{"id":952,"date":"2013-06-26T10:11:04","date_gmt":"2013-06-26T03:11:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=952"},"modified":"2013-06-26T10:11:04","modified_gmt":"2013-06-26T03:11:04","slug":"cmmi-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=952","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-8"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t hay nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9 r\u1eddi ra. Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: H\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc l\u00e1i xe h\u01a1i v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 tin \u0111i v\u00e0o ph\u1ed1 hay \u0111i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf m\u1ed7i l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. G\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo b\u1ea3n l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tu\u00e2n theo v\u00e1c qui t\u1eafc tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0 nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang h\u1ecdc cho t\u1edbi khi b\u1ea1n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3 nhanh h\u01a1n, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 r\u1ebb h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Sau \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n nhanh ch\u00f3ng ti\u1ebfn sang m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfp. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 15 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y song song \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh sang m\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i tin l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ebf ngay m\u1ed9t l\u00fac l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc khi b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ti\u1ebfp. T\u00f4i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eebng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 2 hay 3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u1ea5y \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c qu\u00ed gi\u00e1 kh\u1ecfi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh cho th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.\u00a0 T\u00f4i tin c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111i sang m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng th\u1ebf? T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn hay ch\u1ec9 s\u0103n \u0111u\u1ed5i theo con s\u1ed1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a?<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m – Software Quality Assurance (SQA) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi h\u1ecd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ch\u00ednh sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng SQA ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f3. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a SQA l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c n\u00e0o so v\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh. Ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho SQA b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c theo c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00ec SQA s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i tin c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n. T\u00f4i th\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f2n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u phi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean th\u00ec b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh \u201cc\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng?\u201d\u00a0 T\u00f4i tin c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u1edbt h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u00edt b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n n\u00e9n do vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn hay kh\u00f4ng. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 v\u00e0 th\u00edch th\u00fa \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u1ee9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u1ebft tu\u1ea7n n\u1ecd t\u1edbi tu\u1ea7n kia v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m s\u1ebd l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng? B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 coi r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gia t\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? Sao kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Khi ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a ba c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n: Qui tr\u00ecnh, Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. C\u1ea3 ba c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng cao v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Chung cu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n; d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tham gia v\u00e0o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

1) Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng: Bi\u1ebft nhu c\u1ea7u nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi h\u1ecd tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

2) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n: Bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u1ea3 thi, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed tho\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

3) C\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed: Bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed s\u1eb5n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Khi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n di\u1ec5n ra, th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c tho\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh m\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, C\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian. M\u1ecdi qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u201cGi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u00ec \u0103n li\u1ec1n\u201d nh\u01b0 thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t, mua c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u1eadt d\u1ea7y r\u1ed3i hi v\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 CMMI l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1ch \u0111o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed1i \u01b0u n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh cao \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 qua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 danh ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u00f3m qui tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SEPG) ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u1edbn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u1edd ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng gia t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. L\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean SEPG, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n giao s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed do. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng b\u1eadn. Th\u1ee9 hai, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecd l\u00e0m hay t\u1ea1i sao l\u00e0m. V\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n g\u1ee3i \u00fd s\u1ebd gi\u00fap h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u00e0nh x\u1eed kh\u00e1c \u0111i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh, \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f2n s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh 1, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m hay b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai l\u00e0m. \u0110i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t m\u00e0 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra cam k\u1ebft, l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00e0i g\u1ee3i \u00fd b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o hay kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u1ec1 v\u00e0i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. T\u00f4i g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u1ed7i l\u00fac ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf. \u0110\u1eebng c\u1ed1 l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 \u201cC\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c 2\u201d. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u1eadp tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf truwowssc nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i thu th\u1eadp s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i sau khi \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ra c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, gi\u1eef cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 3 th\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n cho t\u1eebng pha (X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, L\u00e0m m\u1ecbn, v\u00e0 Th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1). \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m (tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i theo tu\u1ea7n) v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng cam k\u1ebft l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean (K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch so v\u1edbi Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n). Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o v\u00e0 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ed1n bao l\u00e2u. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00e0i gi\u1edd m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u th\u1ef1c, n\u00eau t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, SEPG ph\u1ea3i khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh, gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean minh, v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e0 c\u00f3 r\u1ed3i, s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u1eefng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. \u00cdch l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1edbi t\u1eeb v\u00e0i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1eebng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Nh\u1edb c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201c\u0102n voi th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u201d \u0110\u00e1p: \u201cB\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u mi\u1ebfng nh\u1ecf.\u201d<\/p>\n

8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tu\u00e2n theo “b\u1ea3n l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.\u201d Nh\u1edb cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o. Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f3, l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed3i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i l\u00e0m m\u1ecbn n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch hay n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. H\u1ecdc t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, cho n\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

