{"id":927,"date":"2013-06-26T08:09:18","date_gmt":"2013-06-26T01:09:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=927"},"modified":"2013-06-26T08:09:18","modified_gmt":"2013-06-26T01:09:18","slug":"cmmi-17","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=927","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-17"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eabn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t cao?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed do cho th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u0103m l\u00ed do h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Carnegie Mellon:<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng b\u1ecf qua pha l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cm\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau\u201d l\u00e0 l\u00ed do s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t cho th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft th\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd x\u00e2y ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng hay hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, th\u1eddi gian, k\u00edch c\u1ee1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y n\u00ean g\u00e2y cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm, v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eadm, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf qua pha ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed cho n\u00ean ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ed7i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, m\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ea1o ra l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, r\u1ed3i th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 “t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9” \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0i t\u1ea1o ra c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd b\u1ecf qua v\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed hay ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00e2y ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tranh c\u00e3i v\u00e0 gi\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin ri\u00eang cho m\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch c\u1ee1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1edbm trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, v\u00ec s\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111o suy d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1edbm. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3, \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy d\u1eabn ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng hay t\u1eeb thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec9nh. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, t\u1eadp c\u00e1c “qui t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfm” \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IFPUG) l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1edbm trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng? Hay t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac cu\u1ed1i trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n khi ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00edch c\u1ee1, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng khi ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a chi ph\u00ed to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf qua n\u00f3. Ng\u00e0y nay n\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u01af\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea7m chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t. Hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi, chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ecb th\u1ea5u chi l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung trong m\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1edfi v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi n\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00ec n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn – k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi – n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n r\u00e3.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ea7n hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n? C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sao?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ra hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u00ec s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed hi\u1ec3u nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft. C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu s\u1ebd theo sau. R\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 qua ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i h\u1ecd ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi c\u00e1c “gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p” n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 – c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: D\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u1ef1ng s\u1eb5n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u01b0\u1eddng minh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec1n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, th\u00f4ng tin thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec – ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ra n\u00f3 v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 – l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng trong kho.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u01b0\u1eddng minh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1edbi trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng. Qui tr\u00ecnh d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thay v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng theo c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed k\u0129 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng theo c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. T\u1ea1i CMMI m\u1ee9c 1 v\u00e0 CMMI m\u1ee9c 2 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. CMMI m\u1ee9c 3 hay CMMI m\u1ee9c 4 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 n\u01a1i d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (PMI) kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Cu\u1ed1n H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 Th\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u1eeb k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1edbi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1eabn b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i trong phong c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n PMI v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0o. T\u00f4i tin m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00ean quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Sao c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf. T\u00f4i tin h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ee7 cho giao di\u1ec7n, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong mi\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n\/giao th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u00f9ng c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn (nh\u01b0 IEEE, ISO).<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a giao di\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi hay ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam cho m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cung c\u1ea5p t\u01b0\u1eddng minh vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng hay n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p qua vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c k\u00e9m khi hi\u1ec3u nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, cho t\u00f4i \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 trong ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 qu\u00ean ai \u0111ang tr\u1ea3 ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng tin kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n. T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 “ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd” thay v\u00ec c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n? L\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1eabn nhau? Nh\u1edb m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng mua s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 h\u1ecd quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, chi ph\u00ed, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n mua v\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n mua n\u00f3 t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng ti n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi t\u00f4i v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf CMMI m\u1ee9c 1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi CMMI m\u1ee9c 2 trong 12 th\u00e1ng t\u1edbi. T\u00f4i cam k\u1ebft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u. Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: N\u1ebfu m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh CMMI l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho b\u1ea1n, th\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean cho t\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi t\u1ed5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n theo ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo c\u00e1c pha nh\u1ecf, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ngay m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c blog kh\u00e1c: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, L\u00e0m m\u1ecbn, v\u00e0 Th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi CMMI m\u1ee9c 2 trong th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0 12 th\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ee7i ro r\u01a1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c 1 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t cao cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec7n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cam k\u1ebft l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u00ec sao? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi CMMI m\u1ee9c 2 nh\u01b0ng chi ph\u00ed cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n b\u1ea1n tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00ed v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Xin h\u00e3y th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng khi l\u1eadp m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u CMMI \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0m \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi CMMI m\u1ee9c 2, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng qui tr\u00ecnh \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1 (\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c). Vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang trong \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t. CMMI n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i s\u1eb5n c\u00f3\u201d \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eabn t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi CMMI m\u1ee9c 2. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3, c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho m\u1ecdi \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

