{"id":968,"date":"2013-06-26T11:11:09","date_gmt":"2013-06-26T04:11:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=968"},"modified":"2013-06-26T11:11:09","modified_gmt":"2013-06-26T04:11:09","slug":"cmmi-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=968","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-2"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean 70% t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u00f9ng CMMI\u00a0 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 14% t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i, ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn g\u00ec c\u1ea3. T\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i th\u1ebf?<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i tin nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c pha c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh IDEAL (Initiating &#8211; Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, Diagnosing-Ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n, Establishing-Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, Acting-H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 Leveraging-Th\u00fac b\u1ea9y). Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua pha Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u (Pha quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh) v\u00e0 \u0111i th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o pha Ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n (Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gay c\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c x\u00ea mi na v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng minh v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 gian nan, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u00f4i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00edch \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean:<\/p>\n<p>1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cam k\u1ebft d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed<\/p>\n<p>2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh<\/p>\n<p>3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n<\/p>\n<p>4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 tham v\u1ecdng<\/p>\n<p>5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 (kh\u00f4ng \u0111o)<\/p>\n<p>6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i sai v\u1ec1 CMMI<\/p>\n<p>7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/p>\n<p>8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 V\u0103n ho\u00e1 sai (th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, s\u1ee3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i)<\/p>\n<p>9)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi sai trong SEPG (qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0nh cho l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n)<\/p>\n<p>10) Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: Bao nhi\u00ean ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh CMMI? L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y chia nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n minh cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 v\u00e0o qu\u00e3ng 3%-5% ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u00e0, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u00e3i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chia nh\u1ecf ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n<p>1) B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft l\u00ed do (t\u1ea1i sao), qui tr\u00ecnh (th\u1ebf n\u00e0o), m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau (c\u00e1i g\u00ec) v\u00e0 l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o (khi n\u00e0o, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u) m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i theo. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 CMMI.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cNh\u1eadp m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 CMMI\u201d l\u00e0 l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. X\u00e9t t\u1edbi k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 300 &#8211; 600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 t\u1eebng l\u1edbp s\u1ebd c\u00f3 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 60 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u00ean l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u00edt nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb 5 t\u1edbi 10 l\u1edbp cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. (H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 CMMI n\u1eefa.) C\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp; nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00f4i thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb 10 n\u0103m qua, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n<p>2) B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m to\u00e0n th\u1eddi chuy\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. C\u00e1i t\u00ean th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Nh\u00f3m Qui tr\u00ecnh K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m &#8211; Software Engineering Process Group, hay SEPG. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a SEPG c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i chi ti\u00eau th\u00eam ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>3) B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trao \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 \u0111o xem t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u so v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n<p>C\u0169ng c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh c\u1ea7n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam. C\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, theo d\u00f5i, thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 \u0111o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1ea5y, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ec3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n h\u1ecd, trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, \u0111o vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ch\u00ednh cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tin n\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: \u201cT\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng sau khi d\u1ef1 x\u00ea mi na c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, t\u00f4i s\u1ee3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra b\u00e2y gi\u1edd.\u00a0 T\u00f4i n\u00ean l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ef1c trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua.\u00a0 C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u201cQu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edbi c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u00eam n\u1eefa. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ea7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1ee7i ro. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, c\u1ea7n linh ho\u1ea1t v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch CMMI nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n\u201d.\u00a0 Li\u1ec7u CMMI c\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u201cchu\u1ea9n\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m n\u00f3? &#8220;Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c&#8221; nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m n\u00f3 v\u00e0 &#8220;ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch&#8221; nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m n\u00f3?