{"id":930,"date":"2013-06-26T08:27:07","date_gmt":"2013-06-26T01:27:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=930"},"modified":"2013-06-26T08:27:07","modified_gmt":"2013-06-26T01:27:07","slug":"cmmi-16","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=930","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-16"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t? Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft. Cho n\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m:<\/p>\n

1) L\u1eadp vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n: B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi n\u00f3. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 quan h\u1ec7 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1eefa b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o ra vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

2) T\u1ea1o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n: \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u1eadp cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111o, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

3) T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u1ecdc C++ b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c theo ba l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc ba l\u1edbp n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian b\u1ea1n d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. M\u1ed7i l\u00fac ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c v\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 ba l\u1edbp, b\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch \u0111o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbp v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t hay ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea7n s\u00ec qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3? K\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi theo l\u1edbp? B\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c theo c\u00e1c l\u1edbp n\u00e0y v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 bao nhi\u00eau n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp n\u00e0y? \u0110\u00e2y n\u00ean l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

4) C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n: M\u1ed9t khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5.\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n theo \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ra, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00fang v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh \u201cM\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n?\u201d B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u00fang, n\u00ean ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 theo c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u00e3 l\u00f2ng khi b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y x\u1ea5u v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. C\u00f3 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m m\u00e0 \u0111i ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

5) Gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn: M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd. Qua n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n cho c\u00f4ng ti b\u1ea1n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong cu\u1ed9c truy t\u00ecm c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd lan r\u1ed9ng trong to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda d\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

6) \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n: Xin \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00e1 t\u1ef1 tin. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch t\u1edbi m\u00e0 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh n\u00ean b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u1edf n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Khi th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fac quay l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

7) Quay l\u1ea1i b\u01b0\u1edbc 1: B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao th\u1ea7y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m l\u1edbn \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ebf? N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng th\u00ec m\u00ecnh ch\u1eefa n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i th\u00f4i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sao?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n du h\u00e0nh trong m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u00ean m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd mu\u1ed1n t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u1ebb t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i, \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi:<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao th\u1ea7y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Nh\u00f3m qui tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG) cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean n\u00f3. Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng? T\u00f4i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ngh\u0129 v\u1eady, h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5 cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh.\u00a0 T\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch bao qu\u00e1t \u0111a nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, khi h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p l\u1edbn. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 gian nan v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n. SEPG l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: C\u00e1ch \u0111o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o l\u00e0 g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh? L\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch \u0111o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110o k\u00edch c\u1ee1: S\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 (SLOC),\u00a0 S\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, S\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n;<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110o n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t: S\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0nh cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0nh cho t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i;<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110o khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft: \u0110\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft (Cao, Trung b\u00ecnh, Th\u1ea5p);<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft, s\u1ed1 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft trong t\u1eebng tr\u00ecnh con hay m\u00f4 \u0111un hay \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft trung b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean ngh\u00ecn d\u00f2ng m\u00e3, Th\u1eddi gian trung b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, \u201cki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m\u201d l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. V\u00ec ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh cho n\u00ean m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t t\u1edbi. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u00e0i c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 v\u1edbi nhau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ea7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1ee9c cao v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 trong khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u pha:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kh\u00eau g\u1ee3i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac: Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac: Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y. Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed;<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac:\u00a0 L\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu, ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, phong c\u00e1ch, g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn, giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed5i qui m\u00f4, t\u00ednh an ninh, t\u00ednh d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3cv.v.);<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac: Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ch\u1ee9ng minh qua bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n hay b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u;<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac: Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cho t\u1eebng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ee9c cao.<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Duy tr\u00ec ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac: T\u1ea1o ra t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn thay \u0111\u1ed5i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng;<\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi:<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng t\u00ecm \u201cPh\u00e9p m\u00e0u\u201d nh\u01b0 CMMI? T\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gian nan kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i t\u1eaft?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n kh\u00e1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, gi\u1eef l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1ee3t, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111u\u1ed1i v\u1edb l\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00fam l\u1ea5y ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eb9 b\u1edbt s\u1ee9c \u00e9p, cho d\u00f9 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n giao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ecb b\u1ecf x\u00f3 th\u00e0nh \u201ctr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi.\u201d Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i nhi\u1ec1u C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 CMMI c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t, v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ch\u00fang \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. L\u00ed do ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang hay thi\u1ebfu k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n theo ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111o vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng? SQA c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m tra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u00e2n theo ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng? B\u1ea1n hay qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 ai duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ch\u00fang khi c\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 KH\u00d4NG th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: Khi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i sau l\u1ecbch, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hay th\u00eam lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9 ba. T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i sau l\u1ecbch?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i\u00a0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap k\u1ecbp l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u00f3. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y m\u00f3c; do \u0111\u00f3, th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u00edch g\u00ec. T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed9n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 c\u00f2n ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: V\u00ec t\u00f4i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Th\u1ea7y ngh\u0129 g\u00ec v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1edbn v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o anh ch\u01b0a cho t\u00f4i th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft.\u201d- C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau chi ti\u1ebft b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00eam n\u1eefa cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cT\u00f4i b\u1eadn l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.\u201d- C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng coi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hay h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn\u00a0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng khi so v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111ang l\u00e0m v\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u00e0m n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cT\u00f4i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u anh \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m.\u201d – C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 b\u1ecb l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n, ngay c\u1ea3 khi b\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. V\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cGi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a anh \u0111\u00e2u? Ch\u1ec9 cho t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p.\u201d- C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea3y ngay v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cT\u00f4i r\u1ea5t b\u1eadn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0o.\u201d- C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian h\u1ebft, hay h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m n\u00f3 d\u00f9 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cT\u00f4i c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3\u201d \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf hoach nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng sai, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd l\u00e0m n\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i: D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n KH\u00d4NG mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u00fat n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn, nh\u1ecf, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i:<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf bao g\u1ed3m 1 t\u1edbi 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi – l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 10,000 \u2013 50,000 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee1 trung b\u00ecnh bao g\u1ed3m 10 t\u1edbi 50 ng\u01b0\u1eddi – l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 50,000 t\u1edbi 100,000 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn bao g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb 50 t\u1edbi 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi – l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 100,000 t\u1edbi 1,000, 000 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn bao g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb 500 t\u1edbi 2000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi – l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 1,000,000 t\u1edbi 10,000,000 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 \u00e1n bao g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. D\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: SPICE l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ai d\u00f9ng n\u00f3? Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 n\u00ean d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf – The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cSoftware Process Improvement and Capability dEtermination\u201d hay SPICE. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ISO nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi b\u1edfi CMM v\u00e0 ISO 9001. Tuy nhi\u00ean, SPICE nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau bao g\u1ed3m ISO 9001, ISO 1207, STD, Bootstrap, v.v. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1i n\u00e0o. T\u1ea1i l\u00fac n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng ti \u1edf M\u0129 kh\u00f4ng cam k\u1ebft d\u00f9ng n\u00f3. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 SPICE \u1edf M\u0129 c\u00f2n h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y l\u00ed do n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