———English version——-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CMMI-17<\/p>\n

Question: Why software projects are still failing at a very high rate?<\/p>\n

Answer: There are many reasons for software failure, following are the top five reasons identified by software developers and managers during the survey conducted at CarnegieMellonUniversity:<\/p>\n

Software developers do not understanding customers\u2019 needs. They focus mostly in programming and not bother to discuss requirements with customers. They hurry through the planning and design phases to get to programming because that is the skill that they are taught at Computer Science program. This \u201cCode first, plan and ask question later\u201d attitude is the number one reason for project failure. Typically, when finished developers found out that what they built was not what the customer wanted.<\/p>\n

Project managers do not have the skill or the training to estimate resources, time, size and scope of the project. Most managers underestimate these factors then cause projects to be late, and cost more. Because most projects are late, many skip the testing phase so their softwares are full of defects which in turn cost more to fix.<\/p>\n

Project team members are not well trained in software methods, they do not know how to control changes to the software, losing control of software versions resulting in significant integration and testing issues which in turn create low quality products.<\/p>\n

Project Managers decide to switch development tools in the middle of project create confusion among team members then adding more people to \u201cspeed things up\u201d to meet schedule requirements which in turn create more confusion and contribute to project failures.<\/p>\n

Long working hours creates stressed out developers so they skip few steps such as testing or reviewing to get by which resulting in high defects. Team members start to argue and keep information to themselves which create more personal problems for project.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How can I estimate software size early in a project, since the number of lines of code is not a good choice and difficult to estimate?<\/p>\n

Answer: You may want to consider using function points which are a derived metric of program size that can be used in early estimating. Unlike lines of code, function points can be derived from a functional specification or top-level design. In order to come up with consistent estimates, sets of “counting rules” have been formulated by The International Function Point User Group (IFPUG).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Is it possible to estimate the cost of software early in a project? Is it better to wait until late in the project when we know more about the project?<\/p>\n

Answer: It is very important to estimate software size, resources, schedules, and costs as early as possible and adjust them accordingly as we know more about the requirements.<\/p>\n

Many years ago, software costs comprised a small percentage of overall computing system cost and people ignored it. Today it is the most expensive element in all systems. An error estimating the cost of software can make the difference between profit and loss. Currently, software cost overrun is the most common problem in every software organization because many people still do not pay attention to it or do not know how. Although software cost is very difficult to calculate since it involves many variables\u2014technical, environmental, political, people\u2014it still can be done by decomposition techniques.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why do software people need training? Aren\u2019t automated tools designed to improve productivity and quality?<\/p>\n

Answer: No matter how good your tools are, you still have to rely on people. Staff attitudes and involvement are critical factors in determining overall performance of any software product. Quality software products are brought about by managers who understand their team members’ needs and help them to realize their full potential by effective education, training and awareness. Tools will inevitably follow. Too often organizations have attempted to seek improvements solely through the development of automated tools and then they are surprised when these \u201csolutions\u201d have not worked. A tool is as good as the people who use it\u2014the same applies to methodology. Without proper training, nothing will work well.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why isn\u2019t software reuse being advocated as part of process improvement?<\/p>\n

Answer: Software reuse is one of the best techniques for increasing software quality and productivity. However, the concept of reusable software components and the process of using these components to build systems are not very understood.<\/p>\n

Reusable software can be defined as pre-built software components that have been explicitly designed to be used in multiple applications, generally within a given application domain. Reusable components may include requirements specifications, design information, source code, and test cases. The current ad-hoc approach of developing reusable software components, whatever it may be\u2014just built it and people will use it\u2014is not good enough, because such components will likely end up forgotten in a repository.<\/p>\n

I believe in order to make reusable software effective, the organization must create a well defined process of using the reusable components. The components must be explicitly designed with reuse in mind, not just anything people can grab and use. The reuse process must be designed for systemic use rather than opportunistic use. That means all reusable components must be thoroughly tested and be used according to the defined process and guideline. The savings on reusable software is not the development time but the time saved on testing and integration.<\/p>\n

