{"id":912,"date":"2013-06-26T00:15:43","date_gmt":"2013-06-25T17:15:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=912"},"modified":"2013-06-26T00:16:04","modified_gmt":"2013-06-25T17:16:04","slug":"cmmi-22","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=912","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-22"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u00edch h\u1ee3p – Software Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SEI) t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Carnegie-Mellon (CMU), l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed “qui tr\u00ecnh” \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c “n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c” qui tr\u00ecnh cao h\u01a1n.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u00fang, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i? Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi “\u0110i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd” hay “s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i.\u201d\u00a0 Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1eabn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e0 b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu n\u00e0y qua m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi s\u1ebd l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u, \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd d\u1eebng qui tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111em v\u00e0o m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cao nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u0129 s\u01b0 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 ai s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i tin ham mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ecdi ch\u1ed7 gi\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ham mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ecdi m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t theo \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t k\u00ec k\u0129 s\u01b0 n\u00e0o khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o — theo c\u00e1c tham bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c — theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t CEO kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ti.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u00ec m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n \u1edf tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u hay tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u00eam g\u00ec v\u00e0o v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111em \u0111i\u1ec1u tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u00f3 hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng ti? M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u00ec m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec? Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CMMI m\u1ee9c 4 hay 5 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 (M\u1ee9c 4 v\u00e0 5), ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng. Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea. Vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang t\u1ed1t. K\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt \u0111o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i. V\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u1edf hoa b\u00ean trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Xem nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed SEPG. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng cho \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u1ebf th\u00ec h\u00e3y coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng. Sau r\u1ed1t ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1t cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed, t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sao? N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng coi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t\u201d, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng n\u00f3 cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1ea1n. Ch\u00fac m\u1eebng cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i sai l\u1ea7m khi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m; s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean sai l\u1ea7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra sau \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00e0i l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

1. Bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u1ee3p l\u00ed, \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

2. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

3. L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

4. Coi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i cho t\u1edbi khi \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

5. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd m\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

6. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi m\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tham gia.<\/p>\n

7. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang trong to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1).<\/p>\n

8. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (OSSP) qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm.<\/p>\n

9. Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111o s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

10. Bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1eebng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: C\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch so s\u00e1nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 “h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda.\u201d \u0110\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111o n\u00e0o v\u1eady?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111o c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a, vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1edbi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn l\u1edbn v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u1edf m\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed cao n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 g\u00e2y s\u1ee9c \u00e9p l\u00ean nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng sai d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng hai nh\u00f3m l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1ch \u0111o \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00e0o. Bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a tr\u1eeb phi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u1eddng minh; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 theo th\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3\u00a0 tu\u1ef3 theo vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c tham bi\u1ebfn. T\u00f4i tin \u0111\u1ebfm d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean bao h\u00e0m m\u00e3 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 giao h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u KH\u00d4NG n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hay c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. Khi d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n? T\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i tin \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1ch b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00ec chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i t\u00e1c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra danh ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v.v. \u0110\u1eebng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i k\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n m\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00f4ng tin c\u1eady. \u0110\u1eebng nh\u1ea3y x\u1ed5 v\u00e0o g\u1ee3i \u00fd gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p k\u0129 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u00fap h\u1ecd th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn phi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng chung v\u00e0 v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 y\u1ebfm th\u1ebf t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf cam k\u1ebft th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c qua d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111o v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1edfng. Qui tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfm th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t sinh ra do nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: C\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft chung v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc d\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eeb qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao (k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c). N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn (k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt) v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai (k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh). Tri\u1ec3n khai nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u1eddng minh. M\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh & Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (L\u00e0m m\u1ecbn & Th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1). M\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111o. Khi nh\u1eefng qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng trong to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (Th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 “k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt”? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. C\u1ee9 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ch\u0103m nom ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: M\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nhanh h\u01a1n, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, r\u1ebb h\u01a1n, an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ra nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00f4ng ti n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian. T\u00f4i tin v\u00e0o c\u00e2u ng\u1ea1n ng\u1eef, “Th\u1eb1ng ngu v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 — v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 l\u00e0 th\u1eb1ng ngu”.\u00a0 Hay, nh\u01b0 Albert Einstein \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: “M\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f9n n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb1ng sau ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng”.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i. Trong th\u1ec3 thao, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u tuy\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m v\u1eady. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u1ef1a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f3. V\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh t\u1edbi phong c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Trong th\u1ec3 thao, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean c\u0169ng hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n t\u1ed5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n hay nh\u1eadn hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. Do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ea7n k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh CMMI? Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti n\u00f3i m\u1ee9c CMMI cao v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00f4ng ti kh\u00e1c. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: M\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, th\u1ea1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea3nh b\u1eb1ng. Ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eadn m\u1ea3nh b\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y v\u00e0o l\u00ed l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 treo b\u1eb1ng l\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u1eady m\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a cho cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfm m\u1ea3nh b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0n l\u00e2m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi “m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c” \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129\u00a0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng th\u1ea1c s\u0129, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CMMI m\u1ee9c 3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o g\u00ec th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CMMI m\u1ee9c 2 nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c CMMI m\u1ee9c 3.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version——<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why does organization need to improve their software process?<\/p>\n