——English version—–<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CMMI-16<\/p>\n

Question: How could a programmer improve the skill to be the best? Do you have any advice?<\/p>\n

Answer: In order to improve your skill you must know yourself first. So here are some steps that you can do:<\/p>\n

1) Set vision for personal improvement: You must ask yourself why you want to improve your skill then determines the effort that you must do to achieve it. You must clearly understand the need to improve and the ability to improve by evaluate the professional relationship between you and your team members, your users and your customers. From this evaluation, you can develop certain expectations for your skill and begin to create a vision for the improvement.<\/p>\n

2) Enable personal improvement: To make the vision a reality, you need to set yourself some improvement goals and performance objectives. You may need training in the skills that are important to your goals such as learning about new technology, new process, measurement data, software tools, and the process of how to learn new things. You may ask for the support of other people such as your friends, your managers. You are not seeking their approvals but only for their encouragements and their help in removing barriers to your personal efforts.<\/p>\n

3) Focus on improvement: Develop a plan to guide your efforts and evaluate your progress. For example if you set yourself a goal to learn C++ by taking three training classes at the university. You must have a plan detail how to take these three classes as well as the time that you expect to complete. Each time complete a class, you reach a milestone and when you complete all three classes, you complete the training plan. You also need quality measurements to help you evaluate your effort such as how much you learned based on how good your grades are. Are you passing the class with good grade or just barely pass it? How is your skill before and after taking the class? How much do you learn by taking these classes and how much efforts have you put in these classes? These should be a clear demonstration of your commitment to the skill improvement.<\/p>\n

