{"id":888,"date":"2013-06-25T23:12:05","date_gmt":"2013-06-25T16:12:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=888"},"modified":"2013-06-25T23:12:05","modified_gmt":"2013-06-25T16:12:05","slug":"cmmi-30","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=888","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-30"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng? T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m mi\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m\u00a0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc hay nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ra c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. C\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong kinh doanh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed doanh nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o l\u1eafm v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng. N\u1ebfu b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1ecb tr\u1ec5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u1ed5. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c t\u1edbi t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i tin \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh thay v\u00ec c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Th\u1ea7y ngh\u0129 sao?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft t\u00f4i t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng? H\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u1eeb ‘th\u00f4ng minh” x\u0103m l\u00ean tr\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng? Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00f4ng ti n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e3ng 5 n\u0103m. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 20% m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. \u0110i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft h\u00f4m nay s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi nhanh t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c v\u00e0i n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn trong an ninh vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. K\u1ebb s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u00e0y.\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i quay v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0 chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cung c\u1ea5p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u00f4i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1edfi m\u1edf cho nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh, doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bao qu\u00e1t m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201ct\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp\u201d bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd d\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. T\u00f4i tin vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a SEPG l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0y n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, n\u01a1i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh; k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh doanh. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111ang l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 trong n\u0103m nay. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1edf gi\u1eefa ch\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111i v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ai s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 n\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Kh\u00f4ng, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i KH\u00d4NG. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong khi t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0o thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec. Trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gia t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111i, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1edbi. Xin h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ee3i chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Th\u1ea7y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd g\u00ec khi th\u1ea7y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean SEPG c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u1ef1c?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean SEPG KH\u00d4NG trung th\u1ef1c khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c mu\u1ed1n nghe, b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3, gay go, tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o hay che gi\u1ea5u \u0111\u1eb1ng sau nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao th\u1ea7y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1ch \u0111o? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u00e0 n\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian ch\u1eb3ng ai d\u00f9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi hay thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ed1n bao nhi\u00eau trong n\u0103m qua cho t\u1eebng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng? \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u1eddi gian nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n? B\u1ea1n d\u00e0nh bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eddi gian cho vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai? Con s\u1ed1 trung b\u00ecnh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i ngh\u00ecn d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00f3, b\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. C\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean SEPG nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p cho lo\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean SEPG l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt cao v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, mi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 li\u00ean quan. D\u00f9ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb \u00fd ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, thu th\u1eadp nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111o ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. B\u1ea1n bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n qui tr\u00ecnh then ch\u1ed1t. Trong lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hay nh\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: Ch\u1eb3ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, h\u1ecd bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00f3 hi v\u1ecdng n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Trong k\u1ec9 nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nhanh h\u01a1n \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 trong vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn chung. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y h\u00e3y tin r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Qui t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y (Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 th\u1eafng) s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0 chung cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng cho c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta (kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n) nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng Th\u1eafng\/Th\u1eafng hay Thua\/Thua nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng Th\u1eafng\/Thua \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p. N\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, doanh nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafng. Theo tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t\u00a0 tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y – cho d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p, hay m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft. Khi nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tan bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o trong qui tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan. T\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tin l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u qua l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m hi v\u1ecdng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Th\u1ea7y l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh “hi\u1ec7n th\u1ebf” v\u00e0 “c\u1ea7n th\u1ebf” \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c 2?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh hai pha: \u201chi\u1ec7n th\u1ebf\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ea7n th\u1ebf.\u201d Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u01b0a th\u00edch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mong \u0111\u1ee3i (c\u1ea7n th\u1ebf) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi chi ti\u1ebft cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea3o ra. Ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0: \u201cT\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c 2 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng tin n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh “hi\u1ec7n th\u1ebf,” thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi hay “hi\u1ec7n th\u1ebf” l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 sinh linh theo th\u00f3i quen s\u1ebd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ea5t k\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u00e1i “hi\u1ec7n th\u1ebf” sang c\u00e1i \u201cc\u1ea7n th\u1ebf\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i cho b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed “kinh doanh v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho qui tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh sang m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00ed c\u1ee7a l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o qui tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c (h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t) v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao b\u1eadn t\u00e2m t\u1edbi qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, n\u00f3 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u00ed ho\u00e0i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

