{"id":955,"date":"2013-06-26T10:16:25","date_gmt":"2013-06-26T03:16:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=955"},"modified":"2013-06-26T10:16:25","modified_gmt":"2013-06-26T03:16:25","slug":"cmmi-7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=955","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-7"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Theo CMMI, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh 3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u – Organizational Standard Software Process (OSSP). Th\u1ea7y l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00ean n\u00f3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, khi n\u00e0o n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 g\u00ec. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng k\u00ed ph\u00e1p \u0110\u01b0a v\u00e0o, Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0a ra\u00a0 – Entry, Task, Verification, v\u00e0 Exit (ETVX) nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0 Ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o: C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0 Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5: Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3;<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m: Th\u1ea9m tra l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1ch \u0111o, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v.v.).<\/p>\n

(4)\u00a0\u00a0 Ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0a ra: C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 ra kh\u1ecfi qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0 Hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1, c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0 Duy tr\u00ec h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u201cC\u00e1i g\u00ec\u201d ch\u1ee9 KH\u00d4NG v\u00e0o \u201cTh\u1ebf n\u00e0o\u201d v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea3y qu\u00e1 nhanh v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0 Vi\u1ebft qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1ee9c cao \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m) v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0o \u201cC\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u201d.<\/p>\n

(4)\u00a0 Gi\u1eef cho qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, l\u00e0m m\u1ecbn n\u00f3, v\u00e0 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft qua th\u1eddi gian, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

(5)\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd vi\u1ebft t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn ngay m\u1ed9t l\u00fac m\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t t\u1edbi ba trang m\u1ed7i l\u00fac v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft khi b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

(6)\u00a0 Nh\u1edb trong \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean h\u1ecd. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp d\u1ea7y c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ai mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecdc hay theo.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y sang n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u01b0u th\u1ebf chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m thu\u1ebf, d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng hay c\u00e1c l\u00ed do kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng cao x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n th\u00f4i b\u1edfi v\u00ec theo th\u1eddi gian, chi ph\u00ed n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam v\u00e0o t\u1ed5ng ph\u00ed l\u00e0m kinh doanh.<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c khi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00f4ng ti n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t trong lo\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea1nh tranh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khi:<\/p>\n

– Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean n\u00f3 ra \u0111i.<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 (\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn)<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn<\/p>\n

– Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u00edch l\u1ee3i th\u1ef1c<\/p>\n

– C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng (D\u1eef li\u1ec7u xu h\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00e1ch \u0111o, thu h\u1ed3i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ROI)<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh CMMI m\u1ee9c 2 th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a SEPG, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c sang m\u1ee9c sau.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a SEPG c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 2 m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 3 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n “th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t”<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0Thu th\u1eadp \u201cth\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t\u201d t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u201cQui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c” – Organization Standard Software Process (OSSP)<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u00e1t sinh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3u Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u00f9ng Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1ch \u0111o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi, k\u0129 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb \u201cth\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t\u201d v\u1edbi h\u1ecd<\/p>\n

8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110o ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra g\u1ee3i \u00fd ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a SEPG, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee9c danh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cT\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh\u201d. Th\u1ea7y ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9c danh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9a t\u1eeb \u201cT\u01b0 v\u1ea5n.\u201d T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c danh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecb kho\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n.\u00a0 Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn t\u00f4i, \u201cth\u00e0nh vi\u00ean SEPG\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua th\u1eddi gian. T\u00f4i g\u1ee3i \u00fd b\u1ea1n n\u00ean gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c danh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cK\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m\u201d, \u201cL\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean\u201d, hay \u201cNh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ednh to\u00e1n\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf CMMI m\u1ee9c 1. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi l\u1eadp t\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u00a0 Th\u1ea7y g\u1ee3i \u00fd g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: V\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf m\u1ee9c 1, t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0 Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n

A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i sau khi \u0111\u01b0a ra (l\u1ed7i sau khi \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi k\u00edch c\u1ee1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m).<\/p>\n

B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chi ph\u00ed cho t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (t\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0nh cho ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa h\u1ecfng).<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00ednh d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/p>\n

A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i (kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng).<\/p>\n

B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t Chi ph\u00ed\/N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i (chi ph\u00ed th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \/chi ph\u00ed \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m g\u00ec n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ra trong b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0 Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Nh\u00f3m qui tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG).<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0 L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

(4)\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u0129 n\u0103ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

(5)\u00a0\u00a0 Duy tr\u00ec cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra b\u00e1o c\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng, n\u01a1i b\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi xin \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m (validation) ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m (verification) ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ee9c cao. Ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u0129 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi l\u00e0m theo c\u00e1ch “\u0111\u00fang” cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh (C\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 3)?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00fang. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n k\u0129 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 H\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1, K\u00e8m c\u1eb7p, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. N\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00fang\u201d n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p k\u0129 thu\u1eadt (nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t) th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: V\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: V\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e1c qui t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft ra, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecbnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u00e2n theo nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1edfng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch l\u00e0m theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y cung c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi CMMI m\u1ee9c 3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Khi cung c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u00edch l\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh quan d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd m\u1ee9c 3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u1edbi h\u1ecd theo c\u1ea3nh quan kinh doanh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecd theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Tri\u1ec3n khai ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng – Quality Function Deployment (QFD) l\u00e0 g\u00ec trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Tri\u1ec3n khai ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng – Quality Function Deployment (QFD) l\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i xem li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, trung l\u1eadp hay ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. QFD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb hay ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi “Th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5” l\u00e0 g\u00ec? M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c n\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: V\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi Th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c pha, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1. (Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, \u0110\u01b0a ra). N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed k\u00edch c\u1ee1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

