{"id":947,"date":"2013-06-26T09:58:41","date_gmt":"2013-06-26T02:58:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=947"},"modified":"2013-06-26T09:58:41","modified_gmt":"2013-06-26T02:58:41","slug":"cmmi-10","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=947","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-10"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: \u00a0Xin th\u1ea7y n\u00f3i th\u00eam cho t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 CMMI. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: CMMI vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft cho Capability Maturity Model Integration – M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p – v\u00e0 l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng M\u0129 (DoD) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u0129. Trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1980 t\u1edbi 1985, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ed7i. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u0129 quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf M\u0129 v\u1ec1 K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Vi\u1ec7n K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SEI) t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Carnegie Mellon \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chung cho s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh trong c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 phi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Watt Humphrey, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t minh ra CMMI \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u1edbi n\u0103m m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n

CMMI m\u1ee9c 1: Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u (h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c): \u0110i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

CMMI m\u1ee9c 2: L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (qui tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n): Qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng theo c\u00e1ch l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

CMMI m\u1ee9c 3: \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh (Qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1): Qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 qui tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

CMMI m\u1ee9c 4: \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed (Qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng): Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111o qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7.<\/p>\n

CMMI m\u1ee9c 5: T\u1ed1i \u01b0u ho\u00e1 (C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c): Doanh nghi\u1ec7p li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh qua vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u ho\u00e1.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n h\u1ecd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp. CMMI r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a M\u0129 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 chu\u1ea9n cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Do th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00edch nghi CMMI sang c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u SEI t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 C\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ti – Enterprise Process Improvement Collaboration (EPIC), M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng – Systems Engineering Capability Maturity Model (SE-CMM), Thu nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m CMM – Software Acquisition CMM (Acq.-CMM), v\u00e0 CMM con ng\u01b0\u1eddi – People CMM (P-CMM).<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7n K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m do \u0111\u00f3 SEI kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t k\u00ec d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o (b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n hay cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn CMMI c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd). Vi\u1ec7n SEI c\u00f3 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 u\u1ef7 quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf CMMI m\u1ee9c 5. L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kinh doanh v\u1edbi h\u1ecd?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Ai \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI?<\/li>\n
  2. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7n K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ea1i Carnegie Mellon th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
  3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 quan hay l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba?<\/li>\n
  4. Khi n\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh?<\/li>\n
  5. Bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u00f3?<\/li>\n
  6. Ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/li>\n
  7. Bao nhi\u00eau d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y?<\/li>\n
  8. Bao nhi\u00eau ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1? \u2013 \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, v\u00e0i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hay h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n?<\/li>\n
  9. Bao nhi\u00eau d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd?<\/li>\n
  10. Lo\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n?<\/li>\n
  11. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 \u00edch l\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng? H\u1ecd c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thu h\u1ed3i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 (ROI) kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
  12. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
  13. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
  14. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 lo\u1ea1i qui tr\u00ecnh ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o?<\/li>\n
  15. L\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7?<\/li>\n
  16. L\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Cho d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra website t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ea1i Carnegie Mellon \u0111\u1ec3 xem li\u1ec7u t\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    H\u1ecfi: B\u1ed9 m\u00f4n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 g\u00ec? “V\u0103n ho\u00e1 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m” l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u00e1p: K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n ch\u01b0a ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u theo c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00edt tri th\u1ee9c hay chu\u1ea9n s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 cho h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 tham chi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

    \u201cV\u0103n ho\u00e1 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ” l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cho m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m chia s\u1ebb cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao theo c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 qua th\u1eddi gian. Trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i hay chia s\u1ebb m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eef cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd hay trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n b\u00e8. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y hay chia s\u1ebb gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. Vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n tri th\u1ee9c qua c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft m\u1edf ra tri th\u1ee9c trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 \u201cth\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c\u201d (S\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t? T\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u00e1p: B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng vai tr\u00f2 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt hay ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n n\u00e0o, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00f3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hay k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng “Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m tr\u00ed” \u0111\u00fang, hay th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00fang. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng sau:<\/p>\n

    1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 K\u0129 n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o: C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ra chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng; thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5; u\u1ef7 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

    2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia k\u0129 thu\u1eadt: Hi\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n; Hi\u1ec3u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng; Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7; Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb; D\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi t\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

    3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 K\u0129 n\u0103ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5, \u0110\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5; Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed xung \u0111\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/p>\n

