{"id":958,"date":"2013-06-26T10:25:36","date_gmt":"2013-06-26T03:25:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=958"},"modified":"2013-06-26T10:25:36","modified_gmt":"2013-06-26T03:25:36","slug":"cmmi-6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=958","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-6"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao tr\u00ean thang CMMI, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ecdi l\u00fac. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n CMMI h\u01a1n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Th\u1ea7y ngh\u0129 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: L\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao tr\u00ean thang tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh? Tr\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh 1. H\u00ecnh dung ra \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng mu\u1ed1n, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c qui tr\u00ecnh then ch\u1ed1t m\u1ee9c 2 – Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ho\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eb9p doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p gay c\u1ea5n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111em c\u1ea3 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1edf ra \u0111\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn chia s\u1ebb v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. T\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ngh\u0129 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n CMMI h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao SEPG tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? H\u1ecd c\u00f3 tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: SEPG t\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Khi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean SEPG ph\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H\u1ecdp v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p, nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, mong \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh cho to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed). Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh (m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh IDEAL) v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn (T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn) mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed (C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed v.v.) v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gay c\u1ea5n b\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ban ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean (Cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o, ng\u00e2n qu\u0129, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn) v\u00e0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao (Gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v.v.)<\/p>\n

(4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. (Nh\u00f3m SEPG hay t\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.) \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

(5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gay c\u1ea5n b\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

(6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cung c\u1ea5p hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh cho t\u1ed5 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

(7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. (Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh n\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra qu\u00e3ng hai t\u1edbi ba tu\u1ea7n, tu\u1ef3 theo k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c)<\/p>\n

(8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00f3m t\u1eaft cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o. (Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 ban ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong bu\u1ed5i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u00e0 cho \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh)<\/p>\n

(9)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho t\u1ed5 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. (Vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean m\u1ea5t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t)<\/p>\n

(10)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1ch \u0111o (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u00e1ch \u0111o).<\/p>\n

(11)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cung c\u1ea5p hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

(12)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

(13)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Li\u00ean t\u1ee5c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh qua hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, v\u00e0 \u0111o, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb “Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t\u201d<\/p>\n

(14)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed.<\/p>\n

(15)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u00fac b\u1ea9y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb v\u1ec1 “Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t” trong to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean SEPG ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh vai tr\u00f2 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3?<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n chi ti\u1ec1n cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. L\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n th\u00eam v\u1ec1 k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 “chi ph\u00ed c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0 Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n \u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean cao d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5p, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng t\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed cao.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0 Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gia t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m sao m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n chi ti\u1ec1n cho hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n. C\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00ean h\u1ecfi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cCh\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d. Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ti t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n k\u0129 n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? \u00cdch l\u1ee3i t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 g\u00ec cho vi\u1ec7c \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: CMMI \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m theo n\u0103m m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 1 t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 5 v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 1 l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c 5 l\u00e0 cao nh\u1ea5t. T\u1eebng m\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c trong cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a n\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, t\u0103ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e3ng 20% cho t\u1eebng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m \u0111i qu\u00e3ng 60% gi\u1eefa m\u1ee9c 1 v\u00e0 3. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n gi\u00f3ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: V\u1edbi t\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00ec kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. Sao m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i? SEPG c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch thay \u0111\u1ed5i. – M\u1ed9t khi ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc c\u00e1i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, ch\u00fang ta d\u00ednh v\u00e0o n\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadp t\u00e2m c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta \u0103n, ng\u1ee7, \u0111i, n\u00f3i. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 kh\u00f3, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111e do\u1ea1 v\u00e0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, v\u00e0 khi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1m d\u00ednh l\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u0169 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fat \u00edt khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi. H\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, Plato, m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec1u \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra.\u201d<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho Nh\u00f3m qui tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG) l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y. SEPG kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111em thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1edbi cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f3i quen ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi l\u00e0m doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m. Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o trong v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. D\u1ec5 nh\u00ecn c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 nh\u00ecn c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 SEPG l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian cho c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eaft c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean SEPG c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft, do v\u1eady ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng. N\u1ebfu t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec cho c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, chung cu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho SEPG l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00e1 xa tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n. SEPG c\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 cho t\u1edbi khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh vi nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u1edb hay ho v\u00e0 d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cB\u00e0i n\u00f3i v\u00e0 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhanh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a SEPG l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u01b0u ti\u00ean hay \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft n\u00e0o, cho n\u00ean h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean SEPG c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

