{"id":935,"date":"2013-06-26T08:59:08","date_gmt":"2013-06-26T01:59:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=935"},"modified":"2013-06-26T08:59:08","modified_gmt":"2013-06-26T01:59:08","slug":"cmmi-14","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=935","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-14"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u m\u1ee9c CMMI c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ed9 m\u1eabu v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u1eabu n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh CMMI \u1edf t\u1eebng m\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c CMM cao trong th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0 v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng cho t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. Th\u1ea7y ngh\u0129 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110i\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u00f4i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n t\u1eeb t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c CMMI m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u1eabu &#8220;\u0103n li\u1ec1n&#8221; n\u00e0y t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. (C\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ec \u0103n li\u1ec1n.) Nh\u01b0ng li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng quen thu\u1ed9c, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng? \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec cho kinh doanh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n?<\/p>\n<p>L\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c CMMI trong th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o trong m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u201c\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ea5t 40 kil\u00f4 trong hai tu\u1ea7n.\u201d T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua c\u00e1i \u201cc\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u\u201d \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea5t but losing 40 kilo trong hai tu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t r\u1ee7i ro cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb. \u0110\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh cao trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u1ea7n sau b\u1ea1n g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n n\u00ean y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin sau:<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bao nhi\u00eau t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u1eabu n\u00e0y? H\u1ecd l\u00e0 ai? H\u1ecd c\u00f3 cho b\u1ea1n t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 \u201cb\u1ed9 m\u1eabu\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady &#8211; t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t nhanh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c mua b\u1ed9 m\u1eabu t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y &#8211; b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft kinh doanh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng hay x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft b\u1ed9 m\u1eabu \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng? \u01af\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng? H\u00e3y h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi CMMI m\u1ee9c 5 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c g\u00ec th\u00ec t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 b\u1ea1n n\u00ean t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh in ra cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 CMMI m\u1ee9c 5 ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n b\u1eadn t\u00e2m mua b\u1ed9 m\u1eabu hay ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00ec chi ph\u00ed in m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh gi\u1ea5y r\u1ebb h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c thu\u00ea t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n. L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0: Ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u0129, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong s\u1ed1 $250 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la chi cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a M\u0129 b\u1ecb ph\u00ed ho\u00e0i, ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, hay b\u1ecb ti\u00eau v\u00e0i c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ecb c\u1eaft b\u1ecf. Ch\u1ec9 16% ($40 t\u1ec9) v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. 53% ($132.5 t\u1ec9) v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u00edt ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. 31% ($77.5 t\u1ec9) v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb c\u1eaft b\u1ecf.<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng trong ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CMMI m\u1ee9c 1. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Mi\u1ec1n qui tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. T\u00f4i n\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y hay t\u00f4i n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u1eed b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i trong pha y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh trong mi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0:<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1i v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1i. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian tham gia v\u00e0o hay n\u00f3i cho b\u1ea1n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<p>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eed b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i trong pha y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1edbi 150 l\u1ea7n \u00edt h\u01a1n chi ph\u00ed cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00e1c pha sau trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n giao ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111i \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u1edf m\u1ee9c 2 c\u1ee7a CMMI c\u00f3 gi\u00fap thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n hay d\u1eebng thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u KH\u00d4NG v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 thay v\u00ec th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau v\u00ec ch\u00fang bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 3 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n:<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng?<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00ean &#8220;FURPS+&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u &#8220;4 E&#8221;.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ed7 t\u00ecm c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ai c\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp qui tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn &#8220;FURPS+&#8221; nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n &#8216;si\u00eau ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i&#8217; b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9p nh\u00f3m. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0:<\/li>\n<li>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (t\u1eadp t\u00ednh n\u0103ng, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, an ninh).<\/li>\n<li>T\u00ednh d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ea9m m\u0129, nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u).<\/li>\n<li>T\u00ednh tin c\u1eady (t\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t\/\u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c, t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u00ednh ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, th\u1eddi gian trung b\u00ecnh h\u1ecfng).<\/li>\n<li>Hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng (t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, th\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng).<\/li>\n<li>T\u00ednh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 (t\u00ednh ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u00ednh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u00ednh th\u00edch \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p, t\u00ednh c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u00ednh c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 chi ph\u00ed, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp k\u0129 n\u0103ng, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn &#8220;4 E v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u &#8221; gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi 4 g\u1ed9p nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Explicit &#8211; T\u01b0\u1eddng minh<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Expected &#8211; Mong \u0111\u1ee3i<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Elusive &#8211; Kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft<\/p>\n<p>\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Exciting &#8211; L\u00ed th\u00fa<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 3 k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1ch &#8220;4 E&#8221; c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c r\u1ee7i ro kh\u00e1c nhau tu\u1ef3 theo k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c E \u1edf m\u1ee9c r\u1ee7i ro cao ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Mong \u0111\u1ee3i, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u T\u01b0\u1eddng minh v\u00e0 L\u00ed th\u00fa trong ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i r\u1ee7i ro th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai Mong \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0 L\u00ed th\u00fa s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro cao.<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean s\u1ebd c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Mong \u0111\u1ee3i cao, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ebd c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Mong \u0111\u1ee3i cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp \u1edf SEI m\u1ee9c 1 so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 2.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111o. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi d\u00f9ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd &#8211; Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd so v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v.v &#8211; nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i khi d\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, hay tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111o l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u hay n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o chi ph\u00ed, k\u00edch c\u1ee1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u1ecfi s\u1ebd \u0111o k\u00edch c\u1ee1, chi ph\u00ed, th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i k\u00edch c\u1ee1 v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft t\u1ea1i t\u1eebng pha trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. T\u00f4i tin \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111o (ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o) nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111ru. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng khi cho chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay bay m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111o nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng? T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng quan s\u00e1t chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: CMMI ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: CMMI r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng CMMI. T\u1eebng cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1u thu h\u00fat v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1. M\u1ea1ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m Software Process Improvement Networks (SPIN) &#8211; nh\u00f3m g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1edbi th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 40 nh\u00f3m SPIN t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m n\u1eefa \u0111ang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a CMMI \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 do kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: Ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a r\u1ee7i ro ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u1ea1i sao m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 n\u00f3?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u00ecn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>R\u1ee7i ro c\u00f3 ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong v\u0103n \u0111\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ruiro bao g\u1ed3m v\u0103n ho\u00e1, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a r\u1ee7i ro th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o k\u0129 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c cho n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi r\u1ee7i ro. H\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u00f3m, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c dung th\u1ee9 r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00ed do m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 r\u1ee7i ro l\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u hay kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u00f3 khi n\u00f3 t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi t\u00f4i vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft. Th\u1ea7y ngh\u0129 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t, th\u1eddi gian tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gay c\u1ea5n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o nh\u1ea3y qua ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 g\u1eedi \u0111i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 s\u1ed1 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00a0\u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u1eadp l\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00ean b\u1ecb nh\u1ea3y qua, thay v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ngang quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 ch\u00fang?