{"id":963,"date":"2013-06-26T10:58:13","date_gmt":"2013-06-26T03:58:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=963"},"modified":"2013-06-26T10:58:13","modified_gmt":"2013-06-26T03:58:13","slug":"cmmi-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=963","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-4"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n cho c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ch\u00fang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra. Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng quen v\u1edbi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hay \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u1ecd l\u00e0m c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u trong nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 t\u1edbi t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm h\u1ecd trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 5 t\u1edbi 10 n\u0103m kinh nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i c\u00f3 nghe n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 chia s\u1ebb \u201cth\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t.\u201d Sao ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i chia s\u1ebb? “Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t” l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00f3 hay l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh c\u1ea1nh tranh ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i sau. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd h\u1ecfi: \u201cCh\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, nhanh h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 r\u1ebb h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau? Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn bao nhi\u00eau hay chuy\u1ec3n giao th\u00eam gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec doanh nghi\u1ec7p\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u201cTh\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t\u201d l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb \u201cTh\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t\u201d gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gay c\u1ea5n v\u00e0 gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn b\u00e1m v\u00e0o \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef k\u00edn ri\u00eang v\u00e0 \u201cN\u1ebfu m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng n\u00f3\u201d. T\u00f4i tin h\u1ecd l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, v\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i sau. Trong kinh doanh ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00f4i tin ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p k\u0129 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 nhanh h\u01a1n, r\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, xin nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 xem c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang chia s\u1ebb c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (PSP) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: PSP \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m – Software Engineering Institute (SEI) b\u1edfi Watts S. Humphrey, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a CMMI. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u00e0nh cho k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n so v\u1edbi M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c Capability Maturity Model CMMI, c\u00e1i l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. PSP \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m. T\u00f4i khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y cho k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh 3, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n PSP y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cam k\u1ebft ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t. C\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t s\u1ebd b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa CMMI v\u00e0 ISO 9000 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eddm l\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng? L\u00e0m sao so s\u00e1nh ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? T\u1eebng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng? Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00ean l\u1ef1a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kia?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: ISO 9000 l\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i n\u0103m chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ISO) ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. C\u00f3 hai ki\u1ec3u chu\u1ea9n: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn (ISO 9000 & 9004) v\u00e0 Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 (ISO 9001, ISO 9002, ISO 9003). C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 chu\u1ea9n. Chu\u1ea9n ISO 9000 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi hai l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang: qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u0103ng k\u00ed theo m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ISO 9000 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo chu\u1ea9n ISO 9000 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng. Sau \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean CMMI c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SEI) l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m – Software Capability Maturity Model (CMMI). CMMI \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Carnegie Mellon \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean CMM l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ra tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. (C\u00f3 n\u0103m m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb 1 t\u1edbi 5, v\u1edbi 1 l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t.) Sau \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng chung gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ISO 9000 v\u00e0 CMM. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0, th\u00fac b\u1ea9y c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

(1) Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ISO 9000 v\u00e0 CMMI \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Trong khi ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u1ea3 hai ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 cu\u1ed1i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

(2) Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed qui tr\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ISO 9000 v\u00e0 CMMI \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed qui tr\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

(3) S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ISO 9000 v\u00e0 CMMI \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

(4) Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ISO 9000 v\u00e0 CMMI \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1: tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ed5ng quan cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1ch quan, d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

(5) N\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 so v\u1edbi Ngo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n ISO 9001 (m\u1ee5c 4.17) v\u00e0 ISO 9002 (m\u1ee5c 4.16) y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u0103ng b\u1ea1 \u1edf b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba (nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n ngo\u00e0i) th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI cho ph\u00e9p ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 (t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1) ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ngo\u00e0i (\u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 do nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p l\u00e0m). Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng hay s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba.<\/p>\n

(6) C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ti\u1ebfp theo<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qui tr\u00ecnh ISO 9000 v\u00e0 CMMI \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Trong khi ISO 9000 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ISO 9000, th\u00ec qui tr\u00ecnh CBA ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 xem nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 theo d\u00f5i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 li\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

