{"id":900,"date":"2013-06-25T23:45:14","date_gmt":"2013-06-25T16:45:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=900"},"modified":"2013-06-25T23:45:14","modified_gmt":"2013-06-25T16:45:14","slug":"cmmi-26","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=900","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-26"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qui tr\u00ecnh – Process Asset Library (PAL)?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: M\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m sai th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qui tr\u00ecnh – Process Asset Library (PAL) kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e3i t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 3. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u t\u1edbi n\u00f3 sau khi th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c 2 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. Th\u1ef1c ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed5i l\u00ean ngay c\u1ea3 khi chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 1 sang m\u1ee9c 2.<\/p>\n

T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c, khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu, v\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111o.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef ch\u00fang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 PAL \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t k\u00ec lo\u1ea1i kho n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00edch. N\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ee3i cho t\u1edbi sau khi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 2 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u “th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t” c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. PAL kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay web t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng – n\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1ee7 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng di\u1ec5n ra l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft. Ki\u1ec3u d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m m\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, “ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ngang quy\u1ec1n” kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi nh\u00f3m c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00f9ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hay t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang \u0111i v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 Internet? \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac th\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: V\u00e2ng, qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kinh doanh \u0111ang \u0111i v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 Internet \u0111\u1ea5y. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. C\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00f3ng th\u1eb3ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n – \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch – v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kinh doanh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u0129nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng trong to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch khi c\u1ea7n. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u00f3ng th\u1eb3ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh trong “th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i internet\u201d khi m\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh – ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. L\u00e0m sao t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n v\u1edbi c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a: ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n tham gia ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh th\u1ebf v\u00e0o hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n k\u0129 n\u0103ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi? Sao kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m? \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i b\u1eaft h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 cho t\u1edbi khi h\u1ecd m\u00f2n m\u1ecfi v\u00e0 b\u1ecf \u0111i, xem nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ti\u1ec1n, l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m chi ph\u00ed cho vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 li\u00ean mi\u00ean – qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o, duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t, ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v.v. – v\u00e0 ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y s\u1ebd ng\u1ed1n h\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u00e0o t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n k\u0129 n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, mi\u1ec1n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Trong khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, mi\u1ec1n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, hay n\u1ebfu qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, b\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed cao d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7 d\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1eddi gian kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n trong khi h\u1ecd \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u1ea5p r\u00fat. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ebd ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu sai l\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u00ec t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean mi\u00ean \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1o ra l\u1eafm v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u01a1n. Chung cu\u1ed9c, trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ecf \u0111i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn h\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 “t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7” c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u01b0\u1edbc ra c\u1eeda c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 \u201cChi ph\u00ed cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t minh l\u1ea1i b\u00e1nh xe l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi m\u00e0 khan hi\u1ebfm lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n t\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin hay \u00edch l\u1ee3i hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p:<\/p>\n

Bell Core n\u00f3i l\u1ed7i th\u1ea5p xu\u1ed1ng 10 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi trung b\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u00a0 khi ti\u1ebfn t\u1eeb CMM m\u1ee9c 1 t\u1edbi 4. (Bellcore Press Release Feb 5, 1997)<\/p>\n

Motorola n\u00f3i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t l\u00ean 3 l\u1ea7n, gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian chu k\u00ec\u00a0 3 l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00ean 7 l\u1ea7n khi 85% t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 CMM m\u1ee9c 3 hay tr\u00ean. (Motorola Press Release, 1995)<\/p>\n

