{"id":950,"date":"2013-06-26T10:06:24","date_gmt":"2013-06-26T03:06:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=950"},"modified":"2013-06-26T10:06:24","modified_gmt":"2013-06-26T03:06:24","slug":"cmmi-9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=950","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-9"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng “h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3” khi doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: V\u00ec ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng “h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3” cho ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 m\u00e1y bay hay \u00f4 t\u00f4, v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ed3i. Ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u00e1y bay, l\u00e1i xe v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u201ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3\u201d th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i. L\u1ed7i 10% \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 100 l\u1ed7i tr\u00ean 1000 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3). N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i cho t\u1edbi khi c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u1edbn lao x\u1ea3y ra, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m hay y t\u1ebf n\u01a1i m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb l\u00e2m nguy, m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp r\u00f5. B\u1ea5t k\u00ec vi ph\u1ea1m hay x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m n\u00e0o v\u00e0o ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1io \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo qui t\u1eafc ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i chuy\u1ec3n giao s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng theo l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ch\u00fang v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 \u00f4 t\u00f4, t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n hay m\u00e1y bay.<\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m. Trung b\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea1m 1 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i 10 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 l\u1ec7nh. H\u1ecd s\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i khi d\u1ecbch m\u00e3 v\u00e0 s\u1eeda nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn mong mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 s\u1eeda t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n giao cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh b\u1ecb h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed7i cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda ch\u00fang c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam l\u00e0 c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00e2y ra ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng \u1edf vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p d\u1ecbch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. V\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed r\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i; v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1y v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eabn b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a n\u1ea3y sinh l\u00e0m l\u1ed7i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed nh\u01b0ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y nay, lo\u1ea1i k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hay qui tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u1ecd bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u201cl\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt h\u1ea1i canh t\u00e2n.\u201d Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ec9 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, h\u1ecd ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. R\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng, t\u00ednh n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, hay tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 qui tr\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t khi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n giao cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hay h\u1ecfng. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra bao nhi\u00eau thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i hay \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ed7i\u201d nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft. V\u00e0 v\u00ec khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cung c\u1ea5p cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed h\u1ee3p l\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u00edt khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o hay b\u1ea5t k\u00ec doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c: Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: C\u00f4ng ti ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1ecf, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u \u1edf m\u1ee9c CMMI nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1i g\u00ec cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CMMI m\u1ee9c 1?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v.v.). B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u1edbn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o? B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t bao l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y? \u01af\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CMMI m\u1ee9c 1. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u sai ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f5i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n k\u00e9m. V\u00ec c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y: B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch g\u00ec so v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch so v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i), ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 sai l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa d\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef ch\u00fang trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho tham chi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ch\u1ec9 khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u00eam. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CMMI m\u1ee9c 1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SQA) l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa SQA v\u00e0 Nh\u00f3m qui tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SEPG) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hai ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n

(1) \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m: Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m qua to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh, theo d\u00f5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

(2) \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o qui tr\u00ecnh: Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111ang tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh trong qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m qui tr\u00ecnh h\u1eadu k\u00ec.<\/p>\n

SQA th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 hai ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tr\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u). Khi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1 t\u1ed1t r\u1ed3i, SQA s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 qui tr\u00ecnh, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. SQA ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n theo v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 sai bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

SEPG l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi SQA \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (c\u1ea3 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 phi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt). Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a SEPG ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a SQA ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ec1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7; do v\u1eady, SQA v\u00e0 SEPG l\u00e0 hai ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa CMMI v\u00e0 P-CMM l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u1ea1i sao t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c cho Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a CMMI, nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. \u00cdch l\u1ee3i t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i r\u00f5 trong v\u0103n \u0111\u00e0n (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Raytheon, Hughes, Boeing, City Bank, v\u00e0 Motorola). Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1edbi trong CMMI.<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00e0o qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ee9 \u00edt t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0y nay, nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng coi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qui tr\u00ecnh hay c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh cao ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, Vi\u1ec7n K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Carnegie Mellon \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi – People Capability Maturity Model (P-CMM) d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng. P-CMM cung c\u1ea5p cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7. P-CMM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi CMMI \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 n\u00ean d\u00f9ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch \u0111o hay m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chi ph\u00ed cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch \u0111o h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chi ph\u00ed. Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1ch quan cho l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m then ch\u1ed1t, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chi ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
\nKh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m then ch\u1ed1t trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, qui tr\u00ecnh, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 s\u1ebd chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 \u0111o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tham bi\u1ebfn chuy\u00ean s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 sinh ra c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111i trong th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00ec nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec. L\u00e0m sao t\u00f4i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 n\u0103m c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3:
\n1) M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5: \u00dd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n

2) Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5: Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

3) Qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5: Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

4) Quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed5: C\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau.<\/p>\n

5) Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5: N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 gi\u00f3ng th\u1eb3ng c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong b\u1ed1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

1) H\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh: Khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 l\u00e0m quen l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp qui t\u1eafc cho t\u1ed5 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o \u201cchu tr\u00ecnh tranh c\u00e3i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn\u201d v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

2) B\u00e3o t\u1ed1: Khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 “\u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9” qua th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n.
\nNguy hi\u1ec3m: S\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra th\u00f9 o\u00e1n \u0111eo b\u00e1m t\u1ed5. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng chi\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c x\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n

3) B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng: Khi t\u1ed5 \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c, cam k\u1ebft, c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Nguy hi\u1ec3m: T\u1ed5 s\u1ebd c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c<\/p>\n

4) Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng: Khi t\u1ed5 th\u1ef1c mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

Nguy hi\u1ec3m: T\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n r\u1eddi ra sau khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m m\u1ecbn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tin t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u00e0 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u1eadp ra cho h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: V\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1ecf (1-5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ki\u00eam lu\u00f4n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SQA) thay v\u00ec thu\u00ea ai \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Kh\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi SQA \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan\u201d s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan nh\u01b0 SQA \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng s\u1eeda c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n thuur m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 leo thang l\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? V\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u00f3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng SQA. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u0129 s\u01b0 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c b\u00ean trong c\u00f9ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c\u00a0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: V\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh CMM b\u00ean trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 CMMI nh\u01b0 People-CMM, CMM Thu nh\u1eadn, CMM D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 n\u00ean thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chung c\u00f9ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. \u00dd \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac chung cho m\u1ecdi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n CMM n\u00e0o v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi cho t\u1eebng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean. K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n SEPG l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, hi\u1ec3u nhu c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n uy t\u00edn v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng CMMI. SEPG c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec CMM n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

———English version————<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CMMI-9<\/p>\n

Question: Why do we need to concentrate on improving software which is a \u201csupport\u201d function when our business is in manufacturing?<\/p>\n

Answer: Since software started as a \u201csupport\u201d function for manufacturing products of an airplane or a car, some people think it is not important. However, things have changed. Today software controls airplane, drives cars and impacts almost every aspect of our life. It has evolved from a \u201csupport\u201d function into an important part of the business. However, unlike other products, software generally has more problems such as defects. A 10% defect is considered \u201cnormal\u201d (that\u2019s 100 defects per 1000 lines of code). If we are not serious about software quality and reliability, it may seriously impact our business and our life. We should not wait until something dramatic happens that challenges our business to do something about it.<\/p>\n

In other fields such as medicine or health care where people lives are at stake, all workers are trained to work in accordance with well-defined standards and procedures. Any violation or infractions could kill people. However, in software, most programmers are not trained to follow a process but allowed to work according to their own rules. Many started with vague and constantly changing requirements but are expected to deliver a final product within a fixed schedule. That means these people have to design, code, test, and fix their software according to a chaotic and constantly changing environment before integrated them into the manufactured product such as a car, a boat or an airplane.<\/p>\n

When people work under stress, they inevitably make mistakes. On the average, experienced programmers make a mistake every 10 lines of code. They fix about half of that when compiling the code and even more during test. Of course, the desired approach is to fix all defects before delivery to the customer but usually programmers run out of time and can not fix them so the software is released to customer with many defects anyway. It is a proven fact that the later a mistake is identified, the more expensive it is to fix, plus it is more likely that the problem caused a disruption in the final assembly of the product. With current practices, tested programs can still have defects; and many times, computers will run with defective software. It is not until a specific set of circumstances arise that a defect appears and possibly harms the results.<\/p>\n

