{"id":909,"date":"2013-06-26T00:03:13","date_gmt":"2013-06-25T17:03:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=909"},"modified":"2013-06-26T00:03:13","modified_gmt":"2013-06-25T17:03:13","slug":"cmmi-23","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=909","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-23"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n? T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cho n\u0103m m\u1edbi sao cho t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ea7y khuy\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 kh\u00f3. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch \u0111o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n t\u1eebng n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea1n hi v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ea1n ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f9ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng n\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau doanh nghi\u1ec7p cho t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. T\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u sau:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u “T\u00f4i s\u1ebd.”<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u00eam t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 “s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng” hay “cung c\u1ea5p.” \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho b\u1ee9c tranh tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u00eam k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n (\u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00f3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi t\u1eebng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1ebd gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng then ch\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng chu\u1ea9n, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: l\u00e0m cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh thay v\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Li\u00ean quan: Gi\u00f3ng th\u1eb3ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c hay c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chia pha theo th\u1eddi gian: \u0110\u01b0a v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00fang ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eefa. Ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 c\u00e1c mong \u0111\u1ee3i. V\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti, c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n (tri th\u1ee9c, k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng). Nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n ba t\u1edbi b\u1ea9y m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch).<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i mong mu\u1ed1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 g\u00ec cho ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ed7i cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u00f9ng qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i th\u1ea5p trong ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u00edt h\u01a1n 5 l\u1ed7i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 (KLOC). Trong ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, s\u1ed1 trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u00edt h\u01a1n 1 l\u1ed7i tr\u00ean KLOC.\u00a0 L\u1ed7i trong ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trung b\u00ecnh \u00edt h\u01a1n 0.5 l\u1ed7i tr\u00ean KLOC v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i trung b\u00ecnh \u00edt h\u01a1n 0.1 l\u1ed7i tr\u00ean KLOC trong ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 70% l\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. B\u1eb1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng 15% l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh thu\u1ea7n (nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebfu ch\u1ea5m ph\u1ea9y, ‘=’ ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ‘==’, v.v.)”. Trong l\u1edbp l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh C++ c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u00f4i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sinh vi\u00ean theo d\u00f5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ra trong v\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed7i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

Qua ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng qui tr\u00ecnh \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, chi ph\u00ed, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0: 15% v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, 23% v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 17% v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI t\u1ed1t. T\u00f4i c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o? Xin cho l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI t\u1ed1t, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

1) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p l\u1edbn;<\/p>\n

2) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

3) Nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft h\u00e0n l\u00e2m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c;<\/p>\n

4) T\u00e1c nh\u00e2n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

5) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed doanh nghi\u1ec7p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111o d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi kinh doanh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kinh doanh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; v\u00e0<\/p>\n

6) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ra \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 \u201cph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edbp cho m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u1eeb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1edbi b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0a ra, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng di chuy\u1ec3n, b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sao l\u00e3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.\u00a0 V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n t\u1edbi b\u1ea9y c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n duy nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u00e1 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau, ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 1200 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh con tr\u00ean 316 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong CMMI trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec 10 ng\u00e0y.\u00a0 V\u1eady n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ec9?<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Sai l\u1ea7m chung m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 g\u00ec khi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1eafc:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 sau: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh CMMI c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec cam k\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nguy\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ebft ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch: Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, hay nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phong \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb5n c\u00f3\u201d l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed SEPG tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ebft ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tranh c\u00e3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng: T\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0ng d\u00e0nh h\u1ebft th\u00e1ng n\u1ecd t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng kia trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay v\u00ec tri\u1ec3n khai b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed t\u00ecm ra: Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0o, t\u1ed5 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi r\u1ed3i nh\u1ea3y sang s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Trong 20 n\u0103m qua, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf CMMI m\u1ee9c 1 r\u1ed3i khi t\u00ecm ra \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn sai, ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u201cc\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t t\u1ea1i CMMI m\u1ee9c 1 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u0111i \u0111\u00e2y?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed do cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn: n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do thi\u1ebfu h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, thi\u1ebfu k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, hay thi\u1ebfu k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf CMMI m\u1ee9c 1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c 2 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

1) Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n: Vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cam k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p theo c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0o, chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u01a1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

2) Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed (tuy\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t): M\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 cam k\u1ebft ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang. Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng hay h\u00e0ng qu\u00ed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c, cam k\u1ebft l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1eddi gian, chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh khi c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

3) Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01a1i h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

4) Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh: Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p l\u00ed trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Trong khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, chi ph\u00ed n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: Hai n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf CMMI m\u1ee9c 3. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 KH\u00d4NG l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u1edf CMMI m\u1ee9c 3 hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra xem li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3 hay kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1i nh\u00ecn” v\u00e0o qui tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, n\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u00ec c\u01a1 may duy tr\u00ec m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3 qua th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t mong manh. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 CMMI m\u1ee9c 1 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: SEPG c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ee9 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t minh ra v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tu\u00e2n theo. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh “t\u01b0 duy mong mu\u1ed1n\u201d kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea1n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u00fang. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u00e0o, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u00ec qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi hay c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gia t\u0103ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, th\u1eed ch\u00fang tr\u00ean qui m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ec3 xem c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e0m n\u00f3 theo qui m\u00f4 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t “gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m\u201d l\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1t. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh cao h\u01a1n CMMI m\u1ee9c 4 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qui tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea – Statistical Process Control (SPC) nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qui tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea – Statistical Process Control (SPC) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00e0 \u00edch l\u1ee3i, h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, l\u1eadp l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, tuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ea7u kho\u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, t\u1ea1m n\u00eau v\u00e0i t\u00ean v\u1eady. Trong khi \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 SPC trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb k\u0129 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

SPC \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u00e1, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u1edbn trong c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang r\u1eb1ng SPC y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng (\u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng SPC nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n).<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m hay xem SPC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. (C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c 4 v\u00e0 5 trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p). T\u00f4i tin SPC kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea d\u00f9ng trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version———–<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CMMI-23<\/p>\n

Question: How do I improve myself each year to be a better software person? I like to set goals in the New Year so I can follow. What do you advice?<\/p>\n

Answer: While some people set their goals yearly, many software people do not know how and think goal setting is hard. Actually, it is easy if you understand software metrics. Like any business, software people must think about how we can get better each year and achieve our own individual potential. It starts with setting meaningful goals and development plans that support personal, business and the results that you hope to achieve with our customers. You must set goals and plans that stretch your abilities, challenge you and take you outside of your comfort zone to provide the greatest returns to your personal development. Of course, your goals should also support the business objectives for your team and business. I would start with the following:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Start with the statement “I will”.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Add action words. Use verbs such as “utilize” or “provide.” This gives a visual picture of what you intend to do.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Add your expected result (what you are planning to accomplish) and make sure it is measurable.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Make sure your goal can be tied to a specific business outcome.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Talk with your manager about what it will look like to meet each goal.<\/p>\n

6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Get the support of key stakeholders.<\/p>\n

When set goals, you need to pay attention that goals should be:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Specific: State your goal in precise terms describing an outcome.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Measurable: Describe how results can be measured using standards, specifications and milestones.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Achievable: Make your goal achievable so that it is a challenge to accomplish rather than impossible to reach.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Relevant: Align your goal with your work group or company goals and objectives.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Time-phased: Include timely dates and milestones to keep you on course.<\/p>\n

Understanding how you’re performing against your goals is important, too. The feed back you receive from your manager on an ongoing basis will help you redirect your efforts and let you know what you have to do to meet, and even exceed, expectations. Since you are working for a software company, it is important that you understand the company strategic goals, your team’s objectives as well as your responsibilities within the team and your competencies (knowledge, skills, and abilities). Remember that goals should focus on outcomes, not tasks and it is better to focus on a limited number of goals (e.g., three to seven goals).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: As we are improving software quality, what would be a desirable defect rate for Unite test, Integration test, System test and Acceptance test?<\/p>\n