9)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N\u1ebfu c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, l\u00ean t\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao ph\u1ea3i b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

10)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd n\u00f3i, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n d\u1eebng hay l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cho t\u1edbi khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, h\u00e3y tranh th\u1ee7 h\u1ecd v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1eebng ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian v\u1edbi \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu.\u201d \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7.<\/p>\n

11)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i l\u00fac. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft chi ph\u00ed c\u00f9ng \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1edb, thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3-l\u00e0m. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a SEPG l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t gian nan, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cam k\u1ebft, c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn, k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng b\u00e9o b\u1edf g\u00ec, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gian kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng “Vinh quang\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 “r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi” ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 anh h\u00f9ng, th\u00ec th\u1eed vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, n\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi \u1edf t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 1.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

——–Englisn version——<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CMMI-8<\/p>\n

Question: We have read many improvement books and they all are very good but when we start to implement improvement in our own organization, things fell apart. What do you suggest?<\/p>\n

Answer: Learning to implement process improvement in a real situation is like learning to drive a car. Reading books are not enough to give people the confidence to go into the street or highway right away. You have to implement it one small task at a time to learn the improvement skills. My suggestion is to follow the roadmap for process improvement, especially follow the deployment rules and remember that you are learning until you acquire the necessary skills to do it faster, better, and cheaper.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: After a CMMI assessment, my organization wants to move quickly to the next maturity level. Our improvement plan has total of 15 tasks but our manager decided that we should implement all tasks in parallel to expedite the journey to the next level. Is it possible?<\/p>\n

Answer: I believe it is a big mistake to do so many things all at once. Process improvement is a learning process, you learn as you implement each task and apply what you learned to the next task. I strongly urge your organization not to implement more than 2 or 3 tasks at once. Implementing too many tasks takes away the precious resources from day to day activities like software development, managing projects. It also creates confusion and prevents organization from applying lessons learned in process improvement to future implementation.\u00a0 I believe this approach will not get your organization to the next maturity level where you want to be but lead your organization into a dangerous path of confusion and chaotic. I do not know why you are in such a hurry? Is your organization really want to improve or just chasing after a meaningless maturity level number?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is the role of Software Quality Assurance (SQA)? How can they be responsible for quality when they are not even developing software?<\/p>\n

Answer: It is a mistake to assume that SQA is responsible for quality. The only person responsible for the quality of software is the one who develop it. The role of SQA is to review and monitor the way developers create software and reports to management about any deviations from standards, procedures, and processes. It is the job of management to insist that the quality problems be fixed before the product is released. If management does not support SQA by following their recommendations then SQA will not be effective.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: I believe process improvement is a waste of time of busy software developers. I rather program than improve the process.<\/p>\n

Answer: If you are expected to complete your projects based on an unrealistic schedule with constant interruptions then you must ask yourself \u201cis there any better way to improve the current situation?\u201d\u00a0 I believe software process improvement can make your project less chaotic, your work environment less stressful due to the improvement in project estimates. However, you must decide whether you want to improve or not. You may program thousand lines of code and enjoy it but what happen if your customer keeps changing the requirements every week? Would you continue to program week after week and knowing that what you do will be changed again? You must change your attitude about process improvement and consider that it is not a waste of time but value-added activity that can make your programming work better and treat it as part of your job.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why do we emphasize too much on software process improvement? Why not concentrate on people or technology?<\/p>\n

Answer: When we think of software process improvement, we must consider the balance of three components: Process, People and Technology. All three components play an important role in determining how successful software process improvement is. We need good processes to accomplish our software development. We need good technology to support these processes. We also need highly skilled and motivated people to use those processes and technology to do the work. Ultimately it is people who are responsible for the success or failure of the improvement effort.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Our requirements continue to change weekly; it seems that our customer is not able to make up their mind. What can we do to be effective?<\/p>\n

Answer: Requirement development is both a negotiating and a creative process. This means that management must be involved in the process, beside customer and developer.<\/p>\n

1) The customer: Know their business need and how it works. As they debate alternative approaches with the developers, they will gain new insights on their problems and often change their views.<\/p>\n

2) The Developer: Know the technical issues, what is feasible, and what can be done in a reasonable time and cost.<\/p>\n

3) The Management: Know that requirements can be inherently unlimited, and a good business requires both creativity and reality. They must review requirements to ensure that it can be done within available time and cost.<\/p>\n

As development proceeds, new information is gained that will likely affect the compromises already made. That is why requirements are never complete but continue to evolve. To be effective, Management must intervene and insist on prototype to better understand the requirement and incremental release to reduce the risks of requirement creep.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why process improvement is an evolutionary process?<\/p>\n

Answer: It is an evolution because it takes time. Every process must be defined, documented, used, measured, improved, maintained and supported. This is in contrast to the \u201cInstant solution\u201d approach such as hire the best people, buy the better tools, and document the biggest volume then hope improvement will happen.<\/p>\n

