C\u00f4 \u1ea5y v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh xe nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 b\u00e1nh xe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f4 \u1ea5y n\u00f3i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Th\u00f4ng tin nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u201cc\u00e1i g\u00ec\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ebf n\u00e0o\u201d, trong khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i v\u1eeba s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng v\u1eeba c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f4 \u1ea5y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh:\u00a0 N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, th\u00ec d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec. &#8211; N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c sai, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f9a th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 &#8220;C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i xe m\u00e1y: Xe m\u00e1y ph\u1ea3i \u0111i nhanh, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh k\u0129, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7. C\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5, v\u00e0 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 cho Citibank ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn CMMI l\u00e0 do thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. C\u00f4 \u1ea5y n\u00f3i: \u201cNhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng CMMI l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng sau khi d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng mua nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. C\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec3u nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5. CMMI \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng cho c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5. Hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 10,000 nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1edf Citibank, trong \u0111\u00f3 5,000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u0169ng chia s\u1ebb qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cT\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1edf m\u1ee9c 5. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 4 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00f3 khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i thu\u00ea h\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n ho\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chi nh\u00e1nh m\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i\u00a0 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t cao, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i b\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng (COTS),\u00a0 v\u00e0, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft trong ch\u00fang, chi ph\u00ed l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00ed.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, Citibank v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra h\u1ecd: Kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i mu\u1ed9n. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eadn d\u1ef1 h\u1ecdp h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 cho cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u00e0 n\u00f3i. Kh\u00f4ng ai ghi l\u1ea1i bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 v\u1eabn ra l\u1ec7nh cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ba n\u0103m trong m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng c\u1ea5p l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1edbi nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 sau cho n\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng ai \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea3. Nh\u00f3m d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m\u00a0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0a ra, h\u1ecd d\u00e0nh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 l\u00e0m ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edd, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb (3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111au tim) v\u00e0 th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1i h\u1ecd chuy\u1ec3n giao l\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian, ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 CMMI l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>Trong cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Citibank John Reid b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Suzanne v\u00e0 sau ph\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u00f4ng \u1ea5y tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng Reid n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y n\u00f3i: \u201cChuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c s\u1ebd gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 x\u1eed gay c\u1ea5n: Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho nhu c\u1ea7u. B\u1ea5t k\u00ec khi n\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nhu c\u1ea7u, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. B\u00f9 tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau: \u1edf m\u1ee9c 1, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. \u1ede m\u1ee9c 2, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u1ede m\u1ee9c 3, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 qui t\u1eafc &#8211; d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ch \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u1ede m\u1ee9c 4, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c, ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u00f4ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed theo s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u1ede m\u1ee9c 5, \u00f4ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 theo c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i tin CMMI l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh hay ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169 v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean g\u1ed1c.\u00a0 Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 CMMI kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: CMMI kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t hay ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed, chu k\u00ec th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u0111ang trong mi\u1ec1n <i>B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt (\u0110\u01b0a ra) d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1edbi m\u1ed7i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (k\u00edch c\u1ee1, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u), v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ban thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u1ed7i. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ngang quy\u1ec1n, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u00e3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. R\u1ed3i b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m n\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, th\u00ec CMMI c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0 V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, CMMI c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong b\u1ea5t k\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn, hay c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;-English version&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>CMMI-1<\/p>\n<p>Question: My organization wants to start a process improvement program using the CMMI as the framework. What would be the first step? Conduct an appraisal? Train Lead appraisers? Form a Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG)?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: The decision to start a process improvement program in an organization is a business decisions and it must be taken seriously. Therefore, you must address several things before starting the improvement efforts.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Obtain commitment from your organization&#8217;s senior management for the process improvement. Commitment means they are fully aware, understand and willing to support which is much more than a permission to start the improvement.