(7) Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra n\u0103m 1987, c\u1ea3 hai ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 kinh qua vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. ISO 9000 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c gia trong 75 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang t\u0103ng l\u00ean, khi nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y. Hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ISO 9000 l\u00e0m chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qui tr\u00ecnh CMMI \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf B\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng M\u0129. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, xem nh\u01b0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p then ch\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ISO 9000 v\u00e0 CMMI. Xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n t\u1eebng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec:<\/p>\n

1. Ph\u1ea1m vi<\/p>\n

Chu\u1ea9n ISO 9000 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ri\u00eang n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qui tr\u00ecnh CMMI \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chuy\u00ean cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI xuy\u00ean th\u1ea5u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

2. Chu\u1ea9n so v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1t ISO 9000 l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn b\u1edfi T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. CMMI l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7n K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc CarnegieMellonUniversity ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u1ea3 ISO 9000 v\u00e0 CMMI \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed do th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong hai ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y. N\u00f3i chung, C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti M\u0129 ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n ISO 9000 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u hay ch\u00e2u \u00c1. C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba, nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ISO 9000. Do \u0111\u00f3, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ISO 9000 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti M\u0129 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qui tr\u00ecnh CMMI nh\u01b0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

3. Ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh so v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ISO 9000 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI. ISO 9000 v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh, trong khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. H\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a CMMI kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m (hay m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh), m\u00e0 thay v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi b\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi “Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t ” trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ISO 9000 d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn qui tr\u00ecnh, trong khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

4. Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ISO 9000 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7. Ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qui tr\u00ecnh CMMI c\u00f3 n\u0103m m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Thay v\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi (qui tr\u00ecnh “hi\u1ec7n th\u1ebf”), thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfp (qui tr\u00ecnh “c\u1ea7n th\u1ebf”), v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 (qui tr\u00ecnh \u201cd\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n\u201d).<\/p>\n

5. L\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n ISO 9000 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 (C\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng). M\u1ed9t khi chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n ISO 9000 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea3n l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c theo n\u0103m m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nhs. T\u1eebng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ri\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

6. Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t<\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1t ISO 9000 kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n. CMMI l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh cao h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, trong ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, v\u1edbi \u00edt l\u1ed7i h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

7. Ph\u01a1i ra so v\u1edbi gi\u1eef k\u00edn<\/p>\n

Khi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n ISO 9000, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m hay t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c g\u00e2y ra t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hay ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hay nh\u00f3m ri\u00eang. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

(1) Th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u1eabn nhau<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ISO 9000 v\u1ec1 li\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi b\u00ean \u0111\u0103ng b\u1ea1 th\u1ee9 ba t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0m \u0111\u0103ng b\u1ea1 trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

(2) C\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u0103ng b\u1ea1<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u0103ng b\u1ea1 cho ISO 9000. M\u0129 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3; do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u0103ng b\u1ea1 chung b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u00ean th\u1ee9c ba l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, SEI \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. Chi ph\u00ed cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n nhau. Ch\u1ecdn b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba cho ISO 9000 c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u1ea3y sinh, ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0<\/p>\n

T\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ISO 9000 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd c\u00f3 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba kh\u00e1c \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

Chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ISO 9000 l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau?<\/p>\n

V\u00ec chi ph\u00ed thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u0103ng b\u1ea1 ISO, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u00e0 \u0111\u0103ng b\u1ea1 b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba.<\/p>\n

(3) Chi ph\u00ed<\/p>\n

Chi ph\u00ed th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft (ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb USD $30K t\u1edbi 100K). \u00cdch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed n\u00e0y. C\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ISO 9000 v\u00e0 CMMI \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. C\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 d\u1eabn l\u00e1i ch\u00ednh cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. M\u1eb7c cho s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 n\u1ebfu m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ISO 9000. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti \u1edf M\u0129 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u0111ang l\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 ISO 9000 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf CMMI m\u1ee9c 1. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 sau khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. V\u00e0i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ISO l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 “nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ISO.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