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng ti). Chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra, c\u00f2n th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c &#8211; r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ra l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng) &#8211; s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec, c\u00f2n th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng qui tr\u00ecnh (th\u1ebf n\u00e0o) &#8211; m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: Th\u1ea7y ngh\u0129 g\u00ec v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ISO 9001 trong v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c CMMI m\u1ee9c 3 trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m? .<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: ISO 9000 l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c (ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v.v.) nh\u01b0ng CMMI l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. V\u00ec ISO l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n, n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi hai tr\u1ecb \u201cc\u00f3\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d, (ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c hay t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng). CMMI l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi \u201cth\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m\u201d nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o kh\u00f4ng? N\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p>D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thu th\u1eadp c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, th\u1eddi gian trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 24 t\u1edbi 36 th\u00e1ng cho n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t bao l\u00e2u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean m\u1ee9c 3.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: \u00a0Trong x\u00ea mi na \u201cNh\u1eadp m\u00f4n CMM\u201d m\u00e0 th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i CMU, th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00ean v\u1eafn t\u1eaft, ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, c\u1ee1 hai t\u1edbi ba trang. L\u00e0m sao vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eafn th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh &#8211; v\u00e0o qu\u00e3ng v\u00e0i tr\u0103m trang, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec sai kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: L\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1ee9c cao b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng s\u1eafp thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3. L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0o v\u00e0i nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 then ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n hai t\u1edbi ba trang gi\u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n hai trang th\u00f4i, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u1eed b\u1ecf \u0111i m\u1ee9c chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi n\u00f3, tu\u00e2n theo n\u00f3, \u0111o n\u00f3, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00f3 v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec n\u00f3. (L\u1eadp k\u1ebf hoach-Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n-Ki\u1ec3m tra-H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng &#8211; Plan, Do, Check, Act t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c chi ti\u1ebft m\u1ecbn h\u01a1n). Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, d\u1eebng \u0111i v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n \u0111ang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng hay s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng? Qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t n\u00ean ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, t\u1edbi t\u1eebng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. Ch\u1ec9 khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n th\u00ec b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0o (\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u M\u1ee9c 3 v\u00e0 4 trong CMMI t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec).<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam m\u1ee9c chi ti\u1ebft khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. L\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00f9ng s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh CMMI. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 5 trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. Sao ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: M\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n k\u00ec di\u1ec7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi theo nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 4GLs, AI, CASE, RAD, OOP, DCE, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Web. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gian nan v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi cam k\u1ebft d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n &#8211; kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p trong &#8220;si\u00eau th\u1ecb c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1ea3y t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y sang c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c, thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y sang c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kia, l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m ch\u00ednh gi\u1eef ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ch\u00ednh \u00edch l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta hi v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1eeb t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3 v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ee9c 3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CMMI m\u1ee9c 1 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CMMI m\u1ee9c 3 hay \u0111\u00f4i khi t\u1eeb t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CMMI m\u1ee9c 5 v\u00e0 hi v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3. Li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti mua c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng ti m\u1ee9c cao r\u1ed3i d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh qui tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, bu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Cho n\u00ean v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ti mu\u1ed1n t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecfi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n?<\/li>\n<li>Qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<li>C\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c khi tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<li>T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<li>B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 tin b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<li>B\u1ea1n \u0111ang hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng? Hay b\u1ea1n \u0111ang hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5, ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3, ch\u01b0a ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n theo n\u00f3, ch\u01b0a d\u00f9ng n\u00f3, ch\u01b0a s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3 cho kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u01b0a \u0111o n\u00f3, ch\u01b0a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m &#8211; Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i tin s\u1ebd l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111em m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o thay cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean qui tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a CMMI: \u201cKh\u00f4ng n\u00ean nh\u1ea3y qua c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c\u201d. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CMMI m\u1ee9c 1 n\u00ean h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n xuy\u00ean qua to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. M\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CMMI m\u1ee9c 3 hay CMMI m\u1ee9c 5 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CMMI m\u1ee9c 1. L\u00e0m cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 logic, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a CMMI m\u1ee9c 1. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a k\u0129 s\u01b0; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. Thay v\u00ec mua qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Xin \u0111\u1eebng nh\u00ecn ra ngo\u00e0i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1edbi, qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u00ean trong c\u00f4ng ti b\u1ea1n r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 trong ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u00e1 nhanh, \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho, cho n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng &#8220;th\u1eed v\u00e0 sai&#8221;, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng KH\u00d4NG hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n. T\u00f4i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i cho n\u00ean thay v\u00ec mua qui tr\u00ecnh CMMI m\u1ee9c 5, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;-English version&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>CMMI-2<\/p>\n<p>Question: I have read a report stated that over 70% of organization being appraised using CMMI\u00a0 failed to execute an improvement action plan and only 14% of organization implemented their improvement over a year, far enough to conduct a re-assessment, found no change and no improvement. Why so many process improvements failed?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: I believe many organizations failed because they do not follow the improvement phase of IDEAL model (Initiating, Diagnosing, Establishing, Acting, and Leveraging). Most skipped the Initiating phase (The most important phase that focus on obtaining management commitment and establish a group to improve the process) and go straight to Diagnosing phase (Conduct appraisal). Without management commitment, things will fall apart which lead to people not executing the action plan to solve critical issues.<\/p>\n<p>I also believe that many organizations failed because they do not have the necessary skill and experience to implement improvement activities. Many people think they know how to make things happen since they have read books, attend seminars and be able to talk intelligently about the subject. Process improvement is about change and change is hard, you cannot change someone until you change yourself first. If you have not shift your view to a higher level you cannot assist anyone to shift their view. That is why sometime a consultant maybe helpful here. Based on my experience, following is some reasons why process improvement failed, in priority order:<\/p>\n<p>1) No long-termed management commitment<\/p>\n<p>2) Lack of experience &amp; skill in process improvement<\/p>\n<p>3) No clear vision of the desired results<\/p>\n<p>4) Too ambitious action plan<\/p>\n<p>5) No quantitative feedback on progress (No measurement)<\/p>\n<p>6) Wrong interpretation of CMMI<\/p>\n<p>7) Too many meetings and discussions and no action<\/p>\n<p>8) Wrong culture (Failed several times in the past, fear of change)<\/p>\n<p>9) Wrong people in SEPG (Too much time spent on document and no time to implement)<\/p>\n<p>10) Not everybody participate in the change process<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: How much budget should be set aside for CMMI process improvement? How do you break down and justify it?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Typical process improvement budget is about 3%-5% of the annual budget. It may sound like a lot but it is an investment that, if successfully implemented, can bring significant returns. Here is a breakdown of the budget:<\/p>\n<p>1) The first step in getting started is the awareness of the improvement activities. People always want to know the reason (Why), the process (How), the objectives (What) and what roadmap (When, Where) that they must follow. The best way to have all people in the organization aware of the activities is educating them on the CMMI framework.<\/p>\n<p>The \u201cIntroduction to CMMI\u201d is a class designed for this activity. Consider the size of a typical organization which is approx. 300 &#8211; 600 people, and each class will hold approx. 60 people. You need to schedule at least 5 to 10 classes for the organization and also set up a special class for managers. (They need to know about the CMMI, too.) There are costs associated with having all people take a class; but based on the data that I collected from the past 10 years, this is a very good investment.<\/p>\n<p>2) The second step is to establish a full-time group dedicated to support improvement activities. The most common name for this group is Software Engineering Process Group, or SEPG. The SEPG members also need additional training to do their job which also incurs additional cost to organization.<\/p>\n<p>3) The third step is to communicate all improvement activities, achievement, measurements, goals and objectives.\u00a0 This should be done on a periodic basis to keep management and people in the organization informed. Managing change requires good communication of the changes, acknowledgment of the progress made, and measurement of how far the organization has improved toward their goal. This activity also requires time and effort.<\/p>\n<p>There are also costs associated with having an appraisal, establishing an improvement action plan, and the implement of improvement activities. Most people in organization will participate in some improvement activities along with their daily work and it also incurs additional effort and cost. There are costs associated with managing, tracking, collecting data, and measuring all improvement activities too.<\/p>\n<p>As you probably see, most of the cost is spent on investing in your own people, to train them, communicate with them, measure their implementation, review their work, and overcome the resistance to change. It is a major investment for the organization but I really believe it does pay-off in the future.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: \u201cI am a successful software manager but after attended your seminar on global software engineering, I was scared of all the changes happening now.\u00a0 What should I do to continue my success?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: As a project manager, you probably know that the principle for management has remained unchanged for many years but technology has changed radically in the past few years.\u00a0 The traditional view \u201cManage new project just like we did last time\u201d does not work anymore. That is why software project manager need to continuously identifying and analyzing risks. To be a successful manager you may need to be aware of the ever changing technology, be flexible for new idea and really adapting to the new way of managing software project.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: I have read the CMMI book several times and still confuse about the terms \u201cPolicy, procedure, and standard\u201d.\u00a0 Does the CMMI implies that \u201cStandard\u201d as you shall do it? \u201cProcedure\u201d as you will do it and \u201cPolicy\u201d as you must do it?