{"id":941,"date":"2013-06-26T09:37:03","date_gmt":"2013-06-26T02:37:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=941"},"modified":"2013-06-26T09:37:03","modified_gmt":"2013-06-26T02:37:03","slug":"cmmi-12","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=941","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-12"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t t\u1ec7. L\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u00a0T\u00f4i tin thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0 Khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1c mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 hay s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng cho b\u1ea1n khi b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u2013 Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111i t\u1edbi ti\u1ec7m \u0103n, \u0111i ch\u1ee3, mua b\u00e1n v.v. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1, ch\u00fa \u00fd, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 tin c\u1eady. Nh\u1eefng tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0 – Nh\u1eefng tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0 – Nh\u1eefng tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y: c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay mua t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c? N\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt hay y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 30% m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0ng 70% m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd\u00a0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ed3i trong khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ecf trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, t\u00f4i g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n n\u00ean thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u201cqui tr\u00ecnh\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft chung gi\u1eefa kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, \u201cqui tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c\u201d n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee9c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u00cdch l\u1ee3i then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a “Qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 t\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft cho c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a nhau. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ph\u00eda n\u00e0y (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng) th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. \u201cQui tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c\u201d n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 trao \u0111\u1ed5i. (C\u00e1ch h\u1ecd trao \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1eabn nhau)<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba xung \u0111\u1ed9t.\u00a0 (C\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 leo thang t\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh)<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u — nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng. (H\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra\u00a0 m\u00e3i cho cho t\u1edbi khi m\u1ed9t b\u00ean c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00eau v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hay \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u00fac b\u1ea9y.)<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Qui tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t hay b\u1ecb coi nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf “ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n.” Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y m\u1eddi th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u trao \u0111\u1ed5i. – \u201cQui tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c\u201d s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t b\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean b\u00ean kia. Ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau. – Do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nhanh ch\u00f3ng, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c mong \u0111\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft chung v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao t\u00f4i l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n, chuy\u1ec3n sang h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn doanh nghi\u1ec7p (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ti\u1ec1n). \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9nhg c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebft li\u1ec7m ti\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i, khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nhanh h\u01a1n. V\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m t\u1edbi 70% chi ph\u00ed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn thu\u1ea7n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 CMMI c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1ecf qu\u00e3ng 20 t\u1edbi 60 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 ch\u1ee9. CMMI \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1ecf, nh\u1ecf c\u1ee1 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. K\u00edch c\u1ee1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 khi b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00edch h\u1ee3p trong mi\u1ec1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c CMMI cung c\u1ea5p.\u00a0 Xin l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng CMMI kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00e1i n\u00e0y hay l\u00e0m c\u00e1i n\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c trong CMMI cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3 cho kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1ecf s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i tin C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tr\u1eeb phi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra. V\u1edbi \u201ccam k\u1ebft\u201d t\u00f4i ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00f4i n\u00eau cho b\u1ea1n v\u00e0i v\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp SEPG v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch cay \u0111\u1eafng khi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng gi\u1edd d\u00e0i h\u1ecdp h\u00e0nh, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ef1c. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ti b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u201cvi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c\u201d c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u00e0m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u00ec b\u1ecb l\u00e1i \u0111i theo l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u phi l\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. H\u1ecd kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh n\u1ed5i d\u1eady n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd tin m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111ang “tu\u1ed9t kh\u1ecfi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t\u201d v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh x\u1ea3y ra, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec9nh t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y ph\u1ea3i cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5, chi ph\u00ed qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao v\u1edbi \u00edt ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. Ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eabn ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5, chi ph\u00ed kh\u00e1 cao, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u00edt ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n.\u00a0 N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua, c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb n\u1ed7i \u0111au “m\u00e3 m\u00ec s\u1ee3i” th\u00e0nh ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a “l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac” hay \u201cthi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u201d H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf g\u00f5 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n tr\u00ean \u201cb\u00eca \u0111\u1ee5c l\u1ed7\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft “b\u00eca \u0111\u1ee5c l\u1ed7” tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u1edbn hay “m\u00e3 s\u1ee3i m\u00ec” COBOL n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e3ng 40 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t t\u1ebb nh\u1ea1t, t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 sinh l\u1ed7i. Nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eabn b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i sau l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n giao \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng l\u00ed do ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed3i ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ecdi nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng trong r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t cao. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00f4ng qua k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CMMI m\u1ee9c 1. Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c Mi\u1ec1n qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nhanh h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh: \u201cM\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 nhanh hay mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang?\u201d \u0110i t\u1eeb CMMI m\u1ee9c 1 l\u00ean CMMI m\u1ee9c 2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng nh\u1ecf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 l\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t hay hai mi\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, mi\u1ec1n t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch CMMI ba l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00f3 v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i “c\u00e1i v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a quan li\u00eau.” Th\u1ea7y ngh\u0129 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 \u201c\u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch\u201d m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb1ng sau t\u1eeb ng\u1eef. CMMI ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. N\u00f3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1eddng minh r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan li\u00eau \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y) v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thay phi\u00ean n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a cho c\u00f4ng ti b\u1ea1n. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, CMMI h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u201cc\u00e1i g\u00ec\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u201cth\u1ebf n\u00e0o.\u201d N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh mi\u1ec1n n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng CMMI ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u00ecm c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u (\u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i v.v.) v\u00e0 t\u00ednh theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (m\u00e3). T\u00f4i c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n n\u00e0o hay c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o (v\u1edbi CMMI m\u1ee9c 2, kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf cho hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi CMMI m\u1ee9c 3 vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3). B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng (Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, SCM, SQA v.v.) c\u0169ng tham gia v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng CMMI cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS)? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng SAP cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ERP c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan t\u00e2m khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edch h\u1ee3p COTS nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, trao \u0111\u1ed5i, v.v., nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n then ch\u1ed1t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng – c\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p l\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n theo mi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ki\u1ec3u chu\u1ea9n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hay chu\u1ea9n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n? Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Nh\u1eefng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo chu\u1ea9n?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u chu\u1ea9n K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hay Chu\u1ea9n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ng\u00e0y nay. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0 Ki\u1ec3u Chu\u1ea9n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n:<\/p>\n