Process improvement model such as the CMMI is an evolution because it implies that something must be done before others. A basic project management control must be mastered before an organizational standard process can be developed. Measurements baseline must be established before management can use facts and data to make decision. Process must be in place and fully institutionalized before an organization can begin to optimize it and achieve world class quality. Most high maturity level organizations do not get there overnight. It took them many years of continuing hard working to achieve the prestigious status.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: We are members of a Software Engineer Process Group (SEPG) responsible for software improvement in a large software organization. However, it seems that no one in our organization is interested in us. Managers ignored us, developers did not respect us, and customer complained that we are not value-added. What should we do?<\/p>\n

Answer: The first step in effective process improvement is changing the behavior of the managers and developers. As SEPG members, you can initiate and support the change but real change only happens when other people acquire a new attitude toward software process. The question is how to get software developers to do things that do not directly contribute to the delivery of software products? This is a difficult problem for many reasons. First, developers are always busy. Second, they may not understand what you want them to do or why. And third, they may not believe that what you suggest will help them do their jobs. Therefore, the most important thing is to get management to behave differently. This is why we have software assessment to identify strengths, weaknesses and risks of not improving so management can realize the urgency. As long as they are willing to live with the consequences of a chaotic process, the organization will continue to be at maturity level 1, regardless of anything you do or anyone does. The key thing management need is to insist on an orderly and discipline project management for making commitments, document processes and quality product. If they do not agree to this, nothing else will work.<\/p>\n

Here are some suggestions that you may find useful:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Make sure that management recognizes that process improvement is their responsibility. If the developers do not participate in or actively support process improvement, it will not happen.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Get an agreement from management on a few critical actions to accomplish first. I suggest only one small change at a time. Do not try to do something as vague as \u201cGetting to level 2\u201d. To make progress, you need to focus on something useful, practical, such as software inspections to remove defects. This action is measurable if you set a baseline first. You must collect number of post-released defects and number of defects found during product inspection.<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 You need to make sure that everybody knows their responsibilities. It would be a good idea to get these in writing.<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Establish an operational plan, keep it simple, focused, and no more than 3 months in duration per phase (Define, Pilot, Refine, and Institutionalize). Make sure the plan has checkpoints (Weekly status) and resources identify clearly.<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Demonstrate what is involved in getting just one change accomplished. You can do this with progress report to management and make sure to include a schedule and resources commitments (Plan vs Actual). These will help everybody realizes what is involved and how long does it take. It will make it obvious that the problem is not work hours but availability of project people too.<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Make a big deal out of success. Periodically identify real achievements, credit the people responsible by name, and publicize their accomplishment. However, the SEPG must be humble, stay out of the recognition process, your job is to coordinate, do not claim credit for anything. This will build enthusiasm, enlist allies, and demonstrate progress. Once the momentum is going, it is hard to stop and you will be well on your way.<\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The key to process improvement is making a lot of small and simple process changes. The major benefits from most changes come from a few actions. Do not make big change, you will not be successful. Remember the question \u201cHow does one eat an elephant?\u201d Answer: \u201cBy several small pieces\u201d.<\/p>\n

8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Follow the \u201cimprovement road map\u201d. Remember to provide just enough information so people know what to do and when. Pilot it, get some initial feedback from project people who use the improve process then refine it based on pilot results, and collect data. You probably have to train people and will certainly have to help them get started. Improvement is a learning process. You will learn a great deal more from implementing change than from planning or talking about it. Learn from practice not opinion, so before having others to change, you must change yourself first.<\/p>\n

9)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 If management does not agree to assigning developer to improvement tasks, go to the senior management and make it clear that without the participating of developers, process improvement is a waste of time and money. Under these conditions, either senior management must step in and helps, or you will have to look for a job elsewhere.<\/p>\n

10)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 If senior management refuses to handle the problem, they are not truly convinced of the need for improvement. Regardless of what they say, you need to stop or discontinue the effort until you have their attention. If you have a few supportive managers, enlist them and help their people to improve. Do not waste time with \u201cLaggards\u201d The idea is to get one quick success, with solid improvement data. The rest will fall into places.<\/p>\n

11)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 In conclusion, the key to success is to take process improvement one step at a time. Make sure that management is in agreement with the need for changes and know its costs and benefits. Remember, change takes time and you must have patience. Change also requires leadership and a can-do attitude. A SEPG job is a very hard job, requires commitment, dedication, skills and knowledge. It is also a thankless job, with a lot of hard work but no \u201cGlory\u201d. That is why I always mentioned that only \u201ca very few people\u201d suitable for this kind of work. If you want to be a hero, try coding, it is always needed at level 1 organization.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t hay nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-952","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/952","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=952"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/952\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":954,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/952\/revisions\/954"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=952"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=952"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=952"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}