a) L\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1ecdi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sau tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

b) Thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang cho \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

c) Tu\u00e2n theo th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra hay khi \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

d) Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ecdi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed.<\/p>\n

e) T\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 chu\u1ea9n, theo d\u00f5i l\u1ed7i, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n

Quan ni\u1ec7m qui tr\u00ecnh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. L\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 n\u0103ng n\u1ed5 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0o r\u1ee7i ro nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trong h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u1edbi t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u00fa v\u1ecb khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra qui tr\u00ecnh cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn chung.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3? Sao kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9 l\u00e0m n\u00f3 \u0111i?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n cho n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u1edbi “\u0111\u00edch” c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ti m\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 pha y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00fac n\u00e0y\u00a0 nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 hi v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u00edt nh\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh m\u1ee9c 3. L\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ee9c 3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1? N\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n quan ni\u1ec7m t\u00f2 m\u00f2 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh? T\u1ea1i sao m\u1ee9c 3 l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng cho b\u1ea1n? C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c gian nan. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn,\u00a0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed7 cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 x\u00e9t t\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3? B\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng? B\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp s\u1ebd l\u00e0 g\u00ec? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng? C\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9? T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a ti\u1ebfn xa m\u1ea5y trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n Mi\u1ec1n qui tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m Software Product Engineering Process Area (PA), \u0111i\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0o l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a CMMI? H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u1ee9c 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ee9c 2 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt.\u00a0 Ch\u1eb3ng \u00edch g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o chu\u1ea9n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf s\u00f3t vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n ho\u00e1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee9c 2, v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 nh\u01b0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee9c 3 m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m: a) Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Nh\u00f3m qui tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m – Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG), n\u1ebfu nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i; v\u00e0 b) B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ngang quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 g\u00ec? N\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ngang quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? L\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Th\u1ea7y t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, trong qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u tra ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ngang quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u2013 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ngang quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

L\u1ed7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m trong \u0111\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd \u1edf ph\u00fat ch\u00f3t. L\u1ed7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong nhi\u1ec1u pha v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u2013 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t, b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n – Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS)?\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u00f9ng COTS thay v\u00ec x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong nh\u00e0 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m \u0111i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 (COTS). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eafm v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Hai \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m COTS l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i COTS l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

L\u00ed do c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean COTS l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m \u00edt th\u1eddi gian\u00a0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, do \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1edfi v\u00ec hai nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 x\u00e1c\u00a0 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb trong vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng COTS:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat b\u1edbt nh\u01b0ng chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u00f9ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m COTS c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng n\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ee7i ro, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n COTS, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00ean x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u00fang cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i; ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m; thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ti\u1ec1n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p; \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng COTS; x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn h\u1eadu t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u; mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i hay h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n do nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p trao; v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu do kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hay ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro duy nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n COTS trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed5 d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, trong khi v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng mong mu\u1ed1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n COTS c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn chi ph\u00ed-hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3\u00a0 nh\u1ea5t, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u r\u00fat ng\u1eafn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n COTS l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ec9 khi ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m \u1edf giao c\u1ee7a ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi (c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c), v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7. Ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n COTS l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng mua s\u1eafm hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c tin c\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi trong ph\u1ea1m vi ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u s\u1eb5n c\u00f3. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh – \u0111i\u1ec1u bao h\u00e0m c\u00e1c xem x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00ed – b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, v\u00e0 kho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c? T\u1ea1i sao th\u1ea7y ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n? T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh CMMI \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c mong \u0111\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn). Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong H\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ecf (\u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n, ng\u1eafn th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n); do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan l\u00e0 \u0111i tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u1ecfi v\u00e0i tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, v\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed! B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ‘b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i” ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang ta thu th\u1eadp th\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. Ch\u00fang ta d\u00f9ng CMMI \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quan s\u00e1t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thu th\u1eadp nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f4\u00a0 h\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 CMMI, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u, hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u sai.<\/p>\n