Siemens n\u00f3i gi\u1ea3m 50% v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian chu k\u00ec v\u00e0 90% c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi CMM m\u1ee9c 3. (Wasterlid & Mobrin paper in SEPG 1997)<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n CMMI?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n qua \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u1eadp c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c qui t\u1eafc hay chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao mong \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u00e2n theo. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m. (Vi ph\u1ea1m ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00ed c\u00f2n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u1ea7m l\u1ee1 qui tr\u00ecnh).<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, t\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng vi ph\u1ea1m ‘ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch” v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Cho n\u00ean ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t. CMMI c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 cho mi\u1ec1n qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m – t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch bao qu\u00e1t cho m\u1ecdi khu v\u1ef1c qui tr\u00ecnh hay c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi cho t\u1eebng khu v\u1ef1c qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Th\u1ea7y th\u1ea5y g\u00ec khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m thay \u0111\u1ed5i quanh th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y l\u00e0 g\u00ec cho m\u1ea5y n\u0103m t\u1edbi?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ng\u00e0y nay h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ecf (5 t\u1edbi 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) khi so v\u1edbi 10 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn (50 t\u1edbi 200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.\u00a0 C\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi \u00edt vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111ang l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111ang qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u01b0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c CMMI (C\u00f3 tr\u00ean 150 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf m\u1ee9c 5 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, so v\u1edbi 3 trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc). M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u1ee5t sau ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trung t\u00e2m. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p nhanh bao l\u00e2u. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n R&D nh\u01b0ng, g\u00f3i COTS l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi nh\u01b0 chi ti\u00eau v\u1ed1n (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p to\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ti) v\u00e0 b\u1ecb kh\u1ea5u hao c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.\u00a0 Khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti \u00f4m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u COTS (v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang th\u1ebf), ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m qu\u1ea3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i.\u00a0 Khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng ti.\u00a0 C\u1ee9 xem c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 GE, Microsoft, Oracle v\u00e0 IBM v\u00e0 xem c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin ng\u00e0y nay m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, k\u1ebf to\u00e1n vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n phi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m so v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o h\u1ecd.\u00a0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t mang h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng minh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9).<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao CMMI c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Web? M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu trong k\u1ec9 nguy\u00ean Internet kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: M\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y c\u00e1i m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ea3y ra c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi hay vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 e-n\u00e0y hay e-n\u1ecd. C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Web v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00e1c? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n theo d\u00f5i m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng? T\u00f4i tin kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t duy nh\u1ea5t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Web l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhanh h\u01a1n. CMMI ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn; n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong b\u1ea5t k\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng theo ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u00e0 ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t\u00a0 v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3:<\/p>\n

– Th\u1ef1c thi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch<\/p>\n

– Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c<\/p>\n

– L\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1<\/p>\n

– H\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c, qui tr\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u01b0a ra ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o cho c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 ai \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3:<\/p>\n

– X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f3<\/p>\n

– Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng<\/p>\n

– L\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang<\/p>\n

– N\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ”<\/p>\n

– H\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n

– Ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c<\/p>\n

– Ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 trong ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. S\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, duy tr\u00ec tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, hay ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng ti. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111ang \u0111i t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd s\u1ebd gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1y. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e1 thi\u1ebfu, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m? Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f2n chuy\u1ec3n giao ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, h\u1ecd h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ch\u1eafc kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 KH\u00d4NG quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed? Ta h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o hai bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 g\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay trong chuy\u1ebfn bay: c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y: hai bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 g\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.\u00a0 Trong chuy\u1ebfn bay, c\u00f9ng t\u1ed5 bay th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 hai vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh.\u00a0 Trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m — kh\u00f4ng may \u2013 t\u1ed5 l\u00e0m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c nhau. Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p li\u00ean nh\u00f3m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n c\u00f4 l\u1eadp n\u00e0y.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i m\u1eddi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean — nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u ch\u1ed7 gi\u1eefa — c\u00f9ng tham gia v\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 tham gia, \u0111i\u1ec1u tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p li\u00ean nh\u00f3m (m\u1ee9c 3).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English\u00a0 version—–<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: When should we start to build the Process Asset Library (PAL)?<\/p>\n

Answer:\u00a0 A common misconception is that a Process Asset Library (PAL) does not exist until Level 3. Consequently, organizations don’t really pay much attention to it until after a successful Level 2 assessment has been completed. In truth, some elements of that library begin to emerge even when moving from Level 1 to Level 2.<\/p>\n

Process assets are practices, procedures, templates, and examples of things that have already been used and measured, that is, they have associated data that can be compared and identified as best practices. These assets should not be process documents created theoretically without a history of usage and backed up with measured data.<\/p>\n

Since these assets exist, the organization must collect and store them somewhere so people can use them. You may not have a well-defined PAL yet but any sort of repository can help. If the organization waits until after successful attainment of Level 2, chances are they will have lost many of their “best practices”.<\/p>\n