——-English version—————-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CMMI-4<\/p>\n

Question: We are looking at certain technical skills to staff a major software project. What are the skills needed to be successful and where to find them?<\/p>\n

Answer: Successful software project requires a number of technical skills. These skills include the ability to do requirements analysis, system architecture, program design, code, integrate, test and release. Based on my experience, most software engineers are comfortable with design and code but not in requirements analysis, system architecture or software release. To be successful, you need to look at a mixture of skills and staff them accordingly. Unfortunately, many of these skills are not taught in school but come from actual experienced so you need to find them among people with at least 5 to 10 years of experiences.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: I\u2019ve heard a lot about sharing \u201cbest practices.\u201d Why do we have to share? What is a \u201cbest practice?\u201d Is it somebody\u2019s opinion or something else?<\/p>\n

Answer: In today\u2019s competitive business environment, an organization either gets better\u00bein a hurry\u00beor falls behind. People should ask: \u201cHow much can we produce software better, faster, and cheaper? How much can we cut costs, achieve larger market share or deliver more value to stay in business\u201d.<\/p>\n

A \u201cBest practice\u201d is a practice that is proven, by facts and performance data that it is the most efficient and effective way of producing software. Sharing \u201cBest practices\u201d helps us to share technical solutions and crucial information with each other in order to produce software faster and better. By doing so, we create better relationships, fosters faster communication on solving critical issues and helps improve the product performance.<\/p>\n

Unfortunately, there are people who still cling to the idea that everything must be kept closely guarded and \u201cIf it wasn\u2019t invented here, we will not use it\u201d. I believe they are the minority, since the technical world is changing so rapidly, if you do not learn new things you will be left behind. In today\u2018s business no one can do it alone. I believe most people already accept the fact that sharing technical solutions is a powerful tool for doing thing faster, cheaper and better for the business. If you still do not agree with me, please look at open source software to see how software people are sharing their works.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is a Personal Software Process (PSP)?<\/p>\n

Answer: The PSP is developed at the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) by Watts S. Humphrey, author of the CMMI. It is a method for disciplined software engineering at the individual level in contrast to the Capability Maturity Model CMMI, which is a framework at the organization level. The PSP addresses the need to apply process principles and statistical control to individual within a project and group.\u00a0 I highly recommend this method for software engineers and programmers who are currently working in organizations that have achieved at least a maturity level 3, since implementation of PSP requires significant management commitments, project planning, and a well defined organization software-standard process. Individuals from a lower-maturity level organization will definitely be frustrated with this disciplined method.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is the relationship between CMMI and ISO 9000? Is there an overlap between them? How do they compare? What does each method attempt to accomplish? Under which circumstances should one method be selected over the other?<\/p>\n

Answer: ISO 9000 is a series of five standards adopted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). There are two types of standards: Guidance (ISO 9000 & 9004) and Conformance (ISO 9001, ISO 9002, ISO 9003). Companies are registered to the conformance standards. The ISO 9000 standards address two specific areas: quality management and quality assurance. Registration to one of the conformance standards does not directly assure the quality of the final product, but rather, assures that a quality system has been established and implemented. The purpose of an ISO 9000 assessment is to determine whether the company being assessed has established a quality system that conforms to the appropriated ISO 9000 standard. After the assessment, a final report is issued to indicate areas, if any, of non-conformance to the standard.<\/p>\n

The Software Engineering Institute\u2019s (SEI) CMMI Based Assessment is an appraisal of an organization’s current software engineering process and practices based on the Software Capability Maturity Model (CMMI). The CMMI was developed at CarnegieMellonUniversity to help organizations identify key areas for improvement. By understanding issues as well as priorities, organizations can improve their capability to produce and maintain quality software products.<\/p>\n

The purpose of the CMM Based Assessment is to establish a baseline and facilitate improvement activities against that baseline. This baseline is expressed in terms of a maturity level. (There are five levels of maturity ranging from 1 to 5, where 1 is the lowest.) After the assessment, a final report is issued that contains findings and recommendations for the organization to start the improvement process.<\/p>\n