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>1.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Communicate the business reason for process improvement &#8211; People in your organization need to know why you want to start an improvement program. What are the goals and objectives? What are the expectations?<\/li>\n<li>Establish a group specializes in process improvement such as the Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG). The key factor in most successful improvement programs is the establishment of this supporting group. If this group does not have a clearly defined roles, responsibilities, and authority to implement, real improvement may not happen.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>I have seen many organizations start process improvement with an appraisal but did not pay attention to the establishment of a group to coordinate and facilitate improvement activities. If the organization only focuses on having appraisal rather than solve critical issues or develop an improvement group then who will coordinate and implement improvement activities after an appraisal?<\/p>\n<p>Question: What is a Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG)?\u00a0 What are they supposed to do?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: The Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG) is a group of internal \u201cChange agents\u201d established to help an organization to improve its processes. As a group SEPG must:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Have a charter describing how it will support the organization in its process improvement activities.<\/li>\n<li>Have team member specialize in some aspect of software engineering disciplines such as Requirements, Design, Code, Test, Release, Estimates, and Metrics etc.<\/li>\n<li>Be able to \u201cpilot\u201d new practices to solve critical issues before advocating widespread use in the organization (Institutionalization)<\/li>\n<li>Spend some time in developing new practices but more time in getting them used by software practitioners.<\/li>\n<li>Not wasting time developing document that is of little use to the organization. Keep process documentation to a few useful pages only.<\/li>\n<li>Measure its successes based upon the perceived usefulness of the services determined by software engineers and managers in the organization.<\/li>\n<li>Keep in touch with other SEPG for exchanging and sharing of best practices and lessons learned.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In summary, a good SEPG is the group that could help the organization improves its performance and solves its key issues.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: Is it possible for an organization that has already achieved a high maturity level to fall back to a lower maturity level?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Yes, it is possible for an organization to fall back to a lower level of maturity. Typically, at level 2, many practices are not fully institutionalized yet. If organizations start to relax, a &#8220;business as usual&#8221; attitude will return. An appraisal is only a snapshot of the organization&#8217;s capability in time. Organization capability could change whenever an organization changes, people change, or the infrastructure changes. Reorganization and key personnel turnover are the common causes of the maturity fall back. My advice is always keeping the momentum going, regardless of maturity levels. The organization must aim for the next level even when they achieved level 5. The only way to keep from falling back is to keep on improving. Remember improvement is continuous. Please do not stop and relax, improvement means on going all the time.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: Is it possible to conduct a single appraisal for a large software organization of 10,000 people or more? Is it possible for them to achieve CMMI level 3?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Based on my own experience, an appraisal works best for a group of approximately 100 to 1000 people. Beyond that, many people or projects could be left under-represented.<\/p>\n<p>Why do you want to conduct a single appraisal for a very large organization? Does the organization really have 10,000 people working on a single domain or application? Are they all located at the same place? Are they developing one system or many systems?<\/p>\n<p>If a large organization consists of many applications or domain areas then the scope of the appraisal should focus on the domain level. You may need to conduct several appraisals for each domain area. The results could be rolled up; that is, if all domain areas are assessed at CMMI level 3 then the entire organization will be at level 3.<\/p>\n<p>The purpose of the appraisal is to identify critical issues to solve and each domain may have different issues that require different solutions to solve. Putting all of them into a single appraisal may not be a good idea.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: \u00a0I want to be a &#8220;Change Agent&#8221;, How do I start? I am inspired to improve my organization for the better.<\/p>\n<p>Answer: If you really want to be a Change Agent, it is best to begin by introducing a change into your own way of doing things. You may want to ask yourself these questions:<\/p>\n<p>1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What steps can I take to improve my skills?<\/p>\n<p>2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Where have I documented my processes?<\/p>\n<p>3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What metric do I use to measure my effectiveness?<\/p>\n<p>4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What have I done to foster innovation in myself?<\/p>\n<p>The author Mark Twain said: &#8220;Nothing needs improvement so much as other people&#8217;s processes&#8221;. What words of wisdom! So before you attempt to change your organization for the better, make the changes you can within yourself, and then try to change something clearly within your control. You&#8217;ll be more likely to succeed and you will have the leverage introduce change to others.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: My manager wants to know how long does it take to move from one level to another level of the CMMI? Is it possible to achieve level 3 within a year? We have not had an appraisal yet.<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Based on data from the Software Engineering Institute at CarnegieMellonUniversity, the time required to move up the maturity model was approximately 25 months from level 1 to 2, and 24 months from 2 to 3. However, based on my own experience, it would take approximately 36 months to move from level 1 to level 2 and 24 months from level 2 to level 3.<\/p>\n<p>Setting a goal to be level 3 without an appraisal is like traveling in the jungle without knowing where you are. You should ask yourself what does level 3 means to you and your organization. Is it a magic number or something else? What are the business goals of process improvement? Is it an improvement in quality, cycle time, productivity, and cost or only a meaningless maturity level number?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: How can we sustain process improvement? We had an appraisal two years ago and made some improvements but the momentum has slowed down recently.<\/p>\n<p>Answer: To sustain a process improvement you need three key factors: Accountability, Involvement, and Metrics.<\/p>\n<p>1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Accountability: Process improvement should be organized so that people cannot ignore it. Your management should treat improvement activities like projects and monitor every improvement tasks on a monthly basis and insist on performance.<\/p>\n<p>2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Involvement: Process improvement cannot succeed by itself. Everybody in the organization must be informed and involved in solving problem that the organization encountered. The success of improvement tasks should be treated as equally important as is delivering the software product.<\/p>\n<p>3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Metrics: Process improvement must be designed with measurable goals that relate to the business of the organization. These should be tracked and analyzed carefully on a monthly basis. Improvement data should be communicated across the organization because without improvement data, management will be reluctant to invest in future activities and without investment funding, future improvement efforts will not happen.