    4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 K\u0129 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb: L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n; \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; Th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cam k\u1ebft; T\u1ea1o ra l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c; \u0110i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

    5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 K\u0129 n\u0103ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c: Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00e8o l\u00e1i trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c; X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng; L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u giao di\u1ec7n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

    6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 K\u0129 n\u0103ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p: C\u1ea3nh quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed chung; Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed doanh nghi\u1ec7p; \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111i theo doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eabn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi th\u1ebf \u0111ang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0y?<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee9 ba t\u1edbi n\u0103m n\u0103m v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n \u0111i nhanh h\u01a1n. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m kinh doanh. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i, g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t cho c\u00f4ng ti. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ti b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia hay coi nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng. T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng ti t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ti trung b\u00ecnh s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng l\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi n\u0103m. C\u00f4ng ti kh\u00f4ng theo k\u1ecbp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb kh\u1eed d\u1ea7n. V\u1edbi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i linh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1edbi t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u, b\u1ea5t k\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1eef h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c cung c\u1ea5p hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t CEO c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee1 trung b\u00ecnh. Nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng “trao \u0111\u1ed5i” l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh trong c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi anh ta v\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ecdi l\u00fac r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u00e1p: B\u1ea5t k\u00ec khi n\u00e0o qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u1ea3y sinh khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd theo di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed mu\u1ed1n. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf. M\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n ch\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn. Ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ed1c nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao ngh\u0129 trong \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

    N\u1ebfu trao \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n n\u00eau ra, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao kh\u00f4ng theo d\u00f5i chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m, s\u1ebd qu\u00ean v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 “B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra\u201d?<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u00e1p: B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ghi nh\u1edb \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng sai l\u1ea7m l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. L\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ghi l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 t\u1eadp c\u00e1c danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb n\u00f3. Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m hai l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    H\u1ecfi: Qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 g\u00ec? V\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u00ec sao?<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u00e1p: Qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 d\u00e3y logic c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Qui tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ra \u201cC\u00e1i g\u00ec\u201d c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cC\u00e1ch l\u00e0m\u201d t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

    Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 hay “C\u00e1ch l\u00e0m” t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt hay chi ti\u1ebft li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

    C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 m\u00e0 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    H\u1ecfi: CMMI c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o? Th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 bao gi\u1edd coi d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed, v\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u00e1p: CMMI l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m, d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

    Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra m\u00e3i cho t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 4, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n cho d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i n\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3 (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qui tr\u00ecnh). T\u00f4i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i \u201cc\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed, v\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i “kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c\u201d, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd hoa m\u0129, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00f4 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

    Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i \u201cc\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c.\u201d T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1ed1t, thu th\u1eadp \u201cc\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m\u201d m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em c\u00fang ti\u1ebfn v\u1edbi hi v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i qua n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    H\u1ecfi: T\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng?<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i tin t\u1eadp t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o n\u00ean l\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, chi ph\u00ed, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u sang \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i k\u00edch c\u1ee1, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, chi ph\u00ed, th\u1eddi gian, khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00fang, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1ch m\u00f3c th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 hay l\u00e0m k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. N\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed; v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    H\u1ecfi: Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n – Personal Software Process (PSP) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? N\u00f3 li\u00ean quan th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi CMMI?<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u00e1p: Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n – Personal Software Process (PSP) l\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m c\u1ea5p n\u00f3 xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Watts Humphrey, thu\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7n K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n PSP \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3). Tri\u1ebft l\u00ed \u0111\u1eb1ng sau PSP l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u1edbn tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u1eebng k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh qui m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. PSP \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, theo d\u00f5i hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. PSP gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang kh\u1edbp l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p PSP l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh 3 (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n) hay cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00f4i khi r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed9n trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n? L\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i?<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u00e1p: Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f5i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 xem li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi l\u00fac b\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh \u201cY\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cL\u00e0m sao t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng?\u201d M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u0111i t\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

    C\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t c\u0169ng gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n trong pha sau c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c). B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf, \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. V\u00ec ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, s\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. [Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea1n mong mu\u1ed1n.]<\/p>\n

    Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed theo ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh (bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n) l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n cho ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c. M\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00edch b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ea9u m\u00e3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang r\u1ebd (ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb), tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu m\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng theo d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu nhanh ch\u00f3ng cho m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho trao \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ri\u00eang m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed s\u1edbm v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, cho n\u00ean thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    ——-English version——–<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    CMMI-10
    \nQuestion: Can you tell me more about the CMMI framework. What is it and how it is considered as the standard for measuring quality?<\/p>\n

    Answer: CMMI stands for Capability Maturity Model Integration and is a framework for software process improvement. It is based on the concept of software engineering best practices and explains the discipline that companies can use to improve their processes. The model was developed as a result of a study by the U.S Department of Defense (DoD) as a way to evaluate the work of software suppliers to U.S government. During 1980 to 1985, many military systems developed by these suppliers were costly and full of defects, The U.S government were so concerned so they selected the best university in the U.S in Software Engineering to create a tool to evaluate the ability of government contractors to perform a software project. The Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at CarnegieMellonUniversity was selected for this project. Though it was designed to measure software development, it has been used as a general model of the maturity of processes in both software and non-software organizations. Watt Humphrey, the inventor of the CMMI created the model with five levels of process maturity for an organization:<\/p>\n

    CMMI Level 1: Initial (chaotic, ad hoc): The starting point for use of a software engineering discipline.<\/p>\n

    CMMI Level 2: Repeatable (project management process): The process is used repeatedly.<\/p>\n

    CMMI Level 3: Defined (institutionalized Process): The process is well defined and used as a standard business process.<\/p>\n

    CMMI Level 4: Managed (quantified Process): Process management and measurement are fully in place.<\/p>\n

    CMMI Level 5: Optimizing (Continuous improvement): Business continues to mature and take advantage of its process via optimization.<\/p>\n

    Companies were expected to be assessed to identify where they are in the maturity framework and make improvement plans to continue to move to the next level. The CMMI were very successful in improving the U.S software industry and eventually being adopted worldwide as the standard for improving software quality. Due to their initial success, many industries began to adapt the CMMI to other areas and asked the SEI to create other models such as Enterprise Process Improvement Collaboration (EPIC), Systems Engineering Capability Maturity Model (SE-CMM), Software Acquisition CMM (Acq.-CMM), and the People CMM (P-CMM).<\/p>\n

    The Software Engineering Institute stated that these models should be used in self improvement, to help raise the level of quality of software products therefore the SEI does not offer certification of any form (anyone who tells you otherwise or offer CMMI certificate is probably do it for their own profit). The SEI does licenses and authorizes lead appraisers to conduct CMMI appraisals and use their materials for training purpose.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Question: Many outsourcing companies claimed that they were assessed at CMMI Level 5. How do you know that they are real and what questions need to be asked before any decision is made to do business with them?<\/p>\n

    Answer: You may want to ask:<\/p>\n

    1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Who performed the CMMI appraisal?<\/p>\n

    2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Are they a qualified Lead appraiser recognized by the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon?<\/p>\n

    3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Is the Lead appraiser an internal staff or third party consultant?<\/p>\n

    4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 When was the appraisal conducted?<\/p>\n

    5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How many appraisals have been conducted in that company?<\/p>\n

    6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is the scope of the appraisal?<\/p>\n

    7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How many projects were participated in the appraisal?<\/p>\n

    8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What percentage of the organization was appraised? \u2013 Is it one single project, few project or most of the projects?<\/p>\n

    9)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How many projects are there in their organization?<\/p>\n

    10) What kind of data can they share with you?<\/p>\n

    11) Do they have benefit data? Do they have Return on Investment (ROI) data?<\/p>\n

    12) Do they have productivity data?<\/p>\n

    13) Do they have defects data?<\/p>\n

    14) What kind of defect prevention process do they have in place?<\/p>\n

    15) How do they manage technological changes?<\/p>\n

    16) How do they select, evaluate and manage technology transfer?<\/p>\n

    Even they have these data and could answer your questions, you may also check the website at the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon to see if their name is listed there.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Question: What is software engineer discipline? What is \u201csoftware engineering culture\u201d?<\/p>\n

    Answer: Software engineering is a discipline to create cost effective solutions to business problems by applying scientific knowledge to the design and implement of software products. Currently, software is still an immature discipline with so many people do things according to their own way since there is few knowledge or standard available for them to use as reference.<\/p>\n