(4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn “T\u1ed5 chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch\u201d n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean l\u00e0 “th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch”, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t, ch\u1eb3ng ai c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u201cth\u00e0nh vi\u00ean chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch\u201d.<\/p>\n

(5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, m\u00e0 SEPG ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng \u01b0u ti\u00ean kh\u00e1c l\u1ea5y m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0nh cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ec5.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 n\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra. Thi\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t k\u00ec y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng cho b\u1ea1n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n. B\u1ea3ng logic sau gi\u00fap minh ho\u1ea1 cho t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y: (\u00a0 ______ ch\u1ec9 ra y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebfu)<\/p>\n

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Vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn + K\u0129 n\u0103ng + Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch + T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean + K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 = Thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/p>\n

________ + K\u0129 n\u0103ng + Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch + T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean + K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u00a0\u00a0 = L\u1eabn l\u1ed9n<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn + _______ + Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch + T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean + K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng = Lo \u00e2u<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn + K\u0129 n\u0103ng + __________+ T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean + K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng = Thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1eadm<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn + K\u0129 n\u0103ng + Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch + _______ + K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00a0= Th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn + K\u0129 n\u0103ng + Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch + Nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c + ________________\u00a0 = B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sai<\/p>\n

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Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi & th\u1eddi gian), nh\u01b0ng sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u1ee7 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, do v\u1eady cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u1ebfu.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u1ee7 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed s\u1ebd d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qui t\u1eafc sau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a SEPG ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh IDEAL (n\u0103m pha) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo ch\u00fang ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Pha kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u n\u01a1i c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed cam k\u1ebft v\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a SEPG d\u00e0nh cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n. SEPG ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 cam k\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u01b0u ti\u00ean ngang v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. SEPG s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed trao \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 n\u00e0o.\u00a0 B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng l\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00e1c, do v\u1eady cung c\u1ea5p khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n ho\u00e1 mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, SEPG ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00ecnh. V\u1eady th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh l\u1edbn lao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m quan tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. B\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quan t\u00e2m ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean SEPG, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m r\u1eb1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 T\u1ed0T.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro l\u00e0 g\u00ec? CMMI c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong khi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 am hi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i sai v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u00f3 am hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i trong s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn hay \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n r\u1ee7i ro. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c hay b\u1ecb coi nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eebng l\u00fac m\u1ed9t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, r\u1ee7i ro kh\u00f4ng t\u0129nh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng canh ch\u1eebng r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. CMMI th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt th\u00ec c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m r\u1ee7i ro t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng ti, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m hay mua? Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 MUA, MUA, v\u00e0 MUA. S\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 “c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o” cho m\u1ecdi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb v\u00e0 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0o kh\u1edbp nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1n chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 h\u1ea1n; ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5. C\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n cho nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, l\u1eadp ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c cho c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

(4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u1ef1a c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

(5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

(6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1i v\u00e0o qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec. Sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec m\u1ea5y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u00edch c\u1ee1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd. Ng\u00e0y nay, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u201cVi\u1ebft m\u00e3 r\u1ed3i s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i\u201d nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn l\u00e0m th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, t\u1eeb thu nh\u1eadn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 “ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c” cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 “\u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c” qua vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a l\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hay \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea3y ra cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 hay ai \u0111\u00f3 s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho n\u00f3. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh doanh nghi\u1ec7p g\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng tr\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n cho n\u00f3. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra n\u00f3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p hay t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho n\u00f3.\u00a0 Trong kinh doanh, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—–English version——<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: As a software organization, we know how to develop software and believe that we are at a high level on the CMMI scale, but it is our users that need help. They do not know what they want and keep changing the requirements all the time. They need the CMMI more than us. What do you think?<\/p>\n

Answer: How do you know that you are at a high level on the maturity scale without an assessment? Blaming users is a typical behavior of a level 1 maturity organization. Figuring out what users want, making sure that the development team understands user\u2019s priorities, and negotiating what users can have for what they want to pay is really what level 2 Key Process Area – Requirements Management – is all about.<\/p>\n