I always advocate software reuse as a part of process improvement but the capability of an organization to apply this concept is also very important. At CMMI levels 1 and CMMI level 2 organization is too busy with other issues so they can not implement reuse effectively. A solid CMMI level 3 or CMMI level 4 are where reuse can be effective.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Would you recommend the Project Management Institute (PMI) standards?<\/p>\n

Answer: The Project Management Institute’s A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge documents many practices of project management. It is well written and considered very good project management standards recognized internationally. However, it is written for all project management disciplines, from civil engineering to manufacturing and it is comprehensive. You need to spend time and training to benefit from using it since some of the most valuable insights into project management have remained buried in the understated style of the document. I have used this standard for many years and found it valuable and I see no problem in using PMI standards since good project management is fundamental to any project. I believe every process improvement member should be familiar with this project management standard.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: \u00a0What is an open system? Why are there so many definitions of an open system?<\/p>\n

Answer: There are many different views and definitions of an open system. I believe an open system is a system that implements sufficient open specifications for interfaces, services, and supporting formats. This will enable properly engineered components to be utilized across a wide range of systems with minimum changes.<\/p>\n

In order to do this, the system must:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Have well defined, widely used, and non-proprietary interfaces\/protocols.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Use standards developed by industry recognized standard bodies (e.g. IEEE, ISO).<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Define all aspects of system interfaces to facilitate new or additional system capabilities for a wide range of applications.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Explicitly provide for expansion or upgrading through the incorporation of additional performance elements with minimum impact on the system.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: As user of software products, I am not happy when I read about software people complaining about their users\u2019 lack of knowledge and inability to make up their minds. I think software people do a bad job understanding my needs, giving me what I want in time and on budget, and providing higher quality. Do they forget who is paying their bill here?<\/p>\n

Answer: Customers tend to believe software developers do not understand their needs and software developers always believe customers do not know what they want. Why do we continue to have an \u201cus vs. them\u201d attitude rather than working together as a team to build better systems? How can we continue to define our own positions and fail to communicate with each other? Remember the goal is to build a high quality product.<\/p>\n

I believe the ultimate users are the ones who buy the product and they do care about quality, cost, and time to market. They do know that they have a choice in what product they want to buy and what company they want to buy it from.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: As a manager, maturity level is very important to me since it is important to my company. We are assessed at CMMI level 1 and have a plan to achieve CMMI level 2 in the next 12 months. I am fully committed to do it right and will do anything. Do you have any advice?<\/p>\n

Answer: If a CMMI maturity level is the only goal important to you, then there are several things your organization can do:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Improvements would be driven by people doing the work in the organization which means that everybody in your organization must participate in deploying some process improvement tasks.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 People will be assigned to teams according to their interest and expertise and managers will be assigned as coaches to the teams.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 New solutions defined by the improvement teams must be reviewed by management and when approved, people must be trained to follow them.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Solutions must be implemented in small phases, not all at once, as stated in other blogs: Define, Pilot, Refine, and Institutionalize.<\/p>\n

It is possible to reach CMMI level 2 in a very short time such as 12 months, but the risk of fall-back to level 1 after that is also very high so you have to be very careful.<\/p>\n

By the way, you may be committed to make things happen but what about your staff? You may achieve a CMMI level 2 but the cost of that may be higher than you expect. An unreasonable and unrealistic approach may result in staff attrition and customer frustration. Please be careful when setting your goal.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What do we need to satisfy the CMMI requirement to have an estimating process? We do estimate depend on personal experience rather than use of documented historical data. Is it OK?<\/p>\n

Answer: For an organization to achieve a CMMI level 2, you need evidence that an estimating process for project planning exists and is institutionalized (Defined, Documented, Trained, Used, Measured, Verified, and Continuously Improved). The collection of historical data and the intention of using them in project estimates are good enough. The CMMI states that \u201cHistorical data are used where available\u201d which means it would be nice if you use historical data. However, depending on personal expertise is still OK for achieving CMMI level 2. However, at level 3, there is a requirement that historical data be used for all project estimating.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eabn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t cao? \u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed do cho th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-927","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/927","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=927"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/927\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":929,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/927\/revisions\/929"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=927"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=927"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=927"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}