    \u201cSoftware engineering culture” is the term I used to describe an environment in which the members of a software group share a commitment to build high-quality products in a disciplined way. All engineering disciplines have evolved overtime. During earlier stages, most activities are ad hoc and performed only by skilled people. These people do not communicate or share things with each other but keep to themselves or within a very small group of friends. Eventually, some of these activities are written down so it can be taught or shared among people performing the same work. The transmitting of knowledge via written procedures open the knowledge into the commercial stage where procedures are tested and evolved into standards and \u201cbody of knowledge\u201d (Guide Books, best practices) and the disciplines begins to develop.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Question: What kind of skills do I need to prepare myself to be a good software project manager? I got promoted to manager but receive no training.<\/p>\n

    Answer: You are not alone. Based on the data that I have collected in the past several years, most software project managers do not receive any training at all. Having excelled previously in technical or functional roles, many people assume software project management responsibility without much preparation. If there is any training, it probably focuses more on using tools or techniques rather managing a project. Project management is not just an application of tools but the right \u201cState of mind\u201d, or attitude. A good software project manager should have the following skills:<\/p>\n

    1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Leadership: Be able to provide a clear direction and vision; set measurable goals and objectives and foster team work; delegating and decision making.<\/p>\n

    2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Technical expertise: Understand the technologies relevant to the project; Understand applications, markets, and customer requirements; Managing technology; Assessing risks and trade-offs; Predicting technology trends and communicate effectively with the team.<\/p>\n

    3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 People skills: Be able to building team, Motivating team members; Managing conflict, and effective communication<\/p>\n

    4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Administrative skills: Project planning; estimating; Resource negotiations, securing commitments; Creating schedule and milestones; Monitor and review progress and take corrective actions.<\/p>\n

    5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Organizational skills: Ability to navigate in the organization; Building multifunctional work teams; Working effectively with senior management, and understand organization interfaces.<\/p>\n

    Entrepreneurial skills: General management perspective; Managing project like running a business; Meeting profit objectives and developing new and follow on business.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Question: How do we keep ahead when there are so many new technologies emerging everyday?<\/p>\n

    Answer: I think technology will continue to change every three to five years and may even go faster. This change will definitely affect the way people do business. Even best companies will not be able to retain all the required expertise for their business. This will lead to outsourcing, sending some works outside and focus only on the core business that is essential for the company. To keep ahead, you need to focus on the most important technology that your company wants to keep in house which may require additional training for your people and outsource the one that you do not have expertise or consider not so important. I believe that the technology gap between the best company and the average company will continue to grow larger every year. Company that does not keep up with these changes will be eliminated. With globalization, technology change makes every business more volatile than ever before because competition can come from anywhere, anytime. To keep ahead, you need to start acting now by improving your people skills as well as supporting your organization improving its capability to provide values to the business. The best investment is continuous provide technology training to your people.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Question: I am a CEO of a medium size company. My consultant told me that \u201ccommunication\u201d was as a major weakness in my company. I did not agree with him since I talked to my people all the time.<\/p>\n

    Answer: Whenever senior managers communicate something through the management system, there is always a chance of misunderstanding. Not only do problems arise when people disagree with their interpretations of managers\u2019 meaning, but there is often confusion about what senior manager wants. Unless senior managers make a special effort, their people will be reluctant to ask for clarification. A simple request may be greeted by debate about its meaning, with several people offering opinions. Soon some of these opinions will take on the character of established fact and what happens may not be what senior managers had in mind.<\/p>\n

    If communication is a major weakness as indicated by a consultant, it needs to be resolved because if senior managers do not follow-up on their direction, people at lower level, usually having so much things to do, will forget about the direction and nothing will be done.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Question: Why should we focus too much on document things of the past such as \u201cLessons Learned\u201d?<\/p>\n

    Answer: Lessons learned represent the history of an organization and its capability to remember what has happened. Lessons learned are valuable knowledge that must be kept, analyzed, used and updated. If you do not learn from lessons of the past, you will make the same mistake time and time again. Document is only one aspect of recording what has happened, it still need to be analyzed and organized into something valuable such as a set of checklist that the organization can learn from it. Checklist is an asset that can prevent the organization from making the mistake twice.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Question: What is a process? What is a method? What\u2019s about tool?<\/p>\n