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: There are many ways to describe this. My personal view is: Policy specifies what will happen; it is a direction from senior management (i.e. Company policy). A standard specifies the quality of what will happen, and procedure specifies how it will happen. A policy sets the expectations of the organization &#8211; That the way we do thing here. A standard is product-oriented (Both functional and quality) &#8211; what the resulting work product will look like, and procedure is process oriented (How) &#8211; A set of multiple steps for doing something.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: What do you think of a senior management stating that since most companies achieved ISO 9001 in a few months we can also get CMMI level 3 in a year? .<\/p>\n<p>Answer: ISO 9000 is a very high level standard and applies to many domains (Software, Hardware, Manufacturing etc.) but CMMI is very detailed and focuses on software engineering. Since ISO is a standard, it deals with the binary question of \u201cyes\u201d and \u201cNo\u201d answer only, (either you do or don\u2019t whether you have a plan, a procedure or a document). The CMMI is a framework for improvement so it addresses \u201csoftware engineering practices\u201d as something being used according to a plan and how good is it? Is it being measured? Is it verified and continuing to be improved?<\/p>\n<p>Based on my collected data, the average time to move between levels is 24 to 36 months so it depends on what level your organization is appraised at you can determine how long it will take to be level 3.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: In the \u201cIntroduction to CMM\u201d seminar that you taught at CMU, you mentioned that process document should be brief, short, about two to three pages. How could a process document be that short? We are spending months to document a single process- about few hundred pages already, and we are not finish yet. Are we doing the wrong thing?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: \u00a0To document a process is the first step to improve that process. Therefore, it is very important that the document be simple and brief because you are going to improve it.<\/p>\n<p>You must resist the temptation to develop anything other than a high level process because you are going to change it anyway. My advice is to limit the definition of a process to a few key tasks and keep it to no more than two to three pages. If you set a two-page limit, you will eliminate the level of detail that is unnecessary and not appropriated. Improvement is a evolution process which means it starts from a simple process to ensure that everybody understand it, agree with it, use it, follow it, measure it, improve it and then maintain it. (Plan, Do, Check, Act to a finer level of detail). In the first attempt, do not go into much detail because you do not know the process you are defining will actually work or will be used by everybody? A good process should be short, to the point, easy to read, and it must clearly show what to be accomplished. Only when people use it in a consistent way then you can add more level of detail (That\u2019s what Level 3 and 4 on the CMMI is all about).<\/p>\n<p>To document the simple thing first and add more level of detail when necessary is the key to success in process improvement. To document a huge book that no body will use is really a waste of time.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: I have seen many tools advertised to improve CMMI maturity levels. I also met some consultant who has technologies and templates that can make an organization achieve level 5 within a year. Why don\u2019t we obtain these technologies now?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Every new technology always comes with a wonderful promise. This kind of solution has come in many flavors such as 4GLs, AI, CASE, RAD, OOP, DCE, and Web technology. Contrary to popular myth, these technologies have not bought the significant improvement in quality, productivity so sought by the software community. Process improvement is hard work and requires long-term commitment &#8211; not something one can buy from vendors in a \u201ctechnology super market\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>I believe that jumping from one technology to another, changing from this tool to that tool, is the main culprit for keeping us from achieving the very gains we hope to achieve.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: Our level 1 organization has decided to adopt the organization software standard process from an organization assessed at level 3 and train all people to follow that process. Will that accelerate our improvement and satisfy the level 3 requirements?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: This is a common mistake that I have seen over and over: A level 1 organization borrows processes from a level 3 or sometime a level 5 and hope that they can make that level. They spent a lot of time re-write these processes into their own process, force people to follow that process, and declares success.<\/p>\n<p>I would like to ask:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How do you know that the adopted processes will work for your organization?<\/li>\n<li>Is the adopted process useful and acceptable to the people in your organization?<\/li>\n<li>Is there evidence that by following the adopted process, your project\u2019s quality, time, and cost has improved?<\/li>\n<li>Does your organization have data to indicate that your product quality, customer relationship, employee satisfaction index, and business goals are realized?<\/li>\n<li>Do you believe by just having a documented standard your organization is automatically improving?<\/li>\n<li>Are you training people to use the adopted process? Or are you training them so they can pass certain questions during the assessment?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Unless the adopted standard process is really embedded in the organization\u2019s culture, unless people understand it, accept it, receive training to follow it, use it, modify it to fit their project needs, measure it, improve it and institutionalize it as the way they build and maintain software &#8211; Nothing will ever change.<\/p>\n<p>I believe it would be a mistake for the SEPG to force changes onto projects by bringing in an external standard process rather than to collect \u201cbest practices\u201d from within and establish the standard process based on these best practices.<\/p>\n<p>I also believe that your SEPG has violated the key concept of CMMI: \u201cYou shall not skip a level\u201d. A level 1 organization should focus on establishing a disciplined project management environment before establishing standard processes across the organization. A well-defined process from a higher-level organization is surely a good place to establish a standard process, but it usually does not work well for a level 1 organization. Getting an organization to adopt a new standard process by providing training is good, but not sufficient nor effective in a chaotic environment. Improving the process involves changing the culture and the way people do things; this is where it is critical to get everybody participating in creating a standard process based on existing best practices.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean 70% t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u00f9ng CMMI\u00a0 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebf &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-968","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/968","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=968"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/968\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":970,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/968\/revisions\/970"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=968"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=968"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=968"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}