{"id":894,"date":"2013-06-25T23:29:21","date_gmt":"2013-06-25T16:29:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=894"},"modified":"2013-06-25T23:29:21","modified_gmt":"2013-06-25T16:29:21","slug":"cmmi-28","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=894","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-28"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Sao th\u1ea7y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 CMMI? Sao kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c? \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 v\u00e0i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0ng theo c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 CMMI hay c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 v\u00e0i nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00ean x\u00e9t t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 CMMI c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 khi ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 CMMI th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh (Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Thu nh\u1eadn, H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v.v.) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung l\u1eabn cho nhau. S\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho CMMI tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a cho nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi Watts Humphrey khi \u00f4ng \u1ea5y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng SW-CMM t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m – Software Engineering Institute (SEI) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u0103m m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y: Watts nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7. B\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng. V\u1eady, n\u1ebfu n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c m\u1ee9c 2 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb hi sinh cho s\u1ee9c \u00e9p l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00f3, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh hay n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. T\u00f4i tin vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5y ra b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u1ea5u tr\u0129 v\u00ec c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n giao s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00f4i c\u0169ng tin b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0o trong c\u00f4 l\u1eadp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 x\u1eed: \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. C\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i v\u00e0o t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Kh\u00f4ng qui tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng b\u1edfi h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh quanh n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, CMMI v\u1edbi n\u0103m m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u1edf m\u1ee9c 4 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o n\u00f3 tin l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kinh doanh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 sau khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chu\u1ea9n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc (OSSP- m\u1ee9c 3) m\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1i hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o l\u00e0 d\u1eabn l\u00e1i kinh doanh m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u00edch l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u1edf m\u1ee9c 4 v\u00e0 5 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 (OSSP) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u \u00edch l\u1ee3i – kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i trong c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecdn. S\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y \u1edf m\u1ee9c 4 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng canh t\u00e2n \u1edf m\u1ee9c 5, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng qui tr\u00ecnh v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc (OSSP) m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed theo \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng\u00a0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n\u00a0 gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec7n, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y trong h\u01a1n 30 n\u0103m qua, m\u00e0 \u00edt hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang l\u1ebb (thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v.v.) v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh – ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Watts Humphrey \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng logic \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh CMMI t\u1ea1o ra v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1i t\u1eebng m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch v\u0103n ho\u00e1 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. V\u0103n ho\u00e1 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh chung v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia s\u1ebb, \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 s\u1ebd n\u1ed5i l\u00ean. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ecb tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp\u00a0 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh chung, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady qu\u1ea3 \u00edt l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft CMMI c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y h\u01a1n c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: C\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u0103m ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u1edf CMMI m\u1ee9c 1. \u00d4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u1ea5y thu\u00ea m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n kh\u00e1c. Nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n m\u1edbi t\u1edbi \u0111em theo nhi\u1ec1u khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho c\u00f4ng ti ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1eabu v\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1ng, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng ti t\u00f4i l\u00e0 CMMI m\u1ee9c 5. Th\u1ea7y ngh\u0129 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti b\u1ea1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng ti b\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c 1 v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em t\u1edbi t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ti b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u1ec3 cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng ti b\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n (m\u1ee9c 5). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 “l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp” v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ti b\u1ea1n s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng tr\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. T\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng \u1ea5y mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0 l\u00ed do \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u00d4ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o cho c\u00f4ng ti m\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh cao v\u1edbi hi v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd mua s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n sao? Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c in m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh gi\u1ea5y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ti \u0111ang \u1edf CMMI m\u1ee9c 5 thay v\u00ec tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i c\u0169ng ngh\u0129 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai tin v\u00e0o \u201cQu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o CMMI m\u1ee9c\u201d nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh m\u1ea5y. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, lo\u1ea1i l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u1ea5u tr\u0129 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd \u0111ang mua g\u00ec v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0m \u0103n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o gi\u1ea3. Khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh cao v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0m \u0103n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Khi l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng CMMI l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ee9c 3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec khi so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 2 nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft? T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec n\u1ebfu SEPG y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho ph\u00e9p qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 SEPG “\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t” c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1ee9c 3 l\u00ean m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m m\u1ee9c 1 g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ee9c 2 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3. C\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh dung ai \u0111\u00f3 t\u1edbi v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho t\u1edbi gi\u1edd l\u00e0 t\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m m\u1edbi, m\u00e0 SEPG \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho h\u1ecd tu\u00e2n theo v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb gi\u1edd tr\u1edf \u0111i. B\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 g\u00ec n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn?\u00a0 B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd nghe ai \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng? B\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ra c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c v.v. m\u1ee9c 3 nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, \u1edf m\u1ee9c 1, kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian vi\u1ebft ra \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn; b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft b\u1ea1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ee9c 2, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c chu\u1ea9n. M\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thay v\u00ec tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1o ra. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c SEPG thu th\u1eadp, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u00f3m SQA s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1ee9c 2 s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p SEPG h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t chu\u1ea9n, \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 3.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a CMMI \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Carnegie Mellon v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh qua th\u1eddi gian. Xin \u0111\u1eebng nh\u1ea3y qua c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: \u1ede m\u1ee9c 3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 4?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u1ede CMMI m\u1ee9c 4, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang c\u1ea3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng qui tr\u00ecnh mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 X l\u1ed7i tr\u00ean KLOC; kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 Y % bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean gi\u1eefa k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng so v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ef1a ra c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh\u00a0 hay qui tr\u00ecnh con trong c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (c\u1eadn tr\u00ean & c\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi)<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp C\u00e1ch \u0111o Hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng-Qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111o m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng-qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