Theo c\u1ea3nh quan c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, CMMI l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. Khi t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra cho \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3. Gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t, t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh r\u1ee7i ro c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. N\u00f3 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng \u0111i t\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 m\u1ee9c CMMI v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 60 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng 47 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng. Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n CMMI khi \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng? H\u1ecd c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 d\u00f9ng CMMI kh\u00f4ng? Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: CMMI l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, KH\u00d4NG PH\u1ea2I l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.\u00a0 Khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 CMMI c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o, l\u1edbn hay nh\u1ecf, d\u00f9 n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng hay kh\u00f4ng.\u00a0 N\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (\u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i v.v), v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. H\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh so v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0a ra, l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 CMMI h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o C\u00c1I G\u00cc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n – \u0111i\u1ec1u theo ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t. L\u00c0M SAO ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 \u1edf l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1edfi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. V\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, cho n\u00ean BAO NHI\u00caU c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1eafm. T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti d\u00f9ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp v\u00e0 h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng CMMI l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tu\u00e2n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: D\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo n\u0103m m\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 n\u0103m m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a CMMI:<\/p>\n

M\u1ee9c 1:<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u anh h\u00f9ng<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn anh h\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, b\u1edfi\u00a0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

M\u1ee9c 2:<\/p>\n

<\/a>Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111i t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u1eafp v\u00e1 (\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i) v\u1eabn l\u00e0 qui t\u1eafc<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 do th\u1eddi gian<\/p>\n

M\u1ee9c 3:<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n tu\u00e2n theo ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ta chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111o ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u1eabn bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea<\/p>\n

M\u1ee9c 4:<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i bao xa b\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea m\u1ecdi tu\u1ea7n<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p bao nhi\u00eau cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a t\u1ed1i \u01b0u qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady<\/p>\n

M\u1ee9c 5:<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta li\u00ean t\u1ee5c canh t\u00e2n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi ch\u00fang t\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1nh tay r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i trong cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t!<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—–<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CMMI-30<\/p>\n

Question: Should a person without software development experience be given the job of software project manager? Why and why not?<\/p>\n

Answer: This is a very interesting question but it depends on the particular project and on personality characteristics of the software project manager. For some projects, a project manager with domain expertise is far more important than one with software development experience. For example, in the biotechnology industry, software project managers are often biologists or scientist. If they are good leaders, they can rely on their team’s software expertise to make technical decisions. The same could be found in business and marketing where a good business manager may be more important than one with software experience since he may be more customer-focused, as opposed to technology-focused. However, in a software industry, a software project manager must validate technical decisions and directions for the project. Without any software development experience, the manager may not be qualified to validate such decisions. As project manager needs to communicate to the development team. If he has no software experience, he will likely not be well versed in the programmer’s terminology and maybe unable to effectively direct the project. A software project manager with no experience is a bad judge of the effort required to implement features. If in addition, he does not keep track of effort, and, the developers in his team are not good,\u00a0 the project will almost certainly be late. A manager without experience may have difficulties in gaining the respect and trust of the developers in the team. This can negatively influence the team’s dynamics and the developer’s productivity.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: I believe what our company really need is hiring smart people instead of process improvement. Smart people can do a lot of things correctly and do not need to improve. What do you think?<\/p>\n