Getting a clear understanding of what is important to the user is essential in the software business. You need to know that the people who pay for your product want and ensure that the customer is totally satisfied or they may take their business elsewhere. A successful software organization is the organization not only produce quality product but also achieves user satisfaction. When implementing process improvement you are not only identifying any critical business issues but also bringing out your internal software process to the open so you can create a shared vision of how the completed systems should function and operate to the satisfaction of users. I really think your organization need the CMMI more than your users.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How does SEPG assist the organization to improve their process? Do they have to follow a process too?<\/p>\n

Answer: A good SEPG must always follow a defined process. When an organization requests for support, SEPG members should:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Meet with organization management to determine commitment to process improvement. Identify direction, business goals, organization needs, expectations and schedule.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Create a process improvement awareness for the entire organization (including management). Clearly explain each step of the roadmap (IDEAL model) and provide information about the urgency to improve (Why do we need to improve) expectations from management (Improve quality and reduce cost etc.) and identify any critical issues within the organization.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Assist the organization to form a steering committee to direct and manage process improvement activities. Clearly explain role and responsibilities of each members (Provide direction, funding, resources and oversight of improvement activities) and senior management\u2018s expectations (Reduce cost, improve quality, achieve maturity level etc.)<\/p>\n

(4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Assist the organization in establishing an infrastructure for process improvement. (The local SEPG group or working team to implement improvement activities) This is very important since most people assigned to implement improvement activities must be trained and understand their roles within the organization.<\/p>\n

(5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Assist the organization to select assessment team members. These are people who work on software project, prefer to be project manager or project leader who understand critical issues within the organization.<\/p>\n

(6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provide assessment training to the assessment team.<\/p>\n

(7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lead the assessment to identify strengths and weaknesses of the organization. (A typical assessment should take about two to three weeks, depend on the size of the organization)<\/p>\n

(8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Brief the organization on assessment findings and recommendations. (Senior management and steering committee members as well as management must be present during the briefing and provide direction and comment on the assessment results and to emphasize their commitment to process improvement)<\/p>\n

(9)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Assist the assessment team on planning action for process improvement. (A typical action planning should not take more than 1 week to complete)<\/p>\n

(10)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Assist the organization to establish a measurement baseline (i.e., measurement planning).<\/p>\n

(11)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provide training on the implementation of improvement tasks.<\/p>\n

(12)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitate the monitoring of improvement tasks on a monthly basis.<\/p>\n

(13)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Continue to support organizations on process improvement via training,\u00a0\u00a0 consulting, and measuring, and facilitate the sharing of \u201cBest practices\u201d<\/p>\n

(14)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provide feedback to management.<\/p>\n

(15)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Leverage successes and sharing of \u201cBest practices\u201d throughout the organization.<\/p>\n

To be successful, SEPG members must be self-disciplined and process-oriented because they are the role-model for the software practitioners. If they do not follow a defined process how could they convince others to do the same?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Our organization wants to improve the process but our senior manager does not want to pay for it. How can we improve our skills if the manager does not want to pay for training?<\/p>\n

Answer: If your senior manager has an interest in an improvement of your organization, they would pay for additional training in skills and knowledge. If they refuse to pay then they are not serious about improving. You may want to remind them that improvement is a \u201cbasic cost of quality\u201d:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 People who are happy about their professional development are likely to stay with the organization<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 High employee turnover leads to both low productivity and quality, with a correspondent impact of high cost<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Training is value-added because it increases the skill of the people doing the work<\/p>\n

I cannot see how an organization want to improve but senior manager does not want to pay for training. Management should ask the question \u201cWhat do we need to improve our business, to produce better, faster product and capture the market\u201d. In my opinion, you may want to ask whether this is a good company to work for since your manager does not seem to believe in improvement and refuses to pay for skill training.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why do we need software maturity levels? What are the financial benefits of being level 3?<\/p>\n