6) \u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch \u0111o v\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a cho m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea)<\/p>\n

2) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0L\u1ef1a c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh con b\u00ean trong qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

3) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh con c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng qui tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nhu c\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

4) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0D\u00f9ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i khi\u00a0 c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

5) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a b\u00ean tronng qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

6) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 SQA ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1ch \u0111o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ef1a cho vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

7) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111o v\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n\u00a0 t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a.<\/p>\n

8) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a.<\/p>\n

9) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng-qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa khi c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

10) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ghi l\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong kho c\u00e1ch \u0111o c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00e0nh cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

11) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0L\u1ef1a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

12) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n chung c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u1edf CMMI m\u1ee9c 5, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 4 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 song song thay v\u00ec tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1:<\/p>\n

13) Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c 5 nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u1edf m\u1ee9c 4)<\/p>\n

14) \u0110\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean\u00a0 v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

15) \u0110\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng SQA v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ngang quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng? T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ngang quy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi “ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngang quy\u1ec1n” hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f9ng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m KH\u00d4NG CH\u00cdNH TH\u1ee8C c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hay tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ea5t k\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o trong v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n (k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, m\u00e3, v.v.).<\/p>\n

SQA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m KH\u00c1CH QUAN s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.\u00a0 B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a SQA l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn KH\u00c1CH QUAN v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i KH\u00d4NG thi\u00ean v\u1ecb cho n\u00ean SQA KH\u00d4NG n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: C\u00f4ng ti t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf CMMI m\u1ee9c 5. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec ti\u1ebfp? C\u00f3 m\u1ee9c 6 kh\u00f4ng? T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 m\u1ee9c 4 v\u00e0 5 l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c 2 hay 3. Th\u1ea7y ngh\u0129 sao?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c sang m\u1ee9c sau. Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ee9c 2 v\u00e0 3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0o hai m\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean mi\u1ec1n qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ee9c 4 v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c 5 song song thay v\u00ec tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ee9c 4 v\u00ec m\u1ee9c 4 h\u1ecdi t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 kh\u1eed b\u1ecf ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 5.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ee9c 5 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u1ede m\u1ee9c 5, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u00e0 c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y \u0111o k\u00edch c\u1ee1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u1ebfu th\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 (LOC) hay \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (FP)?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110o k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111o k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a pha y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. \u0110o k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. \u0110o k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a pha th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh con, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean, em th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00edch l\u1edbp k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ea1i Carnegie Mellon nh\u01b0ng em b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc th\u00eam.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y\u00a0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian cho \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft xu h\u01b0\u1edbng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c\u00a0 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tham d\u1ef1 l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1eeb d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. T\u00f4i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, t\u00f4i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng d\u00e0nh v\u00e0i kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u00f4i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft. T\u00f4i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd \u0111ang l\u00e0m lo\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb h\u1ecd. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc. T\u00e2m tr\u00ed l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 d\u1ec5 ph\u00ed ho\u00e0i kinh kh\u1ee7ng.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti kh\u00e1c? R\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed do \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, hay h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng\u00a0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. N\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng ti g\u1eb7p th\u1eddi k\u00ec kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e2u s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111i n\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng quanh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi? N\u1ebfu y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i, l\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3?<\/p>\n

Kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft t\u1ed1t – r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m t\u1eedh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ph\u1ea1m vi, v\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n giao, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed\u00a0 do t\u1ea1i sao CMMI y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u1edf m\u1ee9c 2 (Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7u). Khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u v\u00e0o trong qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 so v\u1edbi v\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n giao. N\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n cung c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4n ngoan nh\u00ecn sang n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm trong chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh doanh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed: doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng Business to Consumer (B2C), doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi doang nghi\u1ec7p Business to Business (B2B). Th\u1ebf c\u00f2n doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Business to Government (B2G) th\u00ec sao? Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kinh doanh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i sau khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n trong vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0o tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn, t\u00f4i tin th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed doanh nghi\u00eap v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 B2G hay G2B, l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti t\u01b0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c website ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. IBM g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra website ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. C\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 l\u00ean web v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Nh\u00f3m Gartner \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi ti\u00eau v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 bang v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd t\u0103ng t\u1eeb $1 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 2000 l\u00ean h\u01a1n $16 t\u1ec9 trong n\u0103m 2010. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng B2G c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u0169ng sinh ra thu nh\u1eadp cho c\u00f4ng ti x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1eef website c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: M\u0129 c\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hay \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ch\u00fang ta? Xin c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y, M\u0129 v\u1eabn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng xa \u0111\u1eb1ng sau. N\u1ebfu xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m t\u1edbi, M\u0129 v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n nhau.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 n\u0103m 2007 t\u1ed5ng $60 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u0129 v\u1edbi 70% xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang M\u0129. Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 TCS, H.C.L, Wipro, v\u00e0 Infosys Technologies \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf M\u0129 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm 24% kinh doanh n\u00e0y tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 n\u0103m 2010 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 $100 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la, s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm 30% th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n kinh doanh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec7n, l\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua do nhu c\u1ea7u cao. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ec9 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vai tr\u00f2 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p qui m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh? N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gia t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u CMMI?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 kinh doanh n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tri th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef trong \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Khi h\u1ecd ra \u0111i, h\u1ecd \u0111em tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t. Tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, c\u00f4ng ti th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tri th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Ta h\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hay qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft bao! N\u1eafm b\u1eaft tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec – c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0o d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu nh\u1eadn, c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 truy l\u1ee5c tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec7n, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u00e0y tr\u00ean website n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: Sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00ec v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn? N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed vi m\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Kh\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed vi m\u00f4 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00ec v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed truy nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 vi ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u doanh nghi\u1ec7p, thu l\u1ea5y t\u00ednh th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00ean hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—–<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why do you advocate software process improvement using the CMMI framework? Why not other models?<\/p>\n