Answer: I have collected defect data for my research and found that when programmers develop software using a defined process they all have low Unit test defects, typically less than 5 defects per thousand lines of code (KLOC). During Integration test, the average is less than 1 defect per KLOC.\u00a0 Defect in System test averages less than 0.5 defects per KLOC and delivered products have on average less than 0.1 defects per KLOC in User acceptance testing.<\/p>\n

By following a defined process, programmers can remove at least 70% of the defects before the first compile. By analyze these data, I also found that 15% of errors are plain programming errors (e.g.. missing semicolons, ‘=’ not ‘==’, etc.)”. In my C++ programming class, I ask students to track this data and write them down in their personal notebook so they can see what kind of mistake they made as well as its frequency. By having this kind of awareness, most students improve their programming techniques significantly.<\/p>\n

By interviewing project managers, I also found that by using good estimating process based on historical data, project managers can estimate with great accuracy the time, cost, schedule and quality for their projects and their average variances are: 15% on schedule, 23% on costs and 17% on efforts. These are evidences that software development following a software engineering process really provide quality products. The important in improvement is investing in a good training program.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: I want to become a good CMMI Lead appraiser. What kind of skills do I need? Please advice.<\/p>\n

Answer: To become a good Lead CMMI Lead appraiser, you need to be:<\/p>\n

1) A Crisis manager that can remain calm under significant stress;<\/p>\n

2) A Software Engineer with several years of experience in project management, quality assurance, configuration management, software test and verification.<\/p>\n

3) An Educator who can go beyond the academic understanding of models and be able to explain why things are important in the context of the organization;<\/p>\n

4) A Change Agent who can help organizations focus not only on the appraisal, but also on the implementation as well.<\/p>\n

5) A Business manager who understands and can explain the value of process improvement and metric in terms that senior managers can understand and relate this information to the business of the organization in the context of their strategic business goals; and<\/p>\n

6) A Common-sense practitioner who can make sense out of an organization’s activities and translate the “development” mind-set of models into applicable terms that fit all projects, from development to maintenance which included block point release, migration activities, systems maintenance and management, and other creative endeavors.<\/p>\n

In addition, you must be able to lead, guide, manage and control an analytical process that has as its key components an almost infinite variety of practices, implementation options, and organizational distractions.\u00a0 And this is done with a team of four to seven unique individuals, representing thousands different personality combinations, interviewing approximately hundred different individuals, and asking questions regarding approximately at least 1200 sub practices over 316 practices in the CMMI within a 10 day period.\u00a0 Sound so easy doesn\u2019t it?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What are the common mistakes people made when improving the software process?<\/p>\n

Answer: Here is my favorite list of mistakes that people made:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Appraisal now, commitment later: The organization jumps into conducting an appraisal to find out their CMMI maturity level before any management commitment is in place.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Establishing Status Quo before budget run out: Without selection criteria, or identify the right person for the job, the organization named an \u201cavailable person\u201d as improvement leader who manage the SEPG before budget runs out.<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Continuously Debate without Acting: A team is formed to improve the software process but spend months after month in continuous discussion rather than deploy any improvement activities.<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Declare success before manager find out: Without any improvement, the team declare success and write a lengthy process document on what they have achieved then jump into another initiatives.<\/p>\n

In the past 20 years, I found that many organizations express their wishes to improve software process but actually only want to do appraisal to found out about their maturity. Most of them are CMMI level 1 then when found out their willingness suddenly disappear. This is the wrong approach, waste of time and money and not what \u201cProcess improvement\u201d really means.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: My organization tried to improve the software process without success.\u00a0 We seem to get stuck at CMMI level 1 forever. What can we do differently?<\/p>\n