    Answer: A process is a logical sequence of tasks performed to achieve a particular objective. A process defines \u201cWhat\u201d is to be done, without specifying \u201cHow\u201d each task is to be performed. A method consists of techniques for performing a task or the \u201cHow\u201d of each task. Methods usually imply a degree of disciplines or details regarding each task. A tool is an instrument that, when applied to a particular method, can enhance the efficiency of a task.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Question: Does the CMMI require software reuse, if so, at what level? Have you ever considered software reuse as a way to reduce cost, cycle time, and improve quality?<\/p>\n

    Answer: The CMMI is a framework for improvement not a requirement. It does not require the organization to implement software reuse, but it does encourage reuse of artifacts, in term of software assets.<\/p>\n

    In my own experience, software reuse does not really happen until level 4, but the infrastructure for reuse should be in place at level 3 (i.e., process assets library). I strongly believe in \u201csystemic\u201d reuse as a way to reduce cost, cycle time, and improve quality but not \u201cad hoc\u201d reuse, which is a chaotic process full of rhetoric, and is an undisciplined approach to a technical issue.<\/p>\n

    Most software reuse attempts have failed because the organization did not understand the difference between \u201csystemic\u201d and \u201cad hoc\u201d reuse. One is a well-defined process that collects \u201cbest practices\u201d for systemic use and the other is a \u201cheap of software stuff\u201d that anybody can donate to with the hope that maybe it can be used by somebody who has the time to sort through it.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Question: What would be a good set of measurements that project manager could use?<\/p>\n

    Answer: I believe the minimum set of measurements should be size, effort, cost, time and quality (i.e., defects). Project managers need to shift their thinking from looking only at cost and schedules to monitoring size, effort, cost, time, defects and take corrective actions. However, project managers need to be very careful about attaching judgments to people performing the job. Managers should not use these measures to evaluate people. The fear of being judged is still pervasive in our culture. When used correctly, these measurements can allow everyone to see that blame usually does not lie with those doing the engineering or planning. It is always a management problem; with people being asked to execute a plan that can not possibly succeed.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Question: What is Personal Software Process (PSP)? How does it relate to the CMMI?<\/p>\n

    Answer: The Personal Software Process (PSP) takes the organizational practices, described in the Capability Maturity Model and scales them down to a personal level. Watts Humphrey, of the Software Engineering Institute, developed the PSP to address the need for individual software engineers to acquire a disciplined and effective approach to writing software programs (i.e., coding). The philosophy behind the PSP is that an organization’s ability to build large-scale software systems depends upon the ability of its individual software engineers to develop high quality small-scale programs in a disciplined, effective manner. The PSP is designed to help engineers to organize and plan their work, track their performance, manage software quality, and analyze and improve their personal process of writing software program. The PSP helps software developers understand how and why the various elements of software engineering are necessary and how they fit together. Based upon pilots in industry and universities, the PSP method is very effective in organizations that has achieved at least a maturity level of 3 (i.e., consistent process) or above.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Question: How can one avoid problems when requirements are always changing, sometimes very late in the development life cycle? How can we test software to ensure the system will perform as expected?<\/p>\n

    Answer: Requirements change is very common in software development but it can be traced to the lack of understanding between customer and developer. My advice is to cross-check to see whether you really understand the requirements by creating a test plan at the same time you write the requirements. You need to ask yourself \u201cIs this requirement testable?\u201d and \u201cHow will I know I\u2019ve succeeded?\u201d This level of detailed understanding will help you to come up with better requirements and lessen the chance of requirements changes.<\/p>\n

    Having a good requirements also help you in the next phase of project planning (i.e., estimating the work effort). You need to breakdown the requirements into small manageable tasks. The smaller your tasks, the more accurate your estimates are. Since testing will take a large portion of your project, your schedule needs to reflect that. Because software is often complex, frequently modified, and very context dependent, complete testing is often impractical. [Context dependent means all software and hardware have to work together, to achieve the effect you desire.]<\/p>\n

    Testing in context (knowing all the versions) is necessary for a valid test. Modular code with well defined interfaces could help by creating smaller pieces of code that can be well tested separately (unit testing), before testing the entire system. If the modular code is data-driven, you may be able to rapidly prototype your code. By using code to support system-wide communication, used by the individual units you create, you can do early testing for the speed your preliminary design will support, so redesign can happen before lots of coding is done.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    H\u1ecfi: \u00a0Xin th\u1ea7y n\u00f3i th\u00eam cho t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 CMMI. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o ch\u1ea5t … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-947","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/947","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=947"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/947\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":949,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/947\/revisions\/949"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=947"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=947"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=947"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}