Answer: There are several models to improve the software process but from my own perspective, a model is just a theory but it is the skills and experiences of people who use it to make things happen. Before decide to use the CMMI framework or something else, there are few factors that the organization should consider.<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 There are empirical evidences that the CMMI framework does work and much of it published either in software journals and professional papers. There is no similar evidence on other improvement models. My question is why would an organization want to use something when we don\u2019t know whether it will work or not?<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CMMI framework is really a family of models (Software, People, Acquisition, System integrated etc.) that have been adopted internationally and designed to complement one another. This richness of information has helped the CMMI to become the model of choice for many organizations all over the world.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I worked with Watts Humphrey when he developed the SW-CMM at the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) and do have some insight into the five- level approach: Watts realized that there was a natural ordering to the problems an organization must solve to improve software practices. He realized that an organization must fix their schedule and project problems before solving engineering problems. Otherwise, the engineering practices would never have a chance to survive in the chaotic created by unreasonable schedules. Thus, if a Level 2 capability were not established, engineering practices would be sacrificed to schedule pressures.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0I found that other models only focusing on taking any single process and improving it, regardless of maturity level or capability of an organization. I believe allowing people to pick whatever they want to improve is na\u00efve since management will never allow engineers to do whatever they like without concrete evidence that it will solve basic problems and deliver quality product within a certain time.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I also believe any improvement in isolation without the entire organization involvement will lead to awkward situations: What would happen when you have the best testing process but work in an environment where software is released based on a fix schedule and frequently not tested. Imagine that the control charts that will be generated by a formerly stable process receive input from an out of control process. No engineering process can achieve its level of efficiency if it is disrupted by the chaos of the processes around it.<\/p>\n

6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 From the management point of view, CMMI with five maturity levels makes sense because at level 4 the organization can determine which processes it believes are most critical to its business results and target those for statistical control. The organization can only do that after it has established a solid standard development process (OSSP- Level 3) that has the data and insight to determine which processes are the critical business drivers.<\/p>\n

7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Based on my own experiences, the strong benefits that have been demonstrated at Levels 4 and 5 require the organization established a full standard process (OSSP) that can be integrated with others\u2019 processes to optimize the benefits\u2014not just a few of the processes that people choose. The explosion of asset reuse and the level of schedule predictability observed at level 4 and the ability to innovate at level 5, all require that the organization has a solid standard process foundation (OSSP) that can be quantitatively managed and that people are trained to use that process. This cannot be accomplished by a single approach as other models advocates.<\/p>\n

8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 By the way, the software industry has been trying to improve in this single piece approach for more than 30 years, with little or no success. Since the 1970s, people has selected individual processes (design, testing, coding etc.) and tried to improve them in isolation. The improvements did not survive because the organization did not solve its fundamental problem\u2014controlling the project schedule. Watts Humphrey realized the need to prioritize the problems he had to solve. The maturity framework was a logical path to improving the whole development process.<\/p>\n

9.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The CMMI models create different cultures at each maturity level. For example, Level 3 organizations can be observed to see how a professional culture took hold by the sharing of best practices. A culture is composed of many shared practices and the more people share, the better that culture will emerge. Other approach does not cause the organization to be pervaded by common practices, and as such does little to change the organization’s culture. Cultural change is very critical to institutionalizing the practices and achieving the benefits of process improvement.<\/p>\n

I am sure in the future there could be better models but at this time, I know the CMMI works well in many organizations and that is why I advocate this model over others.<\/p>\n

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Question: My company is appraised last year at CMMI Level 1 by a consultant. My boss did not like the result so he hired another consultant. The new consultant came with many templates and documents for our company to use, including sample data and within ten months, he appraised my company as CMMI Level 5. What level do you think we should be at?<\/p>\n

Answer: Without conduct an appraisal, I can not tell about the maturity level of your company. However, it is possible that the first consultant was honest and appraised your company as Level 1 since it does not have any documented processes. The second consultant brought in his own documents and templates then use them as evidences that your company already had all the documented processes as well as statistical data so he could appraise your company at higher level (Level 5). This could be considered \u201cCheating\u201d and it is possible that he sold the maturity level at a price your company was willing to pay.<\/p>\n

My issue is not with the consultant but with your boss. Why would he want to achieve something that the company is not and what is the reason for doing that? Does he want to advertise the company as a high maturity level with the hope that people will buy your products and services? In that case, he could save a lot of money by print out a piece of paper claiming that the company is a CMMI level 5 rather than pay the consultant.<\/p>\n

