{"id":932,"date":"2013-06-26T08:44:17","date_gmt":"2013-06-26T01:44:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=932"},"modified":"2013-06-26T08:44:17","modified_gmt":"2013-06-26T01:44:17","slug":"cmmi-15","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=932","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-15"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u trong m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh CMMI. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea1m vi, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3.<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ebft c\u1ea5n n\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (SEPG)<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u1eadp h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 (th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m).<\/p>\n<p>6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3ng h\u1ecfi CMMI.<\/p>\n<p>7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng b\u1ea3ng h\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n<p>8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<p>9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n mi\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (SQA, CM).<\/p>\n<p>10. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n<p>11. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0H\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng h\u1ecfi, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n<p>12. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o.<\/p>\n<p>13. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n<p>14. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0L\u1eadp h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>15. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0L\u1eadp h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<p>16. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0L\u1eadp h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>17. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c SEI c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ef1c k\u00ec l\u1edbn v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t, tr\u00f9 \u00fam. Nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n, \u0111\u1eb7t mong\u00a0 \u0111\u1ee3i sai, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c xu\u1ed1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sai v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef l\u1eddi v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: \u00a0T\u1ea1i sao SEPG c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c? T\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: Khi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang d\u00f9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh (nh\u01b0 Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m), k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt (nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n) hay c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 (nh\u01b0 RUP).<\/p>\n<p>Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hay qui tr\u00ecnh\u00a0 m\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n k\u0129 n\u0103ng trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean SEPG l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0o trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi &#8220;qui tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i.\u201d Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m &#8220;t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n thay \u0111\u1ed5i&#8221; ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m &#8220;t\u1ed1t&#8221; l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong &#8220;t\u1ed5&#8221; kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp t\u00f4i c\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ti. H\u1ecd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng &#8220;t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t&#8221; l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t &#8211; \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 &#8220;ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t&#8221; l\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1ed5 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m &#8220;t\u1ed1t&#8221; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 &#8220;c\u00f3 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o cao&#8221; hay &#8220;t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n&#8221; ai \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a &#8220;t\u00f4i l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m&#8221; \u0111\u00e3 qua r\u1ed3i. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng chia s\u1ebb tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nhau. T\u1ed5 t\u1ed1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ecd b\u1ed5 sung cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec t\u1ed5 n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: Th\u1ea7y coi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: D\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chi ph\u00ed, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng. Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t chi ph\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 theo l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ecdi ki\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. T\u1eebng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Khi n\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u00e1i \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n?<\/li>\n<li>Ai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng?<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, t\u1ea3i, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, k\u00edch c\u1ee1 v.v.?<\/li>\n<li>L\u00e0m sao \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng?<\/li>\n<li>N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 sai bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, khi n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m t\u00e1i \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng?<\/li>\n<li>\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra khi \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn? kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn?<\/li>\n<li>N\u1ebfu y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m t\u00e1i \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng?<\/li>\n<li>Khi n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u00e1i \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng?<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1ch \u0111o n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc (c\u00e1ch \u0111o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u00e1ch \u0111o qui tr\u00ecnh) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c?<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1ch \u0111o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 JAVA, C++, v\u00e0 OOD \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng &#8220;k\u0129 thu\u1eadt&#8221; nh\u01b0 C++, JAVA, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p m\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 OOD. V\u1eady m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd qua c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u0169ng \u0111ang t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n n\u00e0y \u0111ang t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh h\u01a1n nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ck\u0129 n\u0103ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt\u201d v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. B\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc JAVA v\u00e0 C++ \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o d\u1ea1y k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n khuy\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c CMMI m\u1ee9c 3. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00f4 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.\u201d K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed, khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian chu k\u00ec nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. Xin \u0111\u1eebng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o c\u00e1i b\u1eaby c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c sinh ra t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh\u00a0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh CMMI v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. Kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c sinh ra gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n &#8211; l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, theo d\u00f5i &#8211; v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c r\u1eb1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt &#8211; ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 &#8211; ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m n\u00f3. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chen v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng trao quy\u1ec1n cho h\u1ecd l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m. Th\u1ea7y ngh\u0129 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u00f4i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. T\u00f4i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea7n h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian chu k\u00ec, gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed, t\u0103ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3. C\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong cam k\u1ebft thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed qui tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 b\u00e1m theo quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1edb \u201cThay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn.\u201d D\u1eebng tranh c\u00e3i li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed hay v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111i m\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh doanh m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta tu\u00e2n theo khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 CMMI? C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a Zachman?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: CMMI l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong to\u00e0n ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u00ec l\u1ea1, c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1. CMMI \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao qu\u00e1t l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, v\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i qui tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, n\u00f3 mang ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac Zachman l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c hay c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: M\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi CMM m\u1ee9c 2? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm n\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o c\u1ea7n cho CMMI m\u1ee9c 2 nh\u01b0 Khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft, K\u00edch c\u1ee1, Th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 Chi ph\u00ed nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: Th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u01b0 x\u1eed theo c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd l\u00e0m?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: H\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi ni\u1ec1m tin (\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn) v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd coi l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t). D\u01b0a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p>Ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n coi l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00e1i g\u00e2y ra h\u00e0nh vi. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap s\u1eeda b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin sai &#8211; hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u00edch v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0169ng v\u1eady. B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m \u01b0u ti\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 &#8211; th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1t gi\u00fap \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u0169ng gi\u00fap cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: C\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng cam k\u1ebft c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. N\u00f3 t\u1edbi v\u1edbi khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1eeb phi v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh &#8211; ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: Th\u1ea7y c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u00e0i nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o trong tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u h\u1ecd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chung c\u00f9ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch &#8211; s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. Nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed gi\u1ecfi cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed gi\u1ecfi cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh, bi\u1ebft m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n<li>L\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/li>\n<li>Cho ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn.<\/li>\n<li>L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 xem li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai l\u1ec7ch, l\u00e0m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa.<\/li>\n<li>Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecfi: R\u1ee7i ro ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: \u00a0R\u1ee7i ro l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t. Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 r\u1ee7i ro b\u1edfi ai \u0111\u00f3 trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac, r\u1ee7i ro c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed b\u1ecf, hay c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro c\u00f3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u1ea3y ra. Hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o n\u00f3 &#8211; m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng:<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 X\u00e1c su\u1ea5t &#8211; kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng &#8211; v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd g\u00e2y t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m bao nhi\u00eau n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n?<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Khung th\u1eddi gian &#8211; v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n<p>Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n r\u1ee7i ro, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00f3, trao \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1eed b\u1ecf hay gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 r\u1ee7i ro. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro? \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac, r\u1ee7i ro c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed b\u1ecf, hay c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m nh\u1eb9 \u0111i.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;-English version&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>CMMI-15<\/p>\n<p>Question: Our organization would like to conduct an appraisal to determine where we are in the CMMI maturity levels. What are the steps and issues?