It’s much smarter to plan ahead. A PAL does not have to be a fancy database or web\u2014it can simply be a file cabinet.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is the best way to reduce software defects?<\/p>\n

Answer: Reviews of software products have been around for a long time. Their purpose is to identify and remove defects. The easiest type is a simple code checking done by the programmer and based on a checklist.\u00a0 To avoid individual bias, an informal \u201cpeer review\u201d by a group working in the same project or organization could be conducted. If required, a formal inspection by a well-trained team could be called in to help identify additional defects.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How do you improve the software process of an organization when the world is moving at Internet speed? By the time you complete an assessment the world is already changing.<\/p>\n

Answer: Yes, indeed the world of business is moving at Internet speed. Now more than ever, organizations need to react quickly and accurately. The only consistent way to do that is to align your action plan\u2014particularly the strategic parts such as vision and goals\u2014to the ever-evolving environment that is your business reality. Senior management should set vision and goals and they must be based on an accurate understanding of the true direction of the organization.<\/p>\n

An action plan is always dynamic not static and is used to communicate direction across the organization. All managers need to get involved in tracking the progress of the action plan and be ready to adjust the plan when needed. Aligning process improvement to the business goals makes it possible to continue doing process improvement in \u201cinternet time\u201d when speed and uncertainty are part of the equation.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: My manager is not interested in process improvement\u2014only in achieving a maturity level. How do I change his mind?<\/p>\n

Answer: You need to ask what a maturity level means to the organization without the improvement data. If you are not satisfied with the answer then you do have a choice: Either you participate or you don\u2019t in the maturity level game.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why is there so much emphasis on skill training for new people? Why not let them learn on the job? That could save a lot of money.<\/p>\n

Answer: The practice of hiring inexperienced people and then working them hard until they burn out and leave is, as a cost saving approach, very short sighted. This approach will include the cost of ongoing recruiting\u2014ads, screening, interviews, etc.\u2014and by far will offset any savings from not providing skill training.<\/p>\n

New people need to learn about the tools, the application domain, the software life cycle and the methods practiced in the organization. While you may be able to find people who are knowledgeable in some tools, the application domain and methods do require training. If there is no formal training program in place, or if the process of doing things in the organization is not captured, you are likely to experience high costs in the form of an ongoing drain of your key people.<\/p>\n

On the job training requires significant time from your most experienced people when they are needed to do critical things. However, inexperienced people will make mistakes and if mistakes are not caught in time, it can be even more costly.<\/p>\n

A problem caught by your customer is extremely expensive, and ongoing development of a poor quality application tends to produce even more problems. Finally, in a chaotic environment, your most experienced people may be frustrated and leave and that can be a good deal of your \u201cintellectual property\u201d walking out the door with them.<\/p>\n

The critical question then is \u201cWhat is the cost of reinventing the wheel time and time again?\u201d<\/p>\n

In a time when the labor shortage is critical, it would be wise to take a long-range approach to people management by investing in skill training and making better use of the personnel you already have.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Do you have information on performance benefits of process improvement in other commercial companies?<\/p>\n

Answer:<\/p>\n

Bell Core claimed 10X lower defects than the industry average when advancing from CMM level 1 to 4. (Bellcore Press Release Feb 5, 1997)<\/p>\n

Motorola claimed 3X productivity improvement, 3X cycle time reduction and 7X quality improvement when 85% of software organizations are CMM level 3 or above. (Motorola Press Release, 1995)<\/p>\n

Siemens claimed 50% reduction in cycle time and 90% improve in defects removal when they achieved CMM level 3. (Wasterlid & Mobrin paper in SEPG 1997)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is a policy and why do we need to have a policy on software practices to satisfy the CMMI?<\/p>\n

Answer: Policy is a means by which the intent of senior management is made known to the organization. It is simply a basic set of rules or directions that senior management expects people to follow. Therefore, awareness of the policy is a must for those who are expected to implement the policy. Policy is always looked at with certain amount of sanctity and can not be violated. (Policy violations are dealt with more seriously than a slip-up in processes).<\/p>\n

Similarly, a set of practices without adequate support and the backing of a policy may not be able to be sustained. Not repeating those practices does not violate a ‘policy’ since it does not exist. So a policy is a must to sustain good practices. The CMMI does require certain policies in place for software process areas\u2014organizations can have one policy to cover all PAs or separate policies for each PA.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What do you see as the software world changing around you and what would be your prediction for the next few years?<\/p>\n