K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m<\/p>\n

Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 M\u1ea1ng<\/p>\n

Giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/p>\n

\u0110a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1<\/p>\n

Trao \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/p>\n

An ninh<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh to\u00e1n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0 Chu\u1ea9n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m:<\/p>\n

Qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m<\/p>\n

Thu nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m<\/p>\n

M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch \u0111o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m<\/p>\n

Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ho\u00e1 & M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

Chu\u1ea9n giao di\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n h\u1ecfi 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 l\u00ed do tu\u00e2n theo hay kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo chu\u1ea9n b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 150 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n

PH\u1ea2N \u0110\u1ed0I:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o chu\u1ea9n bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, thay v\u00ec c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Coi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gia t\u0103ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng hay b\u1ecf qua chu\u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Chi ph\u00ed cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 cao v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebfu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta KH\u00d4NG cho ph\u00e9p tu\u00e2n theo chu\u1ea9n<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 Ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 SEPG d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i c\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng gia t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Tu\u00e2n theo chu\u1ea9n d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin gi\u1ea3: Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a chu\u1ea9n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, trong ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

\u1ee6NG H\u1ed8:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1eadp t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap trong vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn hay h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n qua c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chu\u1ea9n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chung, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chu\u1ea9n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chu\u1ea9n qui tr\u00ecnh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1o ra c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo nhu c\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

———-English version——————-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CMMI-2<\/p>\n

Question: Our customer is very demanding, they often do not know what they want but treat our developers very badly. How can we improve customer satisfaction when we do not even know their expectations?<\/p>\n

Answer: \u00a0I believe the term \u201cCustomer\u201d means individuals or groups that use your product or service.\u00a0 When trying to manage customer’s expectations, it is important to consider how the customer is treated and not focus on the service or product itself. You need to ask what is important to you when you are the customer \u2013 When you go to a restaurant, shopping, buying etc. You would expect at least some degree of respect, courtesy, attention, quality products, convenience, and trust. These expectations can be separated into two categories:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0 – Those that are related to the product or service (for example,\u00a0\u00a0 quality and predictability) are the technical element.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0 – Those that are related on how we are treated (for example, respect and honesty) are the human element.<\/p>\n

Now let\u2019s ask yourself the question: what would cause you to change your product or buying from other providers? Is it technical element or human element? I think 30% people would change because of dissatisfaction with the product but 70% of people would change because of they are unhappy with how they were treated. The clear message is that we should focus more on the human element as we work on improving how we deal with our customers. This doesn’t mean that you can have a bad product as long as you treat people with respect. However, it does indicate that putting focus on how people are treated can allow you to get away with a small issue in product or service.<\/p>\n