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: D\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. V\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o b\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n ngo\u00e0i cho t\u1edbi khi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 \u00fd nguiax c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng\/k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3\/\u00edch l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 la). Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thu h\u1ed3i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 return-on-investment (ROI) &#8211; chi ph\u00ed th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh so v\u1edbi ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean internet v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;-English version&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>CMMI-14<\/p>\n<p>Question: We have been approached by number of consultants offering to accelerate our CMMI level achievement by providing example kits and training in how to use these kits to satisfy the CMMI maturity goals at each level. They guarantee that we can get to high CMM level in very short time such as few months to a year. What do you think?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: It seems obvious to me that these consultants only goal is making money from organization that want to achieve a CMMI level without doing anything to improve their productivity, quality, and reducing cost. I do not know how good these \u201cinstant\u201d example kits are. (Probably similar to the quality of instant noodles) But is it possible for an organization to follow an unfamiliar set of documents, unrelated to your organization, and achieve success? What meaning would that have for the business of your organization?<\/p>\n<p>The guarantee to achieve a CMMI level in a very short time reminds me of the advertising in local newspaper: \u201cLose 40 kilos in two weeks guaranteed\u201d. I don\u2019t know how many people buy that \u201cMiracle formula\u201d but losing 40 kilo in two weeks is impossible and definitely a health risk. Reaching a high maturity level within a few months is too good to be true. The next time you see these consultants you should ask them to provide you with the following information:<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How many organizations have accelerated process improvement using these kits? Who are they? Will they give you their names to contact for verification of the \u201cinstant kits\u201d to make sure it works as advertise?<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 If there is such an organization\u2014one that moved very quickly by buying kits from these consultants \u2014you may want to know how well their business was. Did they making more money, achieve better customer satisfaction or building better product?<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 You may want to know how much improvement has the kit made in their organization. Is quality getting better? Is schedule estimate improving? Ask them for improvement data.<\/p>\n<p>If your only goal is to achieve a CMMI level 5 without any efforts than I think you should\u00a0 print yourself a certificate declare that your organization is a CMMI level 5 without bother to buy a kit or conduct an appraisal since the cost of printing a piece of paper is far cheaper than hiring a consultant. My advice: Save your money.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: Why do we need to improve software? What are the problems with software?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: According to a U.S government report, much of the $250 billion in annual U.S. software development spending is wasted, late, incomplete, or spent on canceled projects. Only 16% ($40 billion) of software projects are completed within budget, on time, and with all functions included. 53% ($132.5 billion) of software projects are considered over budget, delayed, and with fewer functions than planned. 31% ($77.5 Billion) of software projects are considered impaired and have to be canceled.<\/p>\n<p>If you do not see any problem with the way you do software, perhaps your software projects are always within budget, on time, and with all the functions completed. You may not need to improve but others do.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: My organization has a lot of problems with our software products. We know that we are a CMMI Level 1 organization. As a manager, I want to improve and my people suggested that we start with the Requirement Management Process Area. Should I do this or should I start with other?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: If you want to start with Requirements Management you may want to consider improving the requirement gathering process and eliminating errors in the requirements phase. The major problems in this area are:<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lack of end-user input. Customer does not have time to participate or tell you what they need.<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Incomplete requirements and specifications.<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Frequent change in requirements specifications.<\/p>\n<p>Industry data has repeatedly shown that eliminating errors in the requirements phase can reduce software cost to about 150 times less than the cost of repairing the defect at later phases in the project. It is clear that an effective RM process is the key to delivering high quality software to your customers. By improving this area, you are on the right track.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: Does the Requirements Management in the level 2 of CMMI help you to obtain better requirements or stop requirements changes?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Requirements Management is NOT about how to obtain requirements but rather what you need to manage requirements since they are always changing.<\/p>\n<p>There are 3 techniques of obtain better requirements:<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ask why a given requirement exists and who are the users?<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Apply a technique called &#8220;FURPS+&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Look at the &#8220;4 E&#8217;s&#8221; grouping of requirements.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Identifying user helps to determine where to look for requirements and whom to negotiate with for a given requirement and establish a better communication process and prototype technique to get better requirements and reduce the number of requirements changes. However, sometimes it is difficult to identify the real source of a requirement.<\/li>\n<li>The &#8220;FURPS+&#8221; approach identifies the &#8216;meta categories&#8217; within which requirements could be grouped. They are:<\/li>\n<li>Functionality (feature set, capabilities, generalities, security).<\/li>\n<li>Usability (human factors, aesthetics, consistency, documentation).