Answer: Can you tell me where do I find smart people? Do they have the word \u201cSmart\u201d tattooed in their forehead? Based on my experiences, the best people for any company are not the smartest ones but the one with ability to learn. Technology today has a shelf life of about 5 years. That means obsolescence occurs at the rate of 20% a year. What you know today will become obsolete so fast that few years from now you may face uncertainty in securing a job. The only survivors are life long learners whom constant learning and changing will help them to thrive in this fast changing world.\u00a0 Learning does not mean you have to go back to school since people can learn from everyday activities such as the sharing of best practices, the analysis of data, lessons learned after project completion. Software organization offers a great deal of learning opportunities since it is changing on a daily basis. We are all very familiar with requirements change or technology change. I strongly believe that workplace provides the best learning environment. If we become complacent and not open for the on-going changes, such as process improvement activities, we will miss a significant opportunity to learn and the organization that fails to learn will not be successful in the long term. To success in the fast changing world, business must be able to cope with all changes by becoming a \u201clearning organization\u201d that always learn new things or else cease to exist. I believe the role of the SEPG is to create this learning organization where best practices are collected and shared. We must create a learning atmosphere, where learning goals are defined; skills and knowledge are clearly identified and linked to business strategy. Of course, the ability to learn still rest with the individual but a right environment and reward system can promote lifelong learning in all of us.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: My organization is planning an assessment this year. However, we are in a middle of a major re-organization. Our manager has left and we do not know who will be the new boss. Should we continue to plan our assessment?<\/p>\n

Answer: No, absolutely NOT. Starting improvement during re-organization would be counterproductive because any improvement gains would be very difficult to sustain over a period of time. During this unstable period, having an assessment would be seen as non-value added since it may not truly reflect the organization capability maturity. Since your manager already left, you will need a new manager. Please wait for the new direction.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What do you mean when you say that a SEPG member needs to be honest?<\/p>\n

Answer: I can give you that a SEPG member NOT being honest when he or she only say thing they believe others wants to hear, ignore the hard, difficult issues, become too arrogant or hide behind technical jargon, and do not express their true feeling.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why do you emphasize too much on collect measurements? We have been collect data for years and it is always a waste of time since no one use the data anyway?<\/p>\n

Answer: Before improve anything, you need to know the current performance or establish a baseline so you can track your progress. By collecting data about your software processes and products, you understand where improvement opportunities lie. For example, do you know how much your software cost last year per application? Which applications demand most of your time? How much time do you spend on testing? How accurately can you estimate future projects? What is the average number of defects your employees inject per thousand lines of code? Unless you collect these data and use the data to improve it, you never know how much you have improved. Of course, you do not collect data just for collecting sake but have to use them to improve things. Both collection and usage of data are essential in managing software products and processes.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: I want to be an SEPG member but do not know is there a career for this kind of work in the industry?<\/p>\n

Answer: There is always a career for people who want to make the difference. An SEPG is a professional who want to improve the way organization build software products.<\/p>\n

To start, you must be a highly technical people with a lot of software development experiences. You must have a thorough knowledge of the software life cycle, the domain and relevant technologies. Using your experiences, you can help the organization improve by sharing your thought on how things are done with others, collect best practices and measure progress. You always take an overall system view, exploring alternative approach, document processes and explain the key process areas. In this kind of work, you will eventually gain respect and earn a position of a software lead or a champion.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: No matter how hard we try to convince our customer about estimating based on historical data they always insist that we do thing their way. Any hope?<\/p>\n

Answer: In this era of quickly and faster software development coupled with ever-changing requirements, the relationship between customer and developer is becoming very critical.<\/p>\n

Somehow we continue to see ourselves either in the role of customer or developer but never member of a team with shared goals and vision. For years, we are taught to believe that customer and developer are separate entities, forced to work in a project. This hierarchy rules (Customer always right and win) will create friction and ultimately frustration from both sides.<\/p>\n

It is about time that we (customer and developer) realize that there is either Win\/Win or Lose\/Lose but no Win\/Lose situation here. A project manager primary role is making sure that project serves the needs of the business. If a software project fails, the business is not going to win either. In that spirit, customer and developer must strive to work together daily — even when there is no particular project to tackle. Every developer must have a sense of what makes our business successful, whether that means widgets sold, services provided, or code written. As business increasingly becomes more dependent on technology and technology dissolves into business process, the distinction between the two becomes increasingly irrelevant. I really believe working together to bridge this gap is the only hope for building better software.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How do you make change happen when we spend most of our time document the \u201cAs is\u201d process and \u201cTo be\u201d Process so we can get to level 2?<\/p>\n