V\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u pha ti\u1ebfp hay thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 b\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong pha y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 R\u1ea5t r\u1ee7i ro n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trong pha \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0m tr\u1ec5 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5, vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt r\u1ee7i ro t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version——<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CMMI-7<\/p>\n

Question: According to the CMMI, to achieve maturity level 3 the organization must have a documented Organizational Standard Software Process (OSSP). How do you document a software process? What does it look like?<\/p>\n

Answer: The key success in documenting a software process is creating something simple, easy to read and useful to people in the organization. The organization process should tell developers what is to be accomplished, when it is done, and what the results should be. There are many ways to document a process but the easiest way is using the Entry, Task, Verification, and Exit (ETVX) notation as follows:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0 Entry criteria: Minimum requirements to start the process.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0 Task: Activities to be done within that process;<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0 Verification: Verify that activity has been completed with the desired results (for example: Review, measures, metrics, test, etc.).<\/p>\n

(4)\u00a0\u00a0 Exit criteria: Minimum requirements to exit the process.<\/p>\n

To implement the Organization Process Definition successfully, you should:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0 Understand that organization process definition is an evolutionary process, it takes time and effort to implement it , it will continue to evolve and not a one time only.<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0 Stay focused on the \u201cWhat\u201d NOT the \u201cHow\u201d and do not jump too quickly to an easy solution, such as using automated tools and templates.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0 Write a high level process to enable people to go from the beginning of a project to the end (e.g., software life cycle processes) and concentrate on \u201cWhat needs to be done\u201d without detail on \u201cHow it is to be accomplished\u201d.<\/p>\n

(4)\u00a0\u00a0 Keep your process simple and evolving. Start with simple process, refining it, and adding more detail over time, as necessary. Do not mistake documentation for progress.<\/p>\n

(5)\u00a0\u00a0 Never write a large document all at once but focus on getting one to three pages at a time and ask developers to comment on it before continue adding more details as you work your way down to lower levels.<\/p>\n

(6)\u00a0\u00a0 Keep in mind that a process should only be a guide to help people do their jobs not something imposed on them. Many people get carried away and end up with a large volume of organization standard process that nobody wants to read or to follow.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is software outsourcing and how does it impact the software improvement trend?<\/p>\n

Answer: Software outsourcing is the exporting of software -related work from one country to another to take advantage of lower labor costs, tax savings, skilled workers or other reasons. Some organizations outsource because they can get higher quality product build by highly skilled workers in another country. Some organizations outsource because they can build product with lower labor costs but I think this is a short term because in time, the cost will eventually go up and they will have to find another lower cost supplier elsewhere. This effort is time consuming and costly because it will add up to the overall cost of doing business.<\/p>\n

The outsourcing process will continue as globalization trend evolve but I strongly believe that in a long term, any company that can build quality software at reasonable cost will always thrive in this kind of competitive environment and process improvement is the key to achieve this success.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How do you know that a process definition is successful?<\/p>\n

Answer: A successful process definition:<\/p>\n

– Does not go away when people who work on it leaves.<\/p>\n

– Is used by people voluntarily and not imposed by management.<\/p>\n

– Is fully institutionalized (Defined, documented, trained, used, validated, measured and continuously improved)<\/p>\n

– Is improved by people who are actually using it<\/p>\n

– People who use it can see real benefits<\/p>\n

– Have facts and data to prove that it works (Trends, metrics, ROI data)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: My organization achieved CMMI maturity level 2 last month. As a SEPG member, I want to know what I should do differently to guide the organization to the next level.<\/p>\n

Answer: As a SEPG member of a level-2 organization that want to achieve a level 3 you need to:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Participate in project\u2019s activities to identify \u201cbest practices\u201d<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Collect \u201cbest practices\u201d from all projects and use them to establish the \u201cOrganization Standard Software Process\u201d (OSSP)<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Generate a training plan to train everybody in the organization to understand the Organization Standard Software Process<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Facilitate the use of the Organization Standard Software Process<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Collect project metrics and analyze them to identify organization\u2019s trends<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Keep project manager and organization manager informed about the use of organization standard software process and project\u2019s compliance<\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Working with all projects to introduce new process, new technique and share \u201cbest practices\u201d with them<\/p>\n

8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Measure progress and organization\u2019s performance as a business unit and make specific suggestion for process improvement.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: As a member of a SEPG, my job is to consult on process improvement. I would like to change my title to \u201cProcess Improvement Consultant\u201d. What do you think?<\/p>\n