Answer: There are many reasons for organization not improving: It could be the lack of management support, lack of an infrastructure to manage the improvement activities, or lack of skills to make the improvement happen.<\/p>\n

Organization at CMMI level 1 can advance to level 2 by implement basic project controls as follows:<\/p>\n

1) Implement project management disciplines: The fundamental role of a project manager is to insure effective control of commitments.<\/p>\n

This requires adequate planning on the magnitude of the job to be done. Obtain adequate resources, skills and determine what life cycles, standards, technologies, and tools to use in the project and estimate the best schedule, which can be met. All of this needs to be documented in a project plan where project will be managed accordingly.<\/p>\n

2) Implement Line management oversight: Every organization must have line management oversight. This includes review and approval of all major project plans prior to their official commitment. A monthly or quarterly review must be conducted where milestones, schedule commitments, quality performance, cost trends be discussed and mapped back to quality, time, cost, schedule goals of the organizations. Corrective actions must be taken when plans and actuals significantly differ.<\/p>\n

3) Implement Quality assurance verification: A Quality assurance function is chartered to assure management that the software development work is actually done the way it is supposed to be done.<\/p>\n

To be effective, people perform quality assurance must have a lot of experiences, well-respected in the environment where they perform their verification.<\/p>\n

4) Implement Configuration control: Control of changes in software is fundamental to business and financial control as well as to technical stability. To develop quality software on a predictable schedule, the requirements must be established and maintained with reasonably stability throughout the development cycle. Changes will always happen but it must be managed and introduce to the system in an orderly way. While changes are essential, historic evidence demonstrated that if change is not controlled, orderly testing is impossible, and no quality, schedule, cost target can be met.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Two years ago, my organization was appraised at CMMI level 3. Since then, we have NOT doing anything. Are we still at CMMI level 3 or not?<\/p>\n

Answer: Your organization needs to have an appraisal to find out if you are still at level 3. A maturity level is only a \u201cview\u201d of the current process at the time of the appraisal, if organization does not continuously improve then the chance of maintaining that maturity level over time is very slim. It could return to CMMI Level 1 by now.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Our SEPG kept impose new processes that they invented and force us to follow. Is improvement forcing people to follow a \u201cwishful thinking\u201d process?<\/p>\n

Answer: Software process improvement does not impose new processes, it only insures that you have all of the processes needed to do the job, and then provides you with the guidance on how to improve them. Like any new technology, the adoption of any new or improve processes requires an incremental approach such as pilot, try them on a small scale, to see how it works before doing it in a larger scale. Imposing an \u201cuntested solution\u201d on everybody is not a good approach. It creates more resistance to change and unnecessary efforts. Maybe you need to voice your opinion to your manager.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: The higher maturity CMMI Level 4 requires Statistical Process Control (SPC) but I think it is a concept designed for manufacturing not software. Am I correct?<\/p>\n

Answer: Statistical Process Control (SPC) has proven to be useful, valid, and applicable to software engineering and management activities such as software cost estimation, project management, scheduling, staffing, requirements management, design, inspections, test, quality estimation, modeling and software subcontracting to name a few. While it is true that the understanding of SPC in software is probably inadequate, and largely incorrect, there are many examples and case studies of very mature organizations benefiting from this technique.<\/p>\n

SPC has been used to define, stabilize, and make dramatic improvements in organization processes. Many incorrectly believe that SPC requires a defined and stable processes in order to be successful (Which contradict the purpose of using SPC as a way to stabilize an unstable process).<\/p>\n

Just because most organization have not experienced or seen SPC used successfully by immature organizations does not mean it does not apply. (There are many levels 4 and 5 out there in the industry). I believe SPC is not an abstract concept but a simple, powerful technique that has been used by engineers and statisticians for years.s<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n? T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cho n\u0103m … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-909","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/909","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=909"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/909\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":911,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/909\/revisions\/911"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=909"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=909"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=909"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}