Answer: It is common to think of change as a two-phase process: \u201cAs is\u201d and \u201cTo be\u201d. Many managers prefer to simply tell people what\u2019s expected of them (To be) and leave the detail for them to work out. Such as: \u201cI want to be at level 2 by certain date\u201d.<\/p>\n

Many people also believe if they document the \u201cTo be\u201d process, change will naturally happen. They do not understand that the current state or \u201cAs is\u201d is a comfortable environment; human being as a habitual creature will resist changes, any changes as much as possible.<\/p>\n

Change is a journey to go from \u201cAs is\u201d to \u201cTo be\u201d and to make changes happen, managers need to create a sense of urgency, an uncomfortable for \u201cBusiness as usual\u201d atmosphere and a support process for changes to take place and allow people to adjust to new environment. Managers need to explain the rationale of why do we need to change, emphasize the cost of not changing, focus on the process of changing and be specific about what will happen if things do not work (Consequences and opportunities lost) and commit to make thing happens.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why bother with process since it only means a lot of documents, it inhibits creativity and wasting of effort.<\/p>\n

Answer: I am sorry that you feel process means documentation only. A software process can also be:<\/p>\n

a) Document all requirements after an agreement between user and developer.<\/p>\n

b) Collect data such as estimates and actuals and use them for future estimates.<\/p>\n

c) Follow a configuration procedure when change occurs or release product to users.<\/p>\n

d) Conduct reviews of all requirements, designs, source code and test cases.<\/p>\n

e) Create a quality assurance plan during project planning to review standard compliances, tracking defect, conduct reviews.<\/p>\n

The notion that process limit creativity is based on idea that there is conflict between creativity and satisfaction of project business objectives. It is possible that certain over aggressive schedule may put project at risk but overall, business objectives can be in perfect harmony with creativity. Developers feel great when they are productive, managers feel great when the project complete within time and cost and these can be achieved by create a process that allow both side to work together with a shared goals and vision.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: It is obvious that process improvement is very important and is the right thing but why would we need a sponsor? Why not just do it?<\/p>\n

Answer: The sponsor of process improvement will ensure that improvement activities receive adequate funding, time and support it needs for a successful effort. Improvement is a long journey that requires significant support to maintain the course.\u00a0 Without a visionary sponsor with significant \u201cclout\u201d it will not stand a chance.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: We are a new company with only one large project. We just start to work on requirement phase at this time but would like to have an assessment done and hope to achieve at least maturity level 3. How do we proceed with this, and is it possible to make level 3?<\/p>\n

Answer: Why would you want to have an assessment? Is it for improvement purposes or just to satisfy a curious notion regarding a maturity level? Why is level 3 important to you? Process improvement is an investment that requires management commitment and hard work. An assessment is only the beginning, to establish a baseline for improvement, not the end of an event to find out about a level. Have you considered the consequence of an assessment? What if your organization is assessed at level 1 and not level 3? Would you and your people be ready to accept it? What would be the next step? Would you continue the improvement effort? Would your management still support the improvement activities? From the technical point of view, it is impossible to determine your capability since your organization has not gotten very far in the software development life cycle. A Lead assessor will not assess your organization at level 3 because you will not satisfy the Software Product Engineering Process Area (PA), which requires that full life cycle activities are performed. If your organization had just completed a previous project where an assessment team could look at artifacts and review practices to determine capability, you could then anticipate achieving level 3. However, I would consider it pre-mature to consider conducting an assessment at this time.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why do we have to follow the order of CMMI levels? What is the drawback of doing level 3 before level 2?<\/p>\n