I also think anyone who believes an \u201cAdvertising CMMI level\u201d as a guarantee of high quality without verifying it, is not very smart. Basically, this kind of cheating is very na\u00efve because most people do know what they are buying and would never do business with company that is intentionally cheating them by false advertising. When people saw companies claim to achieve a high maturity level and look at the quality of the work being delivered, they can tell the different and of course, they never do business with that company again.<\/p>\n

Question: When planning software process improvement using the CMMI as the framework, what are the problems of going for Level 3 as opposed to achieve Level 2 as a prerequisite? I do not see the different if SEPG requires software people to follow a defined standard process.<\/p>\n

Answer: The idea of SEPG “imposing” level 3 processes on a group of level 1 people who are not yet trained to follow a level 2 is very difficult. Imagine somebody come and tell all developers that the way they have been working so far is bad, and this is the new way, that the SEPG defined for them to follow and this is how we are working from now on. What do you think if you are a hard working developer?\u00a0 Do you think that you will listen to someone that you do not know tell you how to do your job? Anyone can write Level 3 processes, policies, procedures, etc. but it takes a lot of knowledge and skills to understand how to change an organization within its unique collective behaviors.<\/p>\n

Typically, at Level 1, nobody knows what works, what does not work since nothing is documented. It takes time to write down what developers do as a communication tool to really understand what really works, what does not work and how to improve them. This is the first step of all improvements; you must know where you are before you can go somewhere.<\/p>\n

At level 2, there are number of things can be done without requiring that they be performed in a standard manner. All projects are requested to document their own processes rather than following something documented by another. As a consequence, the organization may have some diverse processes established in different projects. However, this is where the foundation is laid because these processes are created by the developers. Based on measurements data collected by the SEPG, they can determine on the efficiency and effectiveness of the various processes to identify what is working best. The SQA group will ensure that the metrics are well defined and correspond to the reality. This analysis of the existing Level 2 processes will allow the SEPG to consolidate and improve these processes into the standard best practices, leading to a level 3 organizational process.<\/p>\n

The maturity levels of the CMMI are created based on many years of research at CarnegieMellonUniversity and they serve a purpose of allowing the organization to mature over time. Please do not skip level.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: As a Level 3, we have established organization standard process and provide training to all software people in our organization. We do not know what to do to achieve Level 4?<\/p>\n

Answer: At CMMI Level 4, the improvement focus is broaden to both project and organization business.<\/p>\n

At the organization level, you need to:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Establish a performance baseline, which characterize the expected process performance of the organization\u2019s standard processes.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Set quality objectives for all software projects. For example no more than X defects per KLOC; no more than Y % variation between estimated plan vs. actual.<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0 Have the organization select processes or sub-process in the organization\u2019s standard processes for performance analyses such as set control limit (upper & lower bound)<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0 Have the organization establish Process-Performance Measures by maintain definitions of the measures that are to be included in the organization\u2019s process-performance analyses.<\/p>\n

6) Have the organization selected the measures and analytical techniques to be used in statistically managing the selected process for all projects.<\/p>\n

At the project level, you need to:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Establish the project’s performance objectives such as set quality goals, quantitative process compliance goal (for example: Number of process under statistical control)<\/p>\n

2) Select the sub-processes within the project’s defined process to be under statistical managed based on historical stability and capability data. You need to identify control limits by analyze your own data.<\/p>\n

3) Analyze the collective performance of the project’s sub-processes to predict whether the project’s objectives for quality and process performance will be satisfied and identify the need for corrective action as appropriate.<\/p>\n

4) Use calibrated process performance models to identify, analyze, and execute corrective action when necessary.<\/p>\n

5) Identify and statistical manage performance of selected sub-processes within the project’s defined process by setting control limit.<\/p>\n

6) Have SQA review to make sure project follow the measures and analytical techniques selected by the organization for managing its processes?<\/p>\n

7) Establish an understanding of the variation of the selected sub-processes using the selected measures and analytical techniques.<\/p>\n

8) Identify, address, and prevent reoccurrence of special causes of variation in the selected sub-processes.<\/p>\n

9) Analyze the performance of the selected sub processes to predict their capability to satisfy their quality and process-performance objectives, and take corrective action as necessary.<\/p>\n