To manage customer\u2019s expectation, I suggest that your organization establishes a \u201cprocess\u201d to promote a common understanding between your customer and developers regarding; services, responsibilities, and priorities. By definition, this \u201cformal process\u201d is an agreement between two groups designed to manage expectations in the services and service level quality, the responsibilities of both groups as well as the steps both groups can take to succeed. A key benefit of a documented \u201cformal Process\u201d is to increase awareness by both groups of each other’s sensitivities. It also addresses the fact that frequently one side (often the customer) doesn’t even know that they also have responsibilities to make this work. This \u201cFormal Process\u201d must include:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A communication tool. (How they communicate with each other)<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A conflict prevention tool.\u00a0 (How conflict can be resolved and escalate to the right person who can make decision)<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A documented procedure — as contrasted with a contract. (Contracts are frequently created unilaterally at the outset and put away until one party feels the need to use one to make a point or gain leverage.)<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 An objective process for monitor the effectiveness of this kind of service.<\/p>\n

Of course, it shouldn’t be used as a forcing function or looked at as a “complaint” mechanism. On the contrary, this process invites more communications. – A \u201cFormal Process\u201d won’t work if it is unilaterally created by one side and imposed on the other. Part of what makes it work is that its creation and subsequent updates involve the two parties working together. – It is not a quick fix therefore it is part of a process improvement activity. It is important to remember that successful management of expectations doesn’t mean that you always meet expectations but it does increase the likelihood that there is a common understanding of expectations.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How do I get my manager who only focuses on making money to focus on process improvement?<\/p>\n

Answer: To get this manager\u2019s support, you could use published industry data to show how process improvement can help improve the business (i.e. save money). The key idea is to relate all improvement activities to money savings such as reduce cost, rework, defects and faster time to market. Overall, by mature into a better organization, you could save up to 70% of development cost and that is pure profit. Of course, in order to get that saving, you must invest in process improvement.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Can the CMMI framework be used for a small organization about 20 to 60 people?<\/p>\n

Answer: Yes, The CMMI has been successfully used by many small organizations, as small as 20 people. Size should not be a factor when you want to improve the process. Of course, you have to apply your judgment as to what is appropriate in certain area, given the guidance supplied by the CMMI.\u00a0 Please note that the CMMI is not a requirement that you must do this or do that. There is nothing that is mandatory in the CMMI so you could modify it to fit your small environment. Basically it is much easier for small organization to change than a larger one.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: I believe Process Improvement will never work unless software developers agree to do it. Am I correct?<\/p>\n

Answer: You need more than just software developers. The entire organization has to agree to improve the process and committed to make thing happen. By \u201ccommitted\u201d I mean that both managers and developers must understand what improvement is all about, accept the roles and responsibilities assigned to them, and support all improvement activities. Let me give you some examples:<\/p>\n

I knew an organization where management made the decision to improve their software process. They established an SEPG and initiated a massive improvement program. The software developers complained bitterly when they had to endure long hours of meetings, presentations, workshops, and did not have time to do real project work. After a while, the company owner stepped in and demand \u201creal work\u201d to be done. That was the end of management commitment to do process improvement.<\/p>\n

In another situation, developers were tired of being driven by unreasonable schedule and the rate of requirements change. They initiated an improvement program, defined their own processes, established their own procedures, and management felt they were being challenged by a group of rebellious developers. They believe things were getting \u201cout of control\u201d and began to take action. That was also the end of practitioner want to do process improvement.<\/p>\n

To make process improvement happen, everybody in the organization from top to bottom must agree and commit to make it works.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Many years ago, software was late, cost too much, and delivered with little functionality. Today software is still late, cost significantly high, and produce substantially less functionality than user needed. Is it progress?<\/p>\n

Answer: In the past forty years, something has changed and some has not. The software industry has traded the pain of \u201cspaghetti code\u201d for the joys of \u201cstructure programming\u201d or \u201cObject oriented design\u201d. They have given up typing source code on \u201cpunched cards\u201d for the convenience of other development tools. You probably do not know \u201cpunched card\u201d on the mainframe computer or COBOL \u201cSpaghetti code\u201d unless you have worked about 40 years ago but it is very tedious, time consuming and error prone. Those computers are now in the museum.<\/p>\n

Of course, many software projects are still behind schedule, over budget, and unlikely to deliver what the customer needs. Several people have concluded that the main reasons are larger size, more complex, and bad work environment such as unreasonable schedule and unstable requirements.<\/p>\n