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Following are the steps in a typical appraisal:<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Determine the scope, improvement goals and establish sponsorship.<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Establish implementation infrastructure (SEPG)<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Plan appraisal details.<\/p>\n<p>4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prepare and train an appraisal team.<\/p>\n<p>5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Brief appraisal participants. (Software projects members)<\/p>\n<p>6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Administer CMMI questionnaires.<\/p>\n<p>7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Analyze questionnaire responses.<\/p>\n<p>8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Review artifacts and documents.<\/p>\n<p>9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Conduct interviews with functional area representatives (SQA, CM).<\/p>\n<p>10. Conduct interviews with managers, practitioners, project leads.<\/p>\n<p>11. Consolidate data obtained from the questionnaire, reviews and interviews.<\/p>\n<p>12. Establish findings and recommendations.<\/p>\n<p>13. Determine maturity level.<\/p>\n<p>14. Brief sponsor on appraisal results.<\/p>\n<p>15. Brief appraisal participants on results.<\/p>\n<p>16. Brief organization on appraisal results.<\/p>\n<p>17. Prepare appraisal final report.<\/p>\n<p>The appraisal should be conducted by a SEI qualified appraiser and based on the principle of confidentiality. The accuracy and usefulness of the results is critically dependent upon everyone&#8217;s ability to speak freely and without fear of retribution. An unqualified consultant can confuse people, set wrong expectations, and lead the organization down the wrong path with promises but not kept and eventually improvement failure.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: Why is the SEPG also responsible for technology transfer in an organization? Why not assign other technical people to do this task?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: When a new software technology is introduced into an organization, significant changes need to take place in that organization to ensure successful adoption. This is true whether the technology is a process (such as Reviews), a discipline (such as Project Management) or a tool (such as RUP).<\/p>\n<p>In the past, teams responsible for introducing new technologies to the organization often were technical people but many technology transfers have failed. Based on data collected I found that most failures are not the technology or the process but the lack of instruction and training skills in the people responsible for making change happen. Most have technical skills but not the necessary skills to plan and implement a successful technology transfer.<\/p>\n<p>SEPG members are technical professionals, trained to introduce changes in an organization and very familiar with the \u201cchange process\u201d. Therefore, they are the most likely to be assigned as the \u201cchange agents\u201d responsible for technology transfer in an organization.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: What is the definition of a \u201cgood\u201d software engineering team? Do software people must work in \u201cteam\u201d?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Your question makes me think of a meeting I had with a group of software people from a company. They said that a \u201cgood software team\u201d is one that is made up of good people\u2014the definition of &#8220;good people&#8221; being them and only them.<\/p>\n<p>A &#8220;good&#8221; software engineering team can be difficult to define because of some issues such as differences in background and style as well as an individual sense of \u201cbeing highly creative\u201d or \u201cbetter\u201d than someone else. However, with the introduction of software engineering disciplines, the days of the \u201cself centered\u201d are gone. I have known many good software teams where people are mature, professional, and willing to share their knowledge with each other. Good teams require a mixture of skills that complement one another in order to achieve common goals. That applies to any team and software is no different.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: What do you consider a successful project? What are the critical factors?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: A project is considered a success only if the cost, schedule, and quality objectives are met. The critical factor in a project is the estimation process which helps project managers in managing and controlling the project costs and in scheduling to achieve the required functionality. Project managers should only commit to a project when they have a cost and schedule estimate for which they have a certain level of confidence.<\/p>\n<p>No single standard estimating method is suited for every type of project. Each organization needs to define an estimating process suited to its own needs.<\/p>\n<p>Some items to consider when defining your estimating process include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When are estimates and re-estimates performed?<\/li>\n<li>Who performs the estimates?<\/li>\n<li>What specifically is estimated, e.g. effort, loading, software, size, etc.?<\/li>\n<li>How are estimates monitored and controlled?<\/li>\n<li>If there is discrepancy between the actual and the estimate, when do you re-estimate?<\/li>\n<li>What happens when the estimate is not accepted by management? by the customer?<\/li>\n<li>If requirements change when would you re-estimate?<\/li>\n<li>When wouldn&#8217;t you re-estimate?<\/li>\n<li>What measures of previous projects (project metrics, process metrics) are recorded in an organization database?<\/li>\n<li>How are measures of previous projects maintained to improve software cost estimates?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: Why are people wasting time learning process improvement skills when they could learn other skills such as JAVA, C++, and OOD to make more money and have better employment opportunities?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Software Process Improvement skills get less attention than the so-called &#8220;technical&#8221; skills such as C++, JAVA, network integration, and OOD. Yet as more organizations seek to improve their competitive position through better software processes, the need for skilled process improvement professionals is also growing. There is a growing interest in software process improvement all over the world. The demand for this professional is growing faster than the demand for so called \u201ctechnical skills\u201d with job offers at much higher salaries than other fields. Anyone can learn JAVA and C++ in school but there is no school teaching the skill of process improvement yet. You have to practice it and learn it.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: A consultant advised us to document everything so we can achieve CMMI level 3. It seems like everybody is rushing to write process documentation now. Is this what process improvement is all about?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Software process improvement is defined as \u201cactivities that improve organization software processes to achieve a specific result.\u201d The end result may be a reduction in cost, defects, and cycle time but never a huge volume of documentation. Please do not fall into the trap of generating process documentation to achieve a meaningless CMMI maturity level. No organization ever achieved any level by generating paper since it does not make any sense. Improvement requires an organization to fix project management issues\u2014planning, estimating, tracking\u2014and it is definitely not generating more paper.