Answer: The quality of a product always depends on the quality of the process that creates the product. In order to produce high-quality software, the organization needs to improve its software process.<\/p>\n

The Software Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), developed at the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at Carnegie-Mellon University (CMU), is a proven approach for managing the “process” for producing high quality software. It is a systematic and disciplined set of management methods designed to help organizations mature towards a higher level of process “capability ”\u00a0 However, to do it right, besides improving the process, organizations must commit a considerable investment in its own people.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why so many software improvements failed? Even with the best resources and tools, many are still not making progress.<\/p>\n

Answer: Most improvement efforts failed because the failure to address the \u201cUnexpected\u201d or the\u201d Resistance to change\u201d.\u00a0 Even with the best technology, many organizations still failed, not because of the technology but the adoption of it. Unfortunately, many organizations often repeat this pattern over and over with every new technology introduces. Many people believe that new technology will change things but it does not happen because the organization fails to address the deeply held belief and behavior that hold organizational defensive behavior. People do not want to change unless they have to and this resistance to any change will eventually stop the change process and slowly destroy the energy and vitality of the change effort. In order to change, the organization can not rely on the technology that they want to bring in but must address the behavior aspect and it is the top management who should direct it with vision, goals, resources, incentives and actively monitor all changes.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Our organization needs improvement but how do we start? We are engineers not manager and who will direct us to improve?<\/p>\n

Answer: It is said that direction always starts at the top. This is true, of course, but I believe desire to improve can also be found at the bottom of an organization and at just about every place in between. To improve one must have a desire to change and this attitude can be found and must be practiced by employees at all levels of an organization. That is the only way in which an organization can get the most from managers and employees alike, achieve its strategic goals, fulfill the personal career aspirations of its people, and lay the groundwork for a quality processes and product.<\/p>\n

Any engineer who recommends a solution to improve the software process is demonstrating leadership — given the parameters of his or her place in an organization — in the same way as a CEO who is launching an initiative to transform the entire corporation.<\/p>\n

Everybody can improve something at any level and it doesn\u2019t matter if you\u2019re on the front line or the top line. If you are given an office with the powers of that office, what do you add to the office above and beyond those powers? Do you motivate people to improve? Do you bring excellence and vision to what ultimately is the objective of that office or even the whole company? Everyone can exercise improvement by being an individual contributor at any level of an organization.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What does a fully mature software organization look like? What are the attributes of a CMMI level 4 or 5 organization?<\/p>\n

Answer: In a fully mature organization (Level 4 and 5), quality is defined and predictable. Costs and schedules are always met. Software development processes are well defined and some are put under statistical control. Roles and responsibilities are clear, people are trained to do their roles and do them well. Software measurement discipline is always practiced. Process support technology is evaluated and used effectively. Training program is defined to promote talent growth and established a core competency. And success is always rides on the capability of the organization to handle challenge and individual talent flourishes within that.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: As a reward of being a successful manager, I was assigned the job of SEPG manager. I am not sure whether it is a reward or a punishment?<\/p>\n

Answer: If process improvement is important to your boss then consider it a reward. After all is it critical to the success of your organization to reduce costs, increase productivity and quality? If your boss does not consider process improvement \u201cCritical\u201d, she probably assigned it to any available body, not to a successful project manager like yourself. Welcome to the process improvement journey.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Our organization just starts to improve the software process but we do not want to make mistake like others. Do you have any suggestions?<\/p>\n

Answer: Many organizations do made mistakes when improving their software process. Some are due to lack of experience; others are the result of resistance to change. Naturally mistakes can be avoided by following the lessons learned from others. Here are few tips to avoid these mistakes:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0 Always define reasonable, measurable, and achievable improvement goals.<\/p>\n

2. Improvement goals must be tied to business objectives.<\/p>\n

3. Plan for adequate resources, especially skilled resources.<\/p>\n

4. Treat process improvement as a project, all improvement efforts must be planned and tracked to closure.<\/p>\n

5. Do not waste time for a robust solution but concentrate on many small solutions.<\/p>\n

6. Ensure all levels of management are involved.<\/p>\n

7. Ensure every solution must be piloted to ensure it works properly before use them across organizations (Institutionalization).<\/p>\n