4) Improving your career: Once you have the skill then you need a plan to improve your career by defining a set of activities on how to work with other team members. You may want to set your performance goal with users, customers, and team members.\u00a0 Your job is only a collection of processes that you follow so you will need to write them down, evaluate them and understand how these processes interrelate and relate to others such as your\u00a0 team members, users and customers. Once you have everything in place then you can ask yourself \u201cWhat can I do to make these processes better?\u201d By removing complexity from these processes and improve them so become more effective in your job as well as in the way you work. You need to demonstrate your commitment to your personal goal, do not get discourage when you fail certain task, remember that you are a human being and making mistake is common thing, not something that you have to feel bad about it. Have courage and move on.<\/p>\n

5) Help other to improve: A key factor in the personal improvement is to help others to improve themselves. Through the personal improvement effort, the organization as a whole can improve. By training and supporting others you are creating more skilled team members for your company. By create teamwork and eliminate barriers you are making progress in your personal quest to be the best. By encouraging the improvement activities of others you are demonstrate your leadership and your enthusiasm will spread throughout the organization like wild fire. By that time people will begin to recognize you and I am sure you will be compensated accordingly.<\/p>\n

7) Evaluate your progress: Please do not be over-confident. You need to review your progress again your personal goal. Being the best is not a destination but a journey then you will know that the value of improvement is really in the effort to improve beyond the results. When recognize this, it is time to return to the beginning.<\/p>\n

8) Return to step 1: Start your improvement again by following the personal improvement process.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why do you make such a big thing about quality? If the software is broken then you fix it. Doesn\u2019t that mean keeping your job for a while?<\/p>\n

Answer: I can understand that you\u2019re cynical about software improvement but I assume that you do travel in an airplane and understand that the quality of the software on the plane and the software that runs the air traffic control equipment are very important. Similarly, you probably want your bank accounts, your credit cards, your cellular phone bills, your car\u2019s electrical system to be error free don\u2019t you?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why do you need to establish a Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG) for process improvement?<\/p>\n

Answer: To improve the process you must have someone working on it. Is it possible for developers who are very busy already to work on improvement too? I am surprised that some managers think so, they believe that their software developers who are already very busy with project work could spend extra time and effort for process improvement.\u00a0 From my own experience, in this case, nothing will change. Software developers have learned through many years of hard working on how to cope with multiple tasks, requirements changes, customer demands, software defects and computer problems, as they work under very strict schedules with significant pressures. They have to be convinced that improvement will make their works better or else they will continue their usual ways. Change is hard and requires a lot of work which can not be done by people who already are very busy. SEPG is a special group dedicate to improve the way organization work.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What are the measurements and metrics that we can use for our project? How can we measure software process?<\/p>\n

Answer: Here are some typical measurements and metrics:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Size measurement: Number of Single lines of code (SLOC),\u00a0 Number of Function Point, Number of objects in the project;<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Productivity measurements: Number of time spent on the project, number of time spent on each task, number of time spent to fix a change request;<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Defect measurement: Severity of each defect (High, Medium, Low);<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Quality metrics: Total number of defects, number of defects in each routine or module or object, average defects per thousand lines of code, Mean time between failures.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why do we need to architect software? Why don\u2019t we just design and code?<\/p>\n

Answer: By definition, \u201csoftware architecting\u201d is the process of creating the architecture for a software product. Since software does not run by itself but have to run within a computer system so the relationship and interface between software and hardware must be taken into consideration. Most software have several components that are interrelated with each others, software engineers need to decide about the structure of these components and how they interact and perform.<\/p>\n

In order to do that software engineer must be familiar with the architecture styles as well as technologies. Architecture is the high level concept about how the software product works. Architect must focus at the total system when design is the actual implementation of the architecture and usually at lower levels, more details, and usually focus on certain components of the system.<\/p>\n

The architecture consists of several phases:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Elicit architectural requirements: Review customer\u2019s requirements and discuss with customers about the system.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Design the architecture: Review project goals, objectives and functionality requirements to make sure the architecture can fulfill these requirements. Conduct trade-off analysis to assess risks and costs;<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Document the architecture:\u00a0 Document the concepts, create prototyping, make decision on requirements, styles, views, interfaces and quality attributes (performance, scalability, security, usability etc.);<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Analyze the architecture: Review with customer for clarification of design requirements, prove through demonstration or prototype that the system will meet requirements;<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Realize the architecture: Conduct thorough analysis to make decisions about software, operating system, computer languages, tools, methods, structure and tasks for each component, begin functional decomposition to create a high level design.<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Maintain the architecture: Create documents to make sure future design changes will not change the system architecture;<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why are software managers always looking for a \u201cMiracle\u201d such as the CMMI? Why don\u2019t they understand that developing software is hard work with no shortcuts?<\/p>\n