Answer: The CMMI characterizes software organization into 5 levels of maturity, from level 1 to level 5 where 1 is the lowest and 56 is the highest. Each level only serves as a milestone in the long improvement journey. There are significant benefits if an organization improves its software process to achieve business goals such as lower software cost, increase software quality and market share. Based on the data that I have collected in the past several years, software quality typically improves about 20% for each maturity level and software cost can be reduced about 60% between level 1 and 3. A maturity level is an indicator and it only has meaning if you align it with a business goals or else it is only a meaningless number.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: It seems to me that many people do not want to change or do anything differently from what they have done. Why do people resist change? What can a SEPG do to make change happen?<\/p>\n

Answer: Most people do not like to change. – Once we learn what works, we stick with it. It is a fundamental part of human nature. We internalize our personal processes and they become our habits and our skills. It is like the way we eat, sleep, walk or talk. Changing is difficult, often threatening and painful, and in the absence of some urgent matters, we usually stick with the old ways and only change a little bit as needed. Centuries ago, Plato, a Greek philosopher said: \u201cIf more pain is associated with a change than in leaving things unchanged, the change will not take place.\u201d<\/p>\n

The greatest challenge for a Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG) is to overcoming this resistance to change. Not only must the SEPG bring change to the organization, but also team members must be willing to change their own habit and learn to adopt new ways of doing business. We must be willing to do what we want other people to do. Looking inward and changing ourselves is a key to success. It is easy to see how others must change but it is not easy to see how we must change ourselves.<\/p>\n

Since many SEPG team members work part-time on improvement tasks, given a choice between project works such as designing, programming and improving the organization, people tends to put off improvement tasks as long as possible. I know some SEPG members may regard improvement activities are important, but they are not urgent, thus they are often neglected. If this situation is allowed to continue, and there are no consequences for improvement tasks not being done, eventually all improvement tasks will be perceived as unimportant and eventually ignored.<\/p>\n

The biggest challenge for the SEPG is to change the way people responds to the day to day activities, and begin to put its future well-being ahead of short term demands. The SEPG needs to demonstrate its own commitment to do up-front work such as planning, training and motivating others before asking software practitioners to delay coding until they have completed the requirements and design specifications.<\/p>\n

After many years of managing process improvement, I have observed a variety of behaviors as follows:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Challenges and pleas to give higher priority to improvement tasks were often met with indifferent and good excuses from software practitioners.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Management \u201cTalks and lectures\u201d were good for morale, but they did not get the improvement tasks done any faster.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In some organizations, management often gives SEPG members assignment to work on certain improvement activities but they did not change any priorities or urgencies, so the SEPG member\u2019s behavior did not change much.<\/p>\n

(4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Some organizations establish a \u201cDedicated team\u201d approach where software practitioners would rotate as \u201cDedicated members\u201d who would spend most of their time to work on process improvement activities. While it was a good idea, nobody felt they had the time to be a \u201cDedicated member\u201d.<\/p>\n

(5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Some organizations have improvement plans with tasks and schedule, which the SEPG reviews once a month. Although this is a well defined process, most practitioners regularly explain that other priorities took time away from their improvement tasks and the schedule is always delayed.<\/p>\n

There are five important elements that can make change happen. Missing any will not give you the desired result. The following logical table helps to illustrate the situation: (______ indicates a missing element)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vision + Skills + Incentive + Resources + Action plan\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 = Change<\/p>\n

_____ + Skills + Incentive + Resources + Action plan\u00a0\u00a0 = Confusion<\/p>\n

Vision + _____ + Incentive + Resources + Action plan = Anxiety<\/p>\n

Vision + Skills + ______+ Resources + Action plan = Slow change<\/p>\n

Vision + Skills + Incentive + _______ + Action plan = Frustration<\/p>\n

Vision + Skills + Incentive + Resources + _________= False start<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Many people think that the most obvious missing element is resource (i.e., people & time), but after many years of manage process improvement I found that the real missing element is actually incentive. Given sufficient incentives, people would allocate their time to do improvement work, thus provide the missing resources.\u00a0 Another important element is management\u2019s roles and responsibilities. Given sufficient incentives, management would spend more time monitoring improvement activities and take necessary actions to make it works and improve the business.<\/p>\n