8. Do not try to define the organization software standard process (OSSP) too early.<\/p>\n

9. Establish a measurement baseline as soon as possible.<\/p>\n

10. Know when you need to get help and ask for it. Do not try to do it all by yourself.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Our management is planning to compare data between several software groups and looking for the lowest ranking for \u201ccorrective action\u201d. Is it what measurement is all about?<\/p>\n

Answer: To have a meaningful metrics, data collection must be approached with great care and data must be defined in advance before collection begins. When different groups collecting data and do not use the same definitions, the results are not comparable, even compare them may make sense at some high management level. The tendency to compare groups and put pressure on those with low ranking is an unfortunate and misuse of measurement data. I do not think that two groups are similar by any simple measures. The variation in task complexity caused by different product types, platforms, customers, environment can be significant. Productivity data is meaningless unless explicitly defined; for example, the number of lines of code per month can vary significantly depending on the interpretation of the parameters. I believe the code count should include only new and changed code of all shipped instructions.<\/p>\n

I strongly believe that data must NOT be used to compare groups, projects or individuals. The sole purpose of measurement is to illuminate the product being built and to provide an informed basis for improving the process. When using for other purposes, the data itself will deteriorate.<\/p>\n

Question: Why users do not trust developers? Why can\u2019t they work as partners?<\/p>\n

Answer: I believe it is the credibility issues. Many software developers tend to set themselves apart from their customers as technology specialist without understand that they belong to a supporting function and not quite an equal to the customer.<\/p>\n

An equal partner requires trust and respect, and to do that, software developers must focus on creating a reputation of trustworthiness, before emphasize on their expertise. To earn the trust of the customer, software developers must learn about the customer business, their processes, their needs, their requirements, their costs, etc. Do not use your technical jargon that customer do not understand, that always creates mistrust. Do not rush to suggest technical solutions but try to help them explore non-technology options first. Only by working together, we can find the common ground and with time, establish a true equal partnership.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How do you avoid the discouragement and cynicism from previous failed attempt?<\/p>\n

Answer: To avoid the negative attitude, management must demonstrate their real commitment to process improvement by frequently communicate to their subordinate about their goals and expectations. They must insist on achieving real improvement via measurement data and change the rewarding system. A new reward process can reduce the cynicism generated by prior efforts that fell flat.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is the most effective way to deploy process improvement activities? How do you ensure commitment to an Action plan?<\/p>\n

Answer: Action plan is committed based on a common understanding and gradual learning. To do this, action plans must consist direction and expectations from senior management (Strategic plan). It must identify all the strengths and weaknesses of an organization as well as recommendations to improve (Tactical plan) and it must consists several manageable tasks to be deployed (Operational plans). Deployment of these tasks are explicitly managed, tracked, and communicated. All tasks must be defined in control experiments (Define & Pilot) before introducing into the organization (Refine & Institutionalize). All changes must include training and measurements. As these process iterate, the learning is continuously built and eventually extended throughout the organization (Institutionalization)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why advocate a software engineering \u201cdisciplines\u201d? Software people do not need a militant approach here. Give us more tools and we will take care of the rest.<\/p>\n

Answer: All of the tools in the world will not make software faster, better, cheaper, safer, and more reliable. If there is such a tool, that tool company would probably make more money than any company on earth. I do believe the saying, “A fool with a tool — is still a fool”.\u00a0 Or, as Albert Einstein had said: “All means prove but blunt instruments if they have not behind them a living spirit”.<\/p>\n

Question: Why most software teams failed? Can software people works as a team?<\/p>\n

Answer: The essential part of building a good team is picking the players. In sport, most coaches do select players carefully but many software managers do not. They simply select team members on the basis of who happens to be available, and what skills do they have. Since they do not take into account the individual styles, many teams fail to perform. In sport, coaches also trained the team to perform but many software managers do not know how to train or receive formal training themselves. Due to the intangible nature of software, I think software people need more disciplines than others.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why do we care about achieving a CMMI maturity level? Many companies claimed a high CMMI levels and believe that they are better than others. What is your opinion?<\/p>\n

Answer: Maturity levels may be thought of as achieving an educational degree. People graduate from university and receive a degree such as BS, MS, and Ph.D but actually it is the education that is important, not the piece of paper. We all elect to receive the piece of paper, place the information on our resumes, and maybe hang the diplomas on the wall. Yet the piece of paper is insignificant to the journey and the efforts to obtain it. We all earned some academic degree and deserve the recognition of achieving a particular “educational maturity level.” And just like a person with a Ph.D isn’t guaranteed to be more successful than a person with a Master’s degree, a CMMI level 3 organization isn’t guaranteed to be more successful than a CMMI level 2 organization but if I have a choice, I would choose the Ph.D and CMMI level 3 organization.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh? \u0110\u00e1p: Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-912","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/912","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=912"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/912\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":915,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/912\/revisions\/915"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=912"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=912"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=912"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}