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: I noticed that Citibank is achieving CMMI maturity level 5 in an Wall Street Journal. I am very impressed that a bank, not a software organization can improve that much. Is it true that any company could achieve higher maturity levels?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Since Suzanne Kelly, the Vice President in Citibank is a friend so I called her and she confirmed that it was Citibank, India that achieved the maturity level 5. Suzanne also shared with me the improvement activities at her company as followed:&#8221; Citibank process improvement started five years ago and any group with more than 400 employees engaged in a software development must undergo an appraisal. To date, Citibank had 42 appraisals with 75% at level 1, 15% at level 2, 10% at level 3 and one exception Citibank, India at level 5.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Suzanne also shared with me that Citibank has changed significantly in the last five years by taking a number of key actions:<\/p>\n<p>1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Managing by process rather than product<\/p>\n<p>2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Using process and benchmarking to identify opportunities for improvement.<\/p>\n<p>3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Emphasizing continuous improvement and incremental change<\/p>\n<p>4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Relying on customer satisfaction as the main factor of performance<\/p>\n<p>5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Treating all suppliers as partners<\/p>\n<p>Suzanne attributed the success of Citibank to the following principles: &#8220;Process success depends on both tasks and people. She pictures one wheel of a bicycle as the task wheel, and other as the people wheel. She said there must be a balance between the two. Task information involves both \u201cWhat\u201d and \u201cHow\u201d, while people must be both willing and able to carry out the tasks assigned to them.<\/p>\n<p>She emphasized:\u00a0 If a person is not able to carry out a task, it does not matter that they are willing. &#8211; If a person is not willing to carry a task, it does not matter that they are able to. If a person is carrying the wrong task, it does not matter that they know how to do it. If a person does not know how to carry out a task, it does not matter that they have been directed to do the right task.<\/p>\n<p>She jokingly attributes her principles as &#8220;Process improvement as the art of riding motorcycle: &#8220;The motorcycle must be fast, balanced, fine tuned, and customized to the owners. Both motorcyclist and software developers must have clear vision, skills, be part of a team, and always be learning.<\/p>\n<p>She also indicated that the motivation for Citibank to adopt the CMMI is due to the rapid change in the business and technology. She said: \u201cMany people never think a financial institution would use the CMMI as a framework for improvement but after using it we think it is great. We develop a lot of software in-house, we also buy a lot of software, and the integration must work. There is a need for business managers to better understand technology and there is also need for the technologist to understand the business. The CMMI has been useful in explaining the situation to both technologist and business managers. Currently there are 10,000 technologists at Citibank, of which 5,000 are software developers.<\/p>\n<p>She also shared the process at her level-5 organization as follows: \u201cThe organization was designed to be level 5. We hire managers who have the right skills and experience. The organization started with a standard process adopted from one of our level 4 organization and we trained people to follow that standard process when they were hired. There is no cultural change, no past history since it is a brand new organization. We are planning to follow this process to all of our new organizations to be opened worldwide. We have seen significant benefits because our level 5 organization has very high productivity, better response to customer, in-house software works well with commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS),\u00a0 and, most of all, the cost is very reasonable.\u00a0 But off course, Citibank still have many level 1 organizations and you can spot them easily: No one is at the meeting on time and many are late. Everybody is busy attending meeting most of the time and not making any decision. There is no agenda for meeting but just meet and talk. No one is recording meeting minutes so no one knows what happened. Business manager still orders people to do a three year project in sixteen months, and eventually move to a new position soon after so no one accountable for the project. The project group tries to do whatever they can. To get the product released, they spend a huge amount on overtime, some experienced health problems (3 Heart Attacks) and then finally what they delivered turned out to be not what the customer wanted. This is a waste of time, money and efforts but we are improving and the CMMI as a framework does help.<\/p>\n<p>During my phone interview, Citibank chairman John Reid walked into Suzanne office and after a formal introduction he joined the conversation. Mr. Reid talks about his company being a \u201cworld class company\u201d. He said: \u201cMoving up a level will help in dealing with a major critical dilemma: The lack of capacity to deal with demand. Whenever capacity is not adequate to handle demand, we need to make some kind of trade-off. Trade-off is made at different maturity levels: At Level 1, you have no trade-off because everything is unclear, you react to things. At level 2, you respond according to a plan and the trade off is visible to management. At level 3, you have a rule-based to objectively perform your trade-off. At level 4, you have enough data to anticipate thing, only at this level you can really managing by facts and data. At level 5, you optimizing your trade-off and anticipating things in a consistent manner and really expanding your business by capturing the market\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: I believe -CMMI is good for critical or new development software only. We maintain software for old systems and as such we do not have the baseline requirements as the original production software.\u00a0 Therefore, I do not think the CMMI is for us.<\/p>\n<p>Answer: The CMMI isn&#8217;t design for critical software or new development only. Many organizations that have achieved higher levels, have reduced costs, cycle time, and improved quality, were indeed in MAINTENANCE areas.<\/p>\n<p>For example, in a maintenance environment you might do multiple updates (Releases) based on different baselines. For each update you would plan, estimate (size, resources, schedule), and track progress. You would probably have a change board to approve change requests and bug reports. You would have a release plan and track progress according to that plan. You would conduct peer reviews, code walkthrough and take appropriate corrective actions. Then you would test your software to make sure it works. If you do these things, then the CMMI can be applied to your environment.\u00a0 Basically, the CMMI can be used in any software environment, regardless of life cycle, technology, methodology, or organization structure. It is a framework for measuring organization capability maturity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng CMMI l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00ean &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-971","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/971","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=971"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/971\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":973,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/971\/revisions\/973"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=971"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=971"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=971"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}