A good programmer will conduct code reviews before testing but in today\u2019s environment, this kind of discipline is known but seldom practiced. Many programmers are not trained in software engineering reviews or inspection process and many software managers are not trained to understand these disciplines. Most programmers still do not know why they should plan and manage their work according to a defined process. They argue that \u201cplanning reduces productivity\u201d and \u201cdiscipline harms innovation.\u201d Most crises are caused by the lack of planning and not following a disciplined process. When managers only focus on schedules, they are implying that nothing else is important. Very few managers ask about quality, usability, productivity, or process compliance. Once a program passes testing and delivers to the customer, most programmers do not know what happens to the program, whether it works or fails. Most programmers do not know how much damage a defective software would create or how much customer\u2019s opinions are important to the business. Most programmers are not trained in quality methods. Defects are treated as \u201cbugs\u201d but they really aren\u2019t bugs, they\u2019re defects and programs with defects are defective. And since defects are injected by programmers, programmers must remove them. In order for programmers to remove defects, they must be trained properly to follow a defined process. The software engineering training provides organizations with this discipline to improve their capability to produce software at a reasonable cost and with fewer defects. To improve the manufacturing or any business, it makes sense to start with one of the most critical parts: Software.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Our company is small, we have no idea where we are based on the CMMI level but assume that we are at the lowest level. What should we do to improve a CMMI level 1 organization?<\/p>\n

Answer: The most important activity to start is learning how to improve the project estimates (i.e. Size, resources, schedule etc.). You need to estimate how big is your project? How many people that you need for the project and how long will it take to complete the project? Estimate is the foundation of software project planning which is very critical for CMMI level 1 organization. Based on data that I have collected in past several years, most software projects failed because of either they have wrong schedule estimate or have too many changes in requirements. Both of them can be traced to poor project estimating and planning. Since accurate estimates depend on historical data, organization must collect these data: What you have planned versus what actually happened (i.e. planned versus actuals), analyzes them to understand why there were variations between planned data and actual data and stores them in a database for future references. Only when the organization has acquired the ability to estimate accurately to execute the project accordingly, they can make further advances. The most important objective of a CMMI level 1 organization is achieving the ability to consistently meet project\u2019s schedule, cost, and functional commitments to customers before focusing on other improvement activities.<\/p>\n

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Question: What is the function of Software Quality Assurance (SQA) and what is the difference between SQA and Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG)?<\/p>\n

Answer: To ensure the quality of software products, most organizations perform two major functions:<\/p>\n

(1) Product assurance: Inspect the product throughout the life cycle to ensure that the correct product is being built according to the required specifications. This includes performing product reviews, inspections, requirements traceability, and tests on the software products.<\/p>\n

(2) Process assurance: Inspect the process throughout the life cycle to ensure that the project is following the defined process, which is identified in the project plan. This includes in-process-audits and post-mortem process reviews<\/p>\n

SQA performs both of the above functions, as well as reports any unresolved problems to management. Typically, organization begins with product assurance (e.g., reviews, inspections, and trace requirements). When these activities are well institutionalized, SQA will concentrate on process compliance, beginning with requirement reviews, and ensure that project planning is complete. SQA must ensure that the agreed upon processes (identified in the project plan) are being followed and that discrepancies are reported to management throughout the life cycle.<\/p>\n

SEPG is different from SQA in that it leads the organization in process improvement efforts. This includes conducting assessments to determine areas for improvement and executing those actions to improve the capability of the entire organization (technical and non-technical). A SEPG assessment is strictly for process improvement, which is different from SQA process audit to check for for compliance; thus, SQA and SEPG are two separate functions.<\/p>\n

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Question: What is the relationship between a CMMI and P-CMM? Why create another model for People?<\/p>\n

Answer: With the help of the CMMI, many organizations have made significant improvements in their software practices. The financial and performance benefits of these improvements are well documented in literature (i.e. Raytheon, Hughes, Boeing, City Bank, and Motorola studies). However, many of these organizations discovered that in order to continue their improvement they must change the way they manage people but theses changes are not accounted for in the CMMI.<\/p>\n