10) Record statistical and quality management data in the organization’s measurement repository for future analysis.<\/p>\n

11) Select certain data for analysis, using established criteria.<\/p>\n

12) Analyze common causes of variation to understand the inherent quality and process performance constraints.<\/p>\n

The following are addressed at CMMI level 5, but I think at Level 4 you can do it concurrently rather than serially:<\/p>\n

13) Conduct causal analysis on selected problems to determine their root causes (This is more a Level 5 but you can do it even at level 4)<\/p>\n

14) Propose actions to address selected common causes of variation and to prevent recurrence of selected problems in the organization.<\/p>\n

15) Submit process- and technology-improvement proposals based on historical data and project performance analysis?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Is it possible to have developers in project performing both SQA and Peer Review functions? Why and why not?<\/p>\n

Answer: The term Peer Reviews, as its name implies, are done by “Peers” or people who are working on the project with you to INFORMALLY review your work to determine if it is good but will not evaluate you or verify your products for formal acceptance. Such reviews are done for the purpose of detecting, as early as possible, any problems in your software artifacts (plan, design, code, etc.).<\/p>\n

SQA is done by people who are in a position to verify OBJECTIVELY the software products and processes.\u00a0 You we must not forget that the intent of SQA is requiring an OBJECTIVE view and should NOT be biased so SQA should NOT be performed by people who work on the project.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: My company is appraised at CMMI Level 5. What should we do next? Is there a Level 6? I think level 4 and 5 are easy to achieve than level 2 or 3. What do you think?<\/p>\n

Answer:<\/p>\n

If you are successful, the momentum would be there and I am not surprised at your enthusiast to continue to the next level. Based on my experiences, organizations that have been successful in process improvement and master all the process areas of level 2 and 3 can move faster in the next two levels. Some could even work on process areas of Level 4 and Level 5 concurrently rather than serially. I think the Causal Analysis and Resolution can be done at Level 4 since Level 4 is focusing on using data to improve the organization business. Identify the cause of problems and eliminate them is the right thing to do and do not need to wait until Level 5.<\/p>\n

I believe the focus of Level 5 is on sustaining excellence by a demonstration of measurable and performance excellence. At level 5, the organization is fully matured by having consistent performance in every aspect. The issue here is how to sustain the momentum of software excellence in a rapidly changing environment.<\/p>\n

Question: How do you measure software size if you do not use Line of code (LOC) or Function Point (FP)?<\/p>\n

Answer: The size measure can vary in the software life cycle. For example, the size measure of the requirements phase is the number of requirements. The size measure of design phase is the number of design elements. The size measure of implement phase is the number of lines of code, subroutines, object or class of object in the completed source code.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: As a student, I really enjoy your software engineering classes at Carnegie Mellon but I am working now and do not have time to learn more.<\/p>\n

Answer: All of us are busy with our daily life of balancing between work and family. Not many can afford to take time out for the training that is essential to stay current with technology. We know that to stay competitive in the changing time as an individual, ongoing learning is a critical component to success. It is important to know the trends in the industry, to know what is important and what is not, and to continue to learn and grow both as a person and a professional. However, learning does not necessarily mean you have to attend classes. You can learn a lot from your daily activities, from your projects, from others and from your friends. The opportunity to learn is endless if you are serious about learning. I am strongly believed in lifelong learning from every opportunity. Before going home each day, I always spend a few moments to reflect on the day’s activities with the intent to gain insight and learn from my mistakes. I always talk to my team and ask them about the trends in the industry and what are things that I should know. I always correspondent with my friends, many are professors in universities, to know what kind of research that they are doing so I can learn from them. I think all of us can do the same. Do not let time go by without learning. A mind is a terrible thing to waste.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why are we outsourcing software development to other companies? What are the risks of not building software internally?<\/p>\n

Answer: The current trend today is to outsource part of the software development to other companies. There are many reasons for doing it such as the organization may not have enough resources to get the job done internally, or they do not have the critical skills to do it. However, outsourcing is a very special skill in itself that needs special attention. If the company has a difficult time managing their own projects what would be the chance of successfully managing a project half way around the world? If the requirements continue to change, how would you control and manage those changes?<\/p>\n