Answer: Why can\u2019t we run before we can walk? Most Level 1 organizations have problems with managing projects. If they can\u2019t solve project problems then what is the chance of solving organization\u2019s problems? The primary issue here is discipline.\u00a0 There’s no point trying to put in place an organization standard if the projects cannot execute basic project management. One should not overlook organizational learning, cultural change required to implement Level 2, and the institutionalization process needed to be in place to serve as the foundation for all other levels. However, there are a few level 3 activities a level 1 organization can do: a) Establish a Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG), if one doesn’t already exist; and b) Start to conduct more peer reviews to identify and remove defects.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is software inspection? How does it differ from a Peer Review? What is a software defect? Where do you find it?<\/p>\n

Answer: Software inspection is a method of reviewing software product to verify that it meets requirements. It usually engages the developers and a few others within the software group or outside the group such as customer, in a formal investigation process, to identify and remove defects in the software product.<\/p>\n

A Peer Review is a software inspection conducted by a group of people within the software organization \u2013 usually a peer group.<\/p>\n

A defect can be defined as an instance in which a requirement is not satisfied. Of course, it must be understood that a requirement is an agreed-upon commitment, not a last minute change of mind. A defect can be found in any of the software life cycle phases \u2013 Requirements, Design, Code, Test, Installation, Maintenance, Vendor products, and\/or documentation.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why do we need Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS)?\u00a0 What are the pros and cons of using COTS instead of building software in house?<\/p>\n

Answer: In the past few years, there is a notion that software costs can be significantly reduced by incorporating Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) software. These are software components that can be plugged into a software system to provide capability that would otherwise have to be built. The two distinguishing characteristics of COTS software are:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Source code is not available to the application developer, and<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The change of COTS is not under the control of the application developer.<\/p>\n

The rationale for building COTS-based systems is that they will involve less development time by taking advantage of existing, market-proven, vendor- supported products, thereby reducing overall system development costs. However, because of the two defining characteristics above, there is trade-off in using the COTS:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Software development time can be reduced but the cost of software component integration work will increase.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Using COTS software can bring with it several risks, quite different from software which is developed in-house; in which case, a risk mitigation plan must be implemented.<\/p>\n

When implementing COTS, an organization should determine the true cost of integrating, such as: licensing and redistribution rights; royalties; efforts needed to understand COTS software; pre-integration design; COTS assessment and evaluation; post-integration certification of compliance with requirements; indemnification against faults or damage caused by vendor-supplied components; and costs incurred due to incompatibilities with other software or hardware systems.<\/p>\n

Because of these unique risks, using COTS components in the development of new systems is not the universal solution to reducing cost and schedule, while maintaining desired quality and functionality. However, if these risks can be managed, using COTS components can be the right solution, offering the most cost-effective, reduced-schedule approach to assembling major software systems.<\/p>\n

I believe COTS components are the right solution only when they lie at the intersection of the three determinants of feasibility (technical, economic, and strategic constraints), and do so in a way better than if a new system were to be constructed entirely out of original software. The key to success in using COTS components is being able to identify whether they fit the current procurement situation \u00be technically, economically, and strategically. Technically, they have to be able to supply the desired functionality at the required level of reliability. Economically, they have to be able to be incorporated and maintained in the new system within the available budget and schedule. Strategically, they have to meet the needs of the operating environment\u2014which includes technical, political, and legal considerations\u2014now, and as that environment is expected to evolve in the future.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How do you define software process? How do you define an organization? Why do you conduct assessments at the organization level and not at the project level? Why do we need to have the CMMI assessment? We know what works and what does not work in our organization, and we believe that we can do our own assessment without following the CMMI model to come up with a maturity level?<\/p>\n

Answer: Software process can be defined as a set of activities that work together to produce a product that meets cost, schedule, and quality expectations. The organization can be defined as a collection of individuals, each committed to the mission of the organization, and each doing their part in the software process.<\/p>\n

An organization may have one or more projects and it is possible to conduct an assessment for the one-project organization (assuming the project is very large). However, in Information Systems, most projects are small (fewer people, shorter time); therefore, the scope of the assessment is focused on the organization capability.<\/p>\n