Based on data that I have collected, most improvement programs have emphasized mostly on process and technology but few focus on people. Today, many software organizations have not take the development of their people as seriously as they approached the development of their processes or technology. Data from high maturity organizations indicated that their continued progress required improving in the way they manage people. Some organizations have even found sustaining process improvement difficult if they were suffering severe people problems such as excessive turn-over of their employees.<\/p>\n

To provide guidance to organization that want to develop software talent, the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University has developed a model called the People Capability Maturity Model (P-CMM) based on the best practices in the field of human resources and talent development. The P-CMM provides organization with guidance on how to gain control over their resources practices and establishing a culture of engineering excellence. The P-CMM can easily be integrated with the CMMI for overall organization improvement.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Should we use a Metric-based scheduling model or a Cost model for process improvement?<\/p>\n

Answer: I would definitely select the metric-based scheduling model over the cost model. Based on my experience, accurate estimates form the objectives basis for the detailed planning and progress tracking that are essential to project success, the inability to control estimates is the key software development problem, a problem that the cost model can not resolve.<\/p>\n

The key concept in metric-based scheduling model is that software with similar application, process, technology, method, and resource characteristics will share similar organizational experiences. These captured experiences can be translated into similar metric relationships, algorithms, and product-specific parametric models. All of which are used to generate estimates, develop plans and create baselines for future projects.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: I am a new manager of a dysfunctional project. The former manager left in frustration since the group is not a team, people do what ever they want to do but not responsible for anything. How do I change them into an effective team?<\/p>\n

Answer: There are five important components of an effective team:<\/p>\n

1) Team goals: The team\u2019s sense of purpose and direction.<\/p>\n

2) Team roles: An understanding of the ways in which work is to be allocated.<\/p>\n

3) Team processes: Operating procedures, the way the team conducts its business<\/p>\n

4) Team relationship: How the team members get along with each other.<\/p>\n

5) Team leadership: The capacity of the team to monitor and align both the team processes and relationship.<\/p>\n

Any team can be developed in four stages:<\/p>\n

1) Forming: When team members get to know each other and establish the rule in which the team will operate. However, the issue is the group may go to an \u201cinfinite loop of debating\u201d and not getting work done.<\/p>\n

2) Storming: When team members \u201ccollide\u201d over the challenges facing the group.<\/p>\n

Danger: Hostility breaks out and creates animosity that lingers with the team. People will try to assume leadership and create bad feeling.<\/p>\n

3) Norming: When team move toward cooperation, commitment, cohesion<\/p>\n

Danger: Team will cooperate too much and pass up the real solutions<\/p>\n

4) Performing: When the team does want to do what it was chartered to do<\/p>\n

Danger: The team may not want to quit after problems has been solved and continue to refine the problem past acceptable limit.<\/p>\n

I do believe your team needs teamwork training or else your project will not achieve the goal that management set for them.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Since our projects are small (1-5 people) is it possible that project manager could perform the Software Quality Assurance (SQA) function instead of hiring somebody else?<\/p>\n

Answer: No, you should not do that. An independent SQA \u201cobjectively\u201d evaluates products and processes to detect non-compliance issues. A project manager is not likely to be as objective as an independent SQA. For example, what happens if the project manager does not fix the non-compliance issues that he or she is responsible for? This is a conflict of interest and how would these issues get escalated to senior management? On a small project, the best solution is to assign someone outside the project to perform the SQA function. You can have an engineer or programmer from another project within the same organization to perform this function.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Since there are several CMM models within the CMMI framework such as People-CMM, Acquisition CMM, Service CMM should we establish several improvement groups, each focus on a particular model?<\/p>\n

Answer: One of the beneficial aspects of the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) is that all of the components share the same fundamental architecture. The intent of using a common architecture for all models is to enable an organization to establish an experienced, supported infrastructure that can apply any of the CMM components at the appropriate time for that organization. To create separate support infrastructures for each model is a waste of time and resources. The SEPG infrastructure is the organization that has received the training, understands the need for changes, and has developed a reputation for successful implementation of the CMMI. The SEPG can coordinate and manage changes by any CMM.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng “h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3” khi doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-950","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/950","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=950"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/950\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":951,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/950\/revisions\/951"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=950"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=950"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=950"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}