<\/li>\n<li>Reliability (frequency\/severity of failure, recoverability, predictability, accuracy, mean time to failure).<\/li>\n<li>Performance (speed, efficiency, resource consumption, through-put, response time).<\/li>\n<li>Supportability (testability, extensibility, adaptability, maintainability, compatibility, configurability, serviceability, instability, localizability)<\/li>\n<li>There maybe yet another category for organizational constraints such as cost, schedule, staff limits, training and skill sets, and interdependency with other projects.<\/li>\n<li>The &#8220;4 E&#8217;s of Requirements&#8221; approach deals with 4 groupings of requirements:\n<ul>\n<li>Explicit<\/li>\n<li>Expected<\/li>\n<li>Elusive<\/li>\n<li>Exciting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Here are 3 different example scenarios to show how the &#8220;4 E&#8217;s&#8221; would have different risk levels depending on the scenario.<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A new product in a new market would have all the E&#8217;s at a high risk level except Expected, since it was a new market.<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A new product in an existing market would have Explicit and Exciting requirements in the low risk category, but both Expected and Elusive would be high risk types.<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Finally, a revised product would have high Expected requirements, and there would be even higher Expected requirements for an organization rated as SEI Level 1 vs. Level 2.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: Why improvement activities have to be measured?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: I do not know how to effectively deal with real improvement without addressing measurement. Most people have no problem using measurements to gain understanding of many things in their lives\u2014the Stock market Index, their weight on a diet\u00a0 etc.\u2014 but they are still uncomfortable using numbers to describe the status of their own activities, or the status of a project on which they are working. Today, software managers often measure schedule or effort, but not much focus on cost, product size or defects.<\/p>\n<p>I believe a good software manager should measure size, cost, time, and defects to manage a project effectively. They need to monitor size and defect at each phase in the software life cycle and take corrective actions accordingly. I believe it is critical that a project manager look at as many measurements (indicators) as possible to insure a complete picture. Would a pilot be happy flying an airplane with only a clock and a fuel gauge to guide them? I believe that this is analogous to a software project being tracked by only watching cost and milestones.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: How popular is the CMMI in Asia?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: The CMMI is very popular in software engineering communities all over the world. In the past few years, there have been several conferences in Asia that held workshops in software process improvement using CMMI. Each of the conference draws several thousand attendees. The Software Process Improvement Networks (SPIN) a group that meet and share experiences in software improvement activities is being established all over the world. At the last count, there are 40 active SPIN group in Asia with more are emerging. Process improvement includes not only technical and managerial issues, but also a variety of cultural and sociological factors. The popularity of CMMI in Asia is probably due to its ability to incorporate these factors and work very well.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: What is the source of software risk? Why people do not like to talk about it?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Risk Management is project management for experienced software manager. It is about anticipate what may happen and prepare to deal with it.<\/p>\n<p>Risk has three elements, probability, impact, and choice. Most risk management described in the literature deals only with probability and impact. Sources of risk include cultural, financial, technical, and environmental. The focus of risk is usually on the technical but the technical is influenced by other sources so multiple sources will always be present in almost every risk. Individual, group, organizational, and culture behavior influence our risk tolerance and the way risks are addressed and perceived.<\/p>\n<p>The reason people do not like to talk about risk is they do not understand or do not know how to anticipate risk and deal with it when it comes.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: It seems to me, something that is so easily implemented and that is so effective in removing defects as software review should be a major focus. What do you think?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Software review is one of the best techniques to identify and remove defects and should be emphasized. However, when schedule estimating is not well defined, time became critical, software engineers were often told to skip reviews and ship the product, regardless of the number of defects. Therefore, it is important to improve scheduling before focus on review. This does not mean reviews should be skipped, rather that they may not be as effective until the schedule estimates are improved. An effective peer review requires that you plan your reviews, train people to conduct them, and follow up to ensure they have been conducted accordingly and these activities can only be done when you have enough time.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: My manager wants to have data proving that process improvement really pays off. What is payoff data and how to get them?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Payoff data is always needed because managers need them to justify an investment into something new such as process improvement. Since your organization may not have those data yet, I recommend you use data from external sources until significant internal results can be demonstrated. Payoff data are the rewards\/results\/benefits for doing process improvement, usually expressed in quantitative terms (i.e. dollars). The payoff can be documented in a return-on-investment (ROI) model\u2014cost to implement process improvement vs. savings resulting from process improvement. There are many published improvement data in the industry and you can go to the internet and search for them.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u m\u1ee9c CMMI c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-935","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/935","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=935"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/935\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":937,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/935\/revisions\/937"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=935"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=935"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=935"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}