I have found that most people know what works and what does not in their own organization, but it could be subjected to a debate between people within that organization. As example, ask a few hundred people a question, and expect to come up with one unanimous answer! By having an \u201coutside\u201d group conduct the assessment this situation can be avoided.<\/p>\n

The important aspect of an assessment is that we adequately collect facts and data. We use the CMMI to guide and organize this collection of facts based on direct observations of the software processes, and what people do to produce software by following these processes. Trying to collect these in formation without a model, such as the CMMI, would be difficult since you may overlook some things, or may focus on the wrong things.<\/p>\n

From my perspective, the CMMI is a model designed to guide the assessment. When an assessment team reports to management that something works, management can take this statement with confidence, and continue to rely upon their recommendations. Management can assume that the team has substantiated this claim within the conditions set forth for the assessment. Likewise, if something is not working well, the assessment team should point this out, and management can make an assumption that they have to act to avoid the risk that could impact their business goals.<\/p>\n

Based on my experience, most managers do take corrective action with assurance that they are relying on a careful investigation of the issues that need attention.\u00a0 They can get on with their job, which is to manage risks and achieve business goals. In my opinion, the true value of an assessment is it gives an organization a complete picture of what works and what does not. It is definitely not to come up with just a meaningless CMMI level number.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: We are a group of 60 people but 47 of them are contract labor. Is it possible to implement CMMI when the majority of the workforce is contract labor? Would they have an obligation to use CMMI? Is it possible to allow them to use their own method and tools?<\/p>\n

Answer: The CMMI is a framework for process improvement, NOT a structured methodology.\u00a0 The CMMI framework can be applied to any group, big or small, whether it consists of contract labor or not.\u00a0 If the organization consists of mostly contract labor, as in your case, I assume that they still have to follow certain requirements (Requirements specification, Change Requests, etc), and need to manage them accordingly. They still need to develop a project plan with estimates and schedules. And they may have to track their activities against the plan and schedule. They also need to make sure the integrity of the system, as well as the version number of release software, is under configuration control.<\/p>\n

The key concept is that CMMI focuses on WHAT is to be done\u2014which is mostly common sense. HOW they do that is up to the contract labor force, by direction from the management. Since they are contract labor, I assume they already have certain skills to do their job, so the HOW may not be as important. I know many companies that use contract labor extensively and they are very successfully applying CMMI as the framework. Often, their contract laborers follow their own methodology to get the job done.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: It is easy to identify organization according to five levels as a Lead appraiser but what is the developer\u2019s view?<\/p>\n

Answer: OK, here is another view of the five levels of CMMI:<\/p>\n

Level 1:<\/p>\n

We do not know where we are<\/p>\n

We do not know where we go<\/p>\n

We have a lot of heroes<\/p>\n

But most do not last long, because they cannot repeat their heroic act<\/p>\n

Level 2:<\/p>\n

We know where we are and where we are going<\/p>\n

We know how to get there and we can repeat it<\/p>\n

We know variations exist and the stovepipe solution is still the rule<\/p>\n

But we also know it will eventually break down in due time<\/p>\n

Level 3:<\/p>\n

We know where we are and where we are going<\/p>\n

We consistently follow our well-planned course based on historical data<\/p>\n

Along the way we share our best practices and standardize our processes<\/p>\n

We measure our progress, knowing that we need statistical control<\/p>\n

Level 4:<\/p>\n

We know where we are by facts and how far we have traveled by the data<\/p>\n

We are monitoring our progress statistically every week<\/p>\n

We know how much we contribute to business goals<\/p>\n

But we have not optimized our process the way we think we should<\/p>\n

Level 5:<\/p>\n

We know where we are and where we are going based on industry trends<\/p>\n

We continue to innovate and perfect our skills<\/p>\n

We accept changes as they come and new technologies with open arms<\/p>\n

And we all are having a good time in our never-ending journey!<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-888","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/888","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=888"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/888\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":890,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/888\/revisions\/890"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=888"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=888"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=888"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}