Outsourcing requires the need for well-written requirements\u2014clear, concise, and testable. It is very important to put significant effort into this activity to come up with a contract that clearly specifies scope, deliverables, schedule, and change control mechanism. Another key point when working with other companies is that you should have at least as much control and insight into what is going on as you would with your own group. Managing and monitoring your suppliers are very important issues. That is why CMMI requires this skill at Level 2 (Subcontract Management). When working with suppliers, the organization must have the right to ensure that they have insight into the process being used and the progress against the deliverables. If the supplier does not want to provide that insight to mitigate your risk, you may be wise to look elsewhere.<\/p>\n

When problems arise in a outsourcing situation, a solution is often sought in the details of the contract. What is not written can not be enforced. Therefore, you must carefully craft your contract to avoid getting to that problem point.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: There are several e-business models: Business to Consumer (B2C), Business to Business (B2B). What about Business to Government (B2G)? Is there a market to do e- business with government?<\/p>\n

Answer: Although several governments have lagged behind the private sector in the rush to get on-line, I believe business-to-government e-commerce, known as B2G or G2B, is very big. Several private companies have recently begun hosting government web sites and building government virtual marketplaces. IBM recently collaborated with U.S Government to provide online consulting for government agencies and create government web sites to serve the needs of citizens. There is a dramatic increase in the government’s recognition of the value of putting things on the web and the value they can bring to its citizens. The Gartner Group estimates spending on e-commerce by federal, state, and local governments will increase from $1 billion in 2000 to more than $16 billion in 2010. It is possible that the B2G market may become the largest e-commerce market in the world possibly reducing the government’s need for administrative staff and also generating revenue for companies that build and host government sites.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Does the U.S. remains number one in software or has India passed us by? Please keep us up to date on these trends.<\/p>\n

Answer: At this time, the U.S still has the lead but India is not far behind. If the trend continues, in the next few years, U.S and India could be very close.<\/p>\n

Here are some data: India’s software exports in 2007 totaled $60 billion U.S. dollars with 70% of the exports going to the U.S. Today India\u2019s companies such as TCS, H.C.L, Wipro, and Infosys Technologies are well known in the U.S. and in the world. India’s software exports were 24% of the worldwide business. It is estimated that in 2010 India’s exports will increase to approximately $100 billion, which will amount to 30% share of worldwide software business. By the way, Indian software engineers\u2019 salaries also increased significantly in the past several years due to high demand. Many no longer want to do just programming but demand a bigger role in project management, system design, and large-scale integration and they already outsource software development to other lower cost countries.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why do we need to document a process? Is it a value-added activity or just to satisfy the CMMI requirements?<\/p>\n

Answer: Software Engineering is a knowledge intensive business. However, this knowledge is not documented for others to use but kept in the heads of developers. When they leave, they take their knowledge with them and the undocumented knowledge is lost. Knowledge is the asset, the value, and the intellectual property of the company. Without documentation, the company does not even know what kind of knowledge they lost.<\/p>\n

Let\u2019s imagine that we can reuse all the experience and knowledge of how to successfully develop software or manage projects. How powerful and desirable that would be! Capturing knowledge is what process documentation is all about\u2014how to represent and store knowledge and what tools to use to acquire, store, search, and retrieve knowledge and experience effectively and efficiently.<\/p>\n

By the way, this questions and answers in this website is another way of documenting and sharing my knowledge with all of you.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why do we need periodic review of improvement activities? Is it micro management?<\/p>\n

Answer: No, it is not micro management but an effective way of monitor organizational investment in process improvement. Periodic reviews of improvement activities enables manager to assess improvement progress, critical performance issues, analyze improvement results for fine-tuning and optimizing the business, gain visibility into improvement tasks and their impact on organization\u2019s performance.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Sao th\u1ea7y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 CMMI? Sao kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c? \u00a0 \u0110\u00e1p: … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-894","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/894","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=894"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/894\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":896,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/894\/revisions\/896"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=894"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=894"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=894"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}