However, I think it is mostly due to the lack of software engineering disciplines because there are organizations that produce high quality software, meet all customers\u2019 needs within budget and time constraints. Many of them were assessed at very high level of maturity. That is why I think process improvement is very important and the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) is a good model to improve the capability of the software organization via a disciplined software engineering.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: We were CMMI Level 1 organization. Is it possible to implement all Process Areas at once so we can improve faster?<\/p>\n

Answer: You need to ask yourself: \u201cDo I want it fast or want it right?\u201d Moving from CMMI Level 1 to CMMI Level 2 is a very big step. You need to plan your implementation in several small incremental steps based on your business environment. Most organizations select only one or two area at a time to implement. Based on my experience, the most time-consuming areas to implement are Requirements Management and Software Project Planning.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: I have read CMMI book three times and discussed it with my friends. We think it is a nothing but “bureaucracy nonsense”. What do you think?<\/p>\n

Answer: I do not agree with your conclusion. Do not just \u201cread the book\u201d but you need to understand the intension that goes beyond words. The CMMI is only a framework, not a requirement that you must do something accordingly. It explicitly state that you have to apply professional judgment (No bureaucracy here) and allows alternate implementations if it make sense to your company. Basically, the CMMI focuses on \u201cWhat\u201d rather than \u201cHow\u201d. It allows people to decide what area that they need to focus on to improve their software business. You need to understand the true intent of the authors and use the CMMI only as guidance for improving your process.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What does an appraisal team be looking for as evidence of Requirements Management?<\/p>\n

Answer: For an appraisal I will look for documented requirements (Specifications, Change requests, etc.) and the traceability from requirements to actual implementation (Code). I also want to know if people perform requirements receive any training or have experience (For CMMI level 2, experience can be substituted for training but for CMMI level 3 required mandatory training for all people performing that job). You also have to make sure that all affected groups (Test, SCM, SQA etc.) also participate in requirements management activities<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How do you apply the CMMI to a Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) integration projects? We use SAP for our ERP system.<\/p>\n

Answer: Certainly there are some concerns when implementing improvement in a COTS integration environment but the fundamental principles of planning, managing, communicating, etc., as described in the goals of the key area would certainly apply – just ask yourself what is a reasonable implementation of this practice for this particular project, do I need to follow this area or not.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How many types of software engineering or computing standards are there? What are they? What are the pros and cons of following a standard?<\/p>\n

Answer: There are many Software Engineering or Computing Standards in the industry today. Following are my classification:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0 Types of Computing Standards:<\/p>\n

Software Engineering<\/p>\n

Communications and Network<\/p>\n

User Interface<\/p>\n

Multimedia<\/p>\n

Data Management<\/p>\n

Graphics<\/p>\n

Data Interchange<\/p>\n

Operating System<\/p>\n

Human Factors<\/p>\n

Systems Management<\/p>\n

Security<\/p>\n

Distributed Computing<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0 Software Engineering Standards:<\/p>\n

Software Life Cycle Processes<\/p>\n

Software Acquisition<\/p>\n

Software Engineering Environments<\/p>\n

Software Metrics<\/p>\n

Programming Languages<\/p>\n

Configuration Management<\/p>\n

System Test<\/p>\n

Modeling & Simulation<\/p>\n

Program Management<\/p>\n

Interface Standards<\/p>\n

Risk Management<\/p>\n

Quality Assurance<\/p>\n

If you ask 100 people about the reason to follow or not follow a standard you may have 150 answers since some may have more than one opinion. Following are some:<\/p>\n

CON:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Focus on standards always cause emphasis on documentation, rather than real work.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Treating standards conformance is non-valued added activity because most people often ignored standards anyway.<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cost of implementing standards is high and difficult to estimate<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Most organization’s software engineering standards often lack\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 guideline for tailoring to project.<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Our environment do NOT allow following standards<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Quality Assurance, Verification &Validation, and SEPG use standards as an excuse to do non-values added activities.<\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 There’s no means of determining effectiveness of following a software standard<\/p>\n

8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Following standards lead to false confidence: Compliance with relevant provisions of appropriate standards helps ensure quality product, on-time, within budget<\/p>\n

PRO:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 An integrated set of Software standards is a framework for software process definition.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Standards can help in capturing collective expertise of organization regarding essential activities and work products.<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Standards can be a basis for agreement or contract between customer and developer.<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Standard is helpful in facilitate consistency across projects, organization, and industry.<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Standard promotes common terminology, definitions and act as a basis for communication.<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Standard promotes good software engineering and development practices.<\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Appropriate process standards form a basis for a repeatable software process, which can be tailored to project needs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-941","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/941","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=941"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/941\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":943,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/941\/revisions\/943"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=941"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=941"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=941"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}