There are number of common characteristics between ISO 9000 and CMM assessments. By understanding these similarities, organizations maybe better prepared for these activities, as well as, leverage process improvement opportunities to achieve their goals and objectives.<\/p>\n

(1) Catalyst for change<\/p>\n

Both ISO 9000 and CMMI assessments are very strong catalysts for change within an organization. While they have a different focus, they can help identify issues that need to be addressed in order for an organization to improve. Furthermore, both types of assessment are not the end, but the beginning for continuous process improvement.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0 Process management<\/p>\n

Both ISO 9000 and CMMI assessments are based on the concept of process management. An underlying premise of this concept is that the quality of a product stems from the quality of the process that creates it. By improving the process, the final quality of a product can also be improved.<\/p>\n

(3) Facts and Data<\/p>\n

Both ISO 9000 and CMMI assessments are driven by facts and data. The strengths and weaknesses of an organization and the issues needing to be resolved are all based upon data collected during the assessment.<\/p>\n

(4) Verification<\/p>\n

Both ISO 9000 and CMMI assessments employ similar verification techniques: overview presentations to organizations, individual interviews, data verification based on objective evidences, the use of trained assessors, and follow-up.<\/p>\n

(5) Internal vs. External<\/p>\n

ISO 9001 (section 4.17) and ISO 9002 (section 4.16) standards require that the organization establish and maintain an internal audit capability. However, to become registered to either standard, the organization must have a third-party registrar (Outside consultant) perform an assessment, and be periodically re-assessed, to determine whether they are still in compliance with the standard.<\/p>\n

The CMMI assessment process allows for either internal (Self-assessment) or external assessment (Vendor provided assessment). However, external assessments are not required, since there is no corresponding registration or third-party accreditation.<\/p>\n

(6) Follow-up assessments<\/p>\n

Both ISO 9000 and CMMI process assessments require that the organization plan for future assessments. While ISO 9000 requires re-assessment, to continue to register as ISO 9000 compliant, the CBA process advocates re-assessment as a basic principle for continuous process improvement. Without follow-up assessments there is no record of whether improvements were made.<\/p>\n

(7) Acceptance<\/p>\n

Since their introduction in 1987, both types of assessments have experienced widespread acceptance worldwide. The ISO 9000 has been accepted as a national standard in 75 countries around the world, and the list is growing, as more countries begin to adopt these standards. Currently, many companies have already adopted ISO 9000 as their standards for quality improvement.<\/p>\n

The CMMI process assessment has been used extensively within the software industry, especially in the U.S Department of Defense. However, in the last few years there has been an increase in its popularity among commercial companies, as the framework for process improvement and especially in countries where outsourcing are key industry such as India and China.<\/p>\n

There are some differences between ISO 9000 and CMMI assessment. By examining these differences it becomes better for you to understand what each method is trying to accomplish:<\/p>\n

1. Scope<\/p>\n

The ISO 9000 standards are not targeted at any specific industry: They can be applied to any industry. The CMMI process assessments are designed specifically for the software industry and do not particularly pertain to other industry. Therefore, the CMMI assessment penetrates into greater detail because its scope is narrower.<\/p>\n

2. Standard vs. Model<\/p>\n

The ISO 9000 series are approved quality standards by the International Organization for Standardization. The CMMI is a process improvement model developed by the Software Engineering Institute at CarnegieMellonUniversity. Both ISO 9000 and CMMI can be used for process improvement, but the motivation for use is different.<\/p>\n

There are many reasons that motivate an organization to undertake either type of assessment. In general, United States companies have been much slower in becoming registered to one of the ISO 9000 standards than companies from Europe or Asia. There is strong resistance to the concept of third-party accreditation, as in the case of ISO 9000. Therefore, it requires a very clear motivation and strong direction from management to conduct ISO 9000 assessments. On the other hand, most U.S companies already accepted the CMMI process assessment as the first step toward process improvement.<\/p>\n