Answer: Performing consulting activities does not require that one\u2019s job title to include the word \u201cConsultant.\u201d I believe that you are consulting any time you are trying to change or improve a situation. Many of us take on the role of consultant in our daily activities without a formal title and we do not want to be locked in to a single role as a consultant.\u00a0 In my opinion, \u201cSEPG member\u201d is not a title but only an assignment and it can change over time. I suggest you keep your formal title as a \u201cSoftware Engineer\u201d, \u201cProgrammer\u201d, or \u201cComputing Analyst\u201d, which may be more appropriate.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: My organization was assessed at CMMI level 1. We have difficulty coming up with a set of metrics to be put on our improvement plan.\u00a0 What do you suggest?<\/p>\n

Answer: For a level 1 organization, a set of software performance indicators can be introduced as follows:<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0 Quality<\/p>\n

A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Post-released Defect rate (defects after a release of a product related to product size).<\/p>\n

B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cost of Quality ratio (ratio of time spent in software reviews vs. time to fix failures).<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0 Predictability<\/p>\n

A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Relative Lead-time Slip (differences between actual and estimated lead-time of an activity).<\/p>\n

B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Relative Cost\/Effort Slip (actual cost\/estimated cost).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: My organization already has an improvement plan. What else do we need to do to ensure success?<\/p>\n

Answer: Besides working to implement tasks identified in the improvement plan, your organization may need to<\/p>\n

(1)\u00a0\u00a0 Establish an infrastructure to coordinate improvement activities such as the Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG).<\/p>\n

(2)\u00a0\u00a0 Work on changing behavior of people toward process oriented rather than product oriented.<\/p>\n

(3)\u00a0\u00a0 Make process improvement activities visible to everybody.<\/p>\n

(4)\u00a0\u00a0 Develop skills for people implementing improvement activities.<\/p>\n

(5)\u00a0\u00a0 Maintain management\u2019s commitment by create a monthly status reporting where you discuss problems as well as success with management and ask for their direction.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is the different between Software Validation and Software verification?<\/p>\n

Answer: Software Validation ensures that the user requirements are consistent and complete with respect to high level requirements. Validation usually involves users to validate the requirements by conducting a test in their own environment to make sure that the software product is acceptable.<\/p>\n

Software verification ensures that the selected solution meets the specified technical requirements.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How do you train new engineer in the \u201cRight\u201d way of doing thing when the organization does not have a defined process (Have not achieve level 3)?<\/p>\n

Answer: Organization does not have to be a level 3 in order to do thing right. There is several way of training new engineer such as Apprenticeship, Mentoring, but probably the most important is communication among engineers on past experiences on similar projects. If the organization can create a \u201cRight working environment\u201d where everybody freely communicate and share technical solutions (Best Practices) then the learning will take place.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How much change in the organization\u2019s culture when implementing process improvement?<\/p>\n

Answer: Organization\u2019s culture can be defined as its values, unwritten rules, and collective behaviors of people within an organization. To improve the process, you must understand the culture of the organization that you are trying to change. For example, an organization trying to define the standard process for everybody to follow but if management is still rewarding people who like do thing their way and ignore organizational standard process then the culture will not change and the improvement will not happen.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How do you provide consultation to an organization that only wants to achieve a CMMI level 3 and nothing else?<\/p>\n

Answer: When provide process improvement consultation, it is important that you understand the goals and motivation of the people in the organization and prepare your work accordingly.<\/p>\n

If they only want to achieve a maturity level, you need to educate them about other benefits of improvement and the long term perspective of being a quality organization. You need to ask them what a level 3 means to them from business as well as technical perspective. You need to guide them to the right direction of being successful organization.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is Quality Function Deployment (QFD) in software development?<\/p>\n

Answer: Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a technique for identifying customer needs and their priority. These needs are mapped to the required technical characteristics. Interaction between these characteristics is identified and categorized as to whether it is positive, neutral or negative correlation. QFD is used early in the software development life cycle, usually in requirements, trade-off analysis or market analysis.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is the advantage and disadvantage of the \u201cWaterfall\u201d life cycle? Some people advocate it but many said it did not work. What is your opinion?<\/p>\n

Answer: The Waterfall life cycle is based on a top-down development approach and is an ordered set of phases that are performed in sequence. (Requirement, Design, Implement, Test, Release). It is designed to be an orderly, systematic model to manage the size and complexity of a software development process.<\/p>\n

The waterfall life cycle work best when the requirements can be completely defined before starting the next phase or preliminary design. However, due to the nature of requirements keep on changing, you will need to conduct some prototype works during requirement phase to reduce the risk of partially specified requirements.<\/p>\n

The advantages of this model are:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Well structured, easy to understand<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Top-down approach<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Force the customer to specify requirements up-front<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Encourage more communication between customer and developer<\/p>\n

The disadvantages of this model are:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Very risky work if the requirements can not be specified<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Most customers can not complete the requirements within the first phase and delay the development work<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Expensive process with many delays, re-works if not mitigate risks accordingly.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Theo CMMI, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh 3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-955","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/955","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=955"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/955\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":957,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/955\/revisions\/957"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=955"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=955"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=955"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}