With these factors identified, I am proposing the following rules to help organization implement improvement activities more effectively:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 All SEPG members must understand the IDEAL road map (five phases) of process improvement and follow them as close as possible. Particularly the Initiating Phase where management commitment and the SEPG infrastructure for improvement are identified. The SEPG should secure from management a commitment that software improvement tasks will be treated with equal priority to the software product development. The SEPG will be held accountable, by management, for completing these improvement projects.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Management should indicate that improvement tasks are very important and must be implement without any delay.\u00a0 Beside support improvement tasks with resources, time, and incentives, management should set clear expectations, monitor the progress, and insist on performance.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 All process improvement tasks should be reviewed by managers and elevate to the same level as other software works, thus providing the necessary incentive to create the desired cultural change.<\/p>\n

Overall, an SEPG must recognize that its first task is to change itself. Then it can lead the organization to the greater journey of process improvement.<\/p>\n

Software improvement task must not be less important, no less urgent, than the organization\u2019s product development work. Otherwise, the improvement will never get done.<\/p>\n

More than just management support is needed but ongoing reinforcement is the key to convincing SEPG members, and software practitioners that it is OK to change.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is risk management? Is the CMMI a risk management model?<\/p>\n

Answer: In a crisis rich environment, many managers often focus on technical issues and lose sight of the importance of strategic thinking and decision making. Risk management is a systemic approach to making strategic decisions while dealing with crises. It is making informed decisions by continuously assessing what can go wrong and acting based on its likelihood and impact. To be successful, managers must make informed choices of opportunities in uncertain or risky conditions. Currently risk management practices are largely ad-hoc or treated as one-time only. However, risks are not static but dynamic throughout a project life cycle. Successful managers are always on the look out for risk and acting accordingly. The CMMI is really a risk management model based on the assumption that a more matured, disciplined organization can reduce the risks better than an immature organization.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: We are planning a project to develop a testing tool. We did look for this kind of tool outside of the company, but could not find anything that exactly fits our needs. What would be your view on build vs. buy? What do you recommend?<\/p>\n

Answer: My recommendation is to BUY, BUY, and BUY. There will never be a \u201cperfect tool\u201d for any environment. Most organizations perform trade-off analysis and make decisions based on which tool fits their needs most. Tool development usually incurs significant cost and schedule overruns; most tool development project do not follow a well-defined process; and the wrong people are chosen to develop the tool. There are hundred of testing tools in the market and some of them may satisfy your organization\u2019s needs.<\/p>\n

However, if you have to build, here are my recommendations:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Insist on formal project planning, budgeting, and tracking.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Employ formal specifications for the tool.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Employ strict software configuration management.<\/p>\n

(4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Carefully select development staff.<\/p>\n

(5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Insist on a due date, at least one month before the tool is needed.<\/p>\n

(6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ensure end-user participation in the process.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: For years, computer programmers have been programming without any problem. Why do we need software engineering?<\/p>\n

Answer: In the old day, most software programs are small and few programmers can program and fix errors without much problem. However, software size has grown significantly in the past few years and we need more programmers to develop software and the problem begins with the lack of communication and coordination between them. Today, software products have a lot of defects and software projects are late most of the time. We cannot continue the traditional of \u201cCode then Fix\u201d as we go along anymore but need a discipline approach and it is called software engineering. The software engineer does not only program but also involves in every aspects of the software development process, from obtaining requirements, architect the system, design the product, code, test and release.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is the different between requirement and design document and why they must be documented?<\/p>\n

Answer: A software requirement document the needs of users, it deals with what is \u201cacceptable\u201d to users. A software design deals with what is \u201cachievable\u201d through the application of technology. Requirements must always be documented because users often change their mind, without a document serve as a baseline, you can not control requirements changes. Requirement is the foundation where design is based on, without a well-defined control mechanism in place you can not trace the original of the design or what happen to software product during the development.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why focus on quality when the ultimate business goal is the creation of software product?<\/p>\n

Answer: The purpose of software business is not creating product but the demand for it.<\/p>\n

A software product remains a potential opportunity without any value until there is a demand for it or someone willing to pay for it. Customers determine what a business is and quality is what the customers perceive as a good attribute that they are willing to pay more for it. Quality does not depend on how complicated or expensive it is to produce but how a customer accepts and willing to pay for it.\u00a0 In business, customer is everything.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao tr\u00ean thang … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-958","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/958","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=958"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/958\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":959,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/958\/revisions\/959"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=958"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=958"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=958"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}