Answer: Software managers, like managers in other disciplines, are often under pressure to maintain budgets, keep schedules from slipping, and improve the quality of products. Like a drowning person who grasps at anything nearby to stay afloat, many software managers often grasp at a certain belief if it can lessen the pressure, even temporarily. We do know that some technologies come with lot of promises but can not deliver and then become relegated to a \u201cfad status\u201d. In my own opinion many Tools, Methods or even CMMI framework do work well, assuming that there is a defined process to integrate them properly and people are trained to use them accordingly. The reason most new technologies do not seem to work is because the organization is not mature enough to receive them or there is lack of a discipline to follow them accordingly.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: We had a CMMI appraisal few months ago and were told that our processes were not documented. We already have so many standards and procedures for building software. Why must we document processes and create even more documents?<\/p>\n

Answer: Your organization may have many standards and procedures but are they used? Are your people aware of their existence? Do they reflect your current practices? Are they complete? How good are they? Do you measure their usage? Does SQA verify that people follow them correctly? Do you or your senior management review them? Does anybody maintain and update them when necessary? Do your people receive training to use them? If the answer to any of these questions is NO then you may need to revise your document to ensure it reflects what is going on in your organization.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: When our manufacturing is behind schedule, we add more people to the project or add a third shift. Why can\u2019t we add more people to a software project when we get behind schedule?<\/p>\n

Answer: I\u2019m not sure that adding more people to a project can help make the schedule. If it does, then that process must be very mechanical for more people to help expedite it. You need to know that software development is not a mechanistic process; therefore, adding people will not help. I believe that sometime adding people late in a software project will make it much later.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Since I advocate process improvement, I have received many comments from people in my company. What do you think about these comments?<\/p>\n

Answer: It sounds like you are facing a big resistance to change. Here are some of my interpretations on your comments:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cI can\u2019t improve until you give me more detail.\u201d\u2014Could mean no matter how much detail you give, it\u2019s never enough and they will ask for more so they do not have to do anything.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cI am busy doing real work here.\u201d\u2014Could mean they do not value your work or they perceive improvement is not important as compare with what they are doing and they refuse to do it.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cI am still not sure of what you are trying to do.\u201d\u2014Could mean they will continue to claim to be confused, even when you explained everything several times. Since they do not understand, they do not have to improve.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cWhere is your solution? Just show me the solution.\u201d\u2014Could mean they want to jump immediately into solutions, without spending the time necessary to clearly identify and analyze the problem.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cI am very busy and do not have time for any improvement stuff.\u201d\u2014Could mean the timing is off, or they will not do it no matter what.<\/p>\n

6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cI need to have a plan first before I can do it\u201d \u2013 Could mean they want to plan but do not want to implement. Plan do not fail, implement may fail so they do it in a safe way by not doing anything.<\/p>\n

My conclusion: It seems that your organization does NOT want to improve at all.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is the definition of big, small, medium project?<\/p>\n

Answer: There are many different ways of defining a typical project but following is my personal opinion:<\/p>\n

A small project team consists of 1 to 10 people\u2014typically working on approximately 10,000 \u2013 50,000 lines of code.<\/p>\n

A medium size project team consists of 10 to 50 people\u2014typically working on approximately 50,000 to 100,000 lines of code.<\/p>\n

A large project team consists of 50 to 500 people\u2014typically working on approximately 100,000 to 1,000, 000 lines of code.<\/p>\n

A very large project team consists of 500 to 2000 people\u2014typically working on approximately 1,000,000 to 10,000,000 lines of code.<\/p>\n

If the project involves more than 100 people, it may need to be broken down into more than one project for management purpose. It is easier to manage several small projects than the whole thing.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is SPICE? Who used it? Should we use it?<\/p>\n

Answer: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is developing a suite of standards on software process assessment called \u201cSoftware Process Improvement and Capability dEtermination\u201d or SPICE. It is an independent effort by ISO but it is inspired by the CMM and ISO 9001. However, SPICE aims at harmonizing a number of different models including ISO 9001, ISO 1207, STD, Bootstrap, etc. Therefore, it will be unique and identical to none. At this time, company in the U.S has not committed to use it. The opinions about SPICE in the U.S are mixed and I do not see any reason to use another model without seeing any data.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t? Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u1ec3 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-930","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/930","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=930"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/930\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":931,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/930\/revisions\/931"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=930"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=930"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=930"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}