3. Audit vs. Assessment<\/p>\n

The ISO 9000 assessment is different from the CMMI assessments. ISO 9000 is basically an audit, while the CMMI assessment determines the effectiveness of a software process and the capability of the organization. The main focus of the CMMI is not on a score (or maturity level), but rather on the identification and evaluation of the current software engineering practices within an organization as compared with “Best Practices” in the industry. The ISO 9000 assessment is for process certification, while the CMMI assessment is for internal process improvement.<\/p>\n

4. Compliance vs. Maturity<\/p>\n

The ISO 9000 conformance standards have only one level of compliance. Either the requirements of the standard are met, or not. The CMMI process assessment has five levels of increasing maturity. There is not an issue of compliance with a maturity level. Instead, the focus is on determining the maturity of current practices (“As Is” process), set goals to achieve the next maturity level (“To Be” process), and facilitate improvement actions to get there (\u201cTransition\u201d process).<\/p>\n

5. Roadmap for improvement<\/p>\n

The ISO 9000 standards only identify compliance. (Yes or No) Once the standard has been met there is no direction for further improvement. In other words, ISO 9000 standards are not designed for continuous improvement. The CMMI assessment provides a roadmap for continuous improvement with five maturity levels. Each level is a foundation upon which the next higher levels must build. Specific practices are clearly identified as the organization matures.<\/p>\n

6. Differentiation<\/p>\n

The ISO 9000 series does not provide a way to differentiate between multiple organizations that have been registered to the same standard. The CMMI differentiates between multiple organizations with an implied level of ability based upon maturity levels. Organizations assessed at a higher maturity level are more likely to be capable of producing a quality product, on time, within budget, with fewer defects.<\/p>\n

7. Disclosure vs. Confidentiality<\/p>\n

When there are issues found to be non-conforming with the ISO 9000 standards, that issue is immediately identified with the group or organization that caused the situation. The findings of\u00a0 CMMI assessment reflect a composite view of the entire organization or site. There is not an identification of a specific project or group. The data is known only to the organization for process improvement purpose and not revealed outside of the organization.<\/p>\n

(1) Mutual recognition<\/p>\n

There is much discussion in the ISO 9000 community about whether a registration from one country will be recognized in other countries. The key concern is that if a company is registered in one country, other countries may not recognize their registration, since the registration was not done by a third-party registrar from that country. There is much discussion about a mutual recognition between third-party registrars in multiple countries, but this has not yet been established.<\/p>\n

(2) Registration accreditation<\/p>\n

Many countries have government agencies performing accreditation of third party-registrars for ISO 9000. The United States does not; therefore, the ability of different countries to establish a common registrar accreditation system is negatively impacted. Although third-party accreditation is not required, the SEI has established a list of Lead Assessors to assist organizations in conducting assessments. The costs of conducting CMMI assessment among these vendors are very close. Choosing a third-party for ISO 9000 is more difficult. Many questions now arise, such as<\/p>\n

Where to find qualified ISO 9000 registrars?<\/p>\n

Do they have mutual agreements with other third parties in other countries?<\/p>\n

How much do ISO 9000 assessments cost?<\/p>\n

Since the cost varies significantly among ISO registrars, an organization must be careful when selecting third-party registrar.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0 Cost<\/p>\n

To perform either type of assessment can be fairly expensive (ranging from USD $30K to 100K). The benefits of the assessment must be weighted against the costs. Management must determine goals and objectives of their organization before conduct assessment.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/p>\n

Both ISO 9000 and CMMI assessments have been developed to appraise an organization’s process. Both methods can be used as the main driver for process improvement. Despite their similarities and differences, they could be used as complementary activities if the goal of the organization is process improvement and ISO 9000 compliance. Many companies in the U.S, which plan to sell their products overseas, are taking this approach.<\/p>\n

Based on my own observation, many ISO 9000 certified software organizations are still assessed at CMMI level 1. Many do not have business data to justify their investment and after achieved the certification, I do not see any action plans to continue to improve. Several organizations admit that being ISO certified is a \u201cOne time\u201d event rather a continuous improvement journey which is not the intention of the ISO group.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n cho c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-963","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/963","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=963"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/963\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":964,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/963\/revisions\/964"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=963"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=963"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=963"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}