Answer: The software world is really changing fast and will continue to change. Today most projects are small (5 to 10 people) when compare with 10 years ago when big projects (50 to 200 people) were popular.\u00a0 The way we build systems also has changed with less developing and more integrating. Many organizations are doing better now than few years ago, they can forecast accurately what it will take to develop software and have their operations well under control. More software organizations are being run like a business, not as a support. More and more software organizations are advancing their CMMI levels (There are over 150 level 5 organizations now, compare with 3 few years ago). Everything became more sophisticated because software has come from behind hardware and takes the center stage. It has created significant value to the business and will continue to grow in importance. However, with software, there are many issues that must be solved and what we do about them will determine how fast software will become part of the business. For example, some software developments are treated as R&D but, COTS packages are treated by many as capital expenditures (especially if there is a enterprise-wide license) and is depreciated just like any other asset.\u00a0 As companies embrace more and more COTS (and they are), software does become an asset on the balance sheet.\u00a0 As companies implement improvement to reduce cost, software becomes a strategic element of the corporate strategy.\u00a0 Look at some of the annual reports for big firms like GE, Microsoft, Oracle and IBM and see what these strategies are.<\/p>\n

I believe people today are much smarter and understand software better than they ever did few years ago.\u00a0 The users, customers, lawyers, accountants, and other non-software professionals knew a lot more about software than we are giving them credit for.\u00a0 As a matter of fact, the world has become very software-literate (but may be not totally software smart).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How does CMMI work in the Web environment? Is the model already obsolete in the Internet era?<\/p>\n

Answer: Each day new start ups are popping up with new ideas or re-packaging of old ideas and call them e-this or e-that. What is the different between the Web environment and other software development environment? Do you have to plan your work? Do you need to ensure changes are controlled? Do you want to track all projects accordingly and release on time? I believe the only different in the Web environment is you have to do everything better and faster. The CMMI is only an improvement model; it can be used in any environment and applied with common sense<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is the different between a manager and a leader?<\/p>\n

Answer: A Manager is someone who is promoted into a position to:<\/p>\n

– Execute a plan<\/p>\n

– React to organization needs<\/p>\n

– Does things right<\/p>\n

– Focus on systems, controls, procedures, processes, and policies<\/p>\n

– Giving direction to subordinate<\/p>\n

A Leader is someone who can:<\/p>\n

– Build a vision and inspire people on that vision<\/p>\n

– Initiate things proactively<\/p>\n

– Do the right things<\/p>\n

– Articulate “what and why”<\/p>\n

– Focus on people<\/p>\n

– Serving others<\/p>\n

– Innovate<\/p>\n

People will always follow a leader but organization always need managers to keep things under control. A balance is needed for any organization to be successful. People don’t seem to get excited or enthused about shorter-term issues like formulating a budget, maintaining the project status, or developing a company policy. They want to know where the organization is going and how they will play a role in moving the organization into its envisioned future. Every organization not only needs leadership competencies like innovation, but also management competencies like achieving bottom-line results. But if an organization is over-managed and under-led, what leadership behaviors should they attempt to foster?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How can we satisfy the coordination among many groups when some groups and customers are not interested? As long as we deliver software on time, they are happy and do not want to interfere with our work.<\/p>\n

Answer: Are you sure your customers only care about schedule and NOT quality and cost? Let look at the two most critical events of an airplane in flight: takeoff and landing. Software projects also mirror this: the two most critical events are requirements analysis and system testing.\u00a0 In flight, the same crew executes both takeoff and landing. \u00a0In software — unfortunately \u2013 the requirement crew and the system test crew usually don’t interact. Intergroup coordination requires an interaction and dialogue between all groups supporting project to explore the differences and similarities of these isolated disciplines.\u00a0 Project manager must invite participants — analysts, testers, and anyone who has ever been anywhere in the middle — to join in. If they did, wonderful things could happen and you would satisfy the intergroup coordination (Level 3).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qui tr\u00ecnh – Process Asset Library (PAL)? \u0110\u00e1p: M\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-900","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/900","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=900"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/900\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":902,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/900\/revisions\/902"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=900"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=900"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=900"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}