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: \u00a0I am convinced that change is a technical issue and technical people\u2014people who understand it\u2014must do it. As a manager, my role is not getting in their way, but empowering them to do whatever they need to do. What do you think?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: On the contrary, I strongly believe that change is a management issue, not a technical issue. I believe management needs to focus on the business objectives of change such as reducing cycle time, reducing costs, increasing quality and making decisions about how to accomplish those objectives. Management should take an active role in commitment to change and supporting change as it goes, monitoring and managing the change process, and sticking with the decision that change is important to the business. Remember \u201cChange is inevitable, survival is optional.\u201d Stop debating whether change is a management issue or a technical issue rather understand that change is a business issue that every manager needs to manage.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: Why do we follow the CMMI framework? What is the difference between this framework and others such as the Zachman\u2019s architecture framework?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: The CMMI is a framework for software process improvement. It has been used throughout the industry with a lot of success. The acceptance of this framework is also phenomenal, both from the management and practitioner viewpoints. The CMMI represents a complete framework with definitions and examples that cover the planning, design, and management aspect of software. It also suggests a sequence which an organization can follow to improve its software processes. It offers measurements to monitor the deployment process and most of all, it is purely common sense.<\/p>\n<p>Zachman\u2019s architecture framework is a tool to describe different aspects or views of a software system but not a framework to improve the software process.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: How many measurements does an organization need to achieve CMM level 2? Where do we find them?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: In my opinion many organizations already have metrics and measurements needed for CMMI level 2 such as Defects, Size, Time and Cost but these data must be analyzed and used. Having conducted hundreds of appraisals , I found that most organizations already had an overwhelming amount of data collected but never used by project managers.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: How do you change people? Why do software people always behave the way they do?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: A person\u2019s behavior is determined by beliefs (what they feel certain about) and values (what they consider most important). Based on this definition, software people are not different from anyone else.<\/p>\n<p>Beliefs are formed from previous experiences and information received. Values are what individuals consider important in their life. To change the behavior of a person, one needs to understand the values and beliefs that are causing the behavior. You could help to correct any beliefs that are based on false information\u2014training and education really helps and so does communication. You could also verify the person\u2019s value priorities and the consequences of the resulting behaviors\u2014reward and punishment helps and so does mentoring and coaching).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: My management does not believe software is important and therefore is not committed to improvement. What can I do to convince them that software is important?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: You may want to remind your manager that software drives your products. It comes with defects and in order to improve your products, the organization needs to focus on the process that creates your products. Your products\u2019 quality directly affects your organization\u2019s bottom line and unless the bottom line is not important, your organization must look at software as one of the important factors to improve. By the way, your organization will never change unless the organization\u2019s culture changes and every change begins with the one on top\u2014the manager.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: How do you improve software when the people who implement it belong to several groups and each has a piece of the action?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Software professionals have long been engaged in debate over software processes and the people who implement them. Requirements gathering people, designers, developers and testers frequently seem to have adversarial relationships, although they all share the same goal\u2014a high-quality software product. No matter how well their group performs, the processes are unlikely to succeed if the participants fail to get along.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: What are characteristics of being a good manager for process improvement?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: A good manager for process improvement always:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Has a sense of purpose, know the goals and objectives and purpose of improvement.<\/li>\n<li>Gets things moving and make things happen.<\/li>\n<li>Give clear direction on how the organization is going to improve and doesn\u2019t make certain things optional,<\/li>\n<li>Plans and follows up to make sure things happen.<\/li>\n<li>Monitoring activities to see if there is any deviations, takes corrective actions.<\/li>\n<li>Insists on improvement data, recognizes leaders and contributors within the organization.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Question: What are software risks and risk management?<\/p>\n<p>Answer: Risks are future events with a probability of occurrence and a potential for loss. Many of the problems that arise in software development efforts were first known as risks by someone in the project. Upon timely discovery, risks can be avoided, eliminated, or have their impacts lessened. A problem is a risk whose time has come. Or another way of looking at it\u2014every problem that occurs in a software development project was a risk at one time.<\/p>\n<p>Software risk management is a technique that is based on the concept of mitigating risks by asking the fundamental questions:<\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Probability\u2014what is the likelihood that a problem will occur?<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Impact\u2014how much will the problem cost if it does occur?<\/p>\n<p>3. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Time frame\u2014when is the problem likely to occur?<\/p>\n<p>Software risk management identifies the risk, analyzes it, communicates it to everybody within the organization and comes up with a solution to eliminate or reduce the risk. Once again, why do we need risk management? Upon timely discovery, risks can be avoided, eliminated, or have their impacts lessened.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u trong m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh CMMI. C\u00e1c &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-932","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/932","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=932"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/932\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":934,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/932\/revisions\/934"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=932"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=932"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=932"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}