{"id":882,"date":"2013-06-25T22:53:05","date_gmt":"2013-06-25T15:53:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=882"},"modified":"2013-06-25T22:53:06","modified_gmt":"2013-06-25T15:53:06","slug":"cmmi-32","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=882","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-32"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t kinh doanh, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t trong ch\u00fang ta m\u1ea5t t\u1eadp trung. C\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb th\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng cho h\u1ecd. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kinh doanh v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec trong kinh doanh. T\u00f4i tin b\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec9 v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: C\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t ra bao nhi\u00eau ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch d\u00e0nh cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh? L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y ph\u00e2n nh\u1ecf n\u00f3 ra v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n minh cho n\u00f3?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u00f4i, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 qu\u00e3ng 3%-5% ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u00e3i l\u1edbn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft l\u00ed do (t\u1ea1i sao), qui tr\u00ecnh (th\u1ebf n\u00e0o), m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau (c\u00e1i g\u00ec) v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o (khi n\u00e0o, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u) m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i theo. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 CMMI v\u00e0 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. L\u1edbp \u201cNh\u1eadp m\u00f4n CMMI\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. X\u00e9t k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 300 – 600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 t\u1eebng l\u1edbp s\u1ebd c\u00f3 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 60 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u1eadp l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u00edt nh\u1ea5t cho 5 t\u1edbi 10 l\u1edbp cho to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u00a0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed (h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 CMMI n\u1eefa). C\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1 l\u1edbp c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m to\u00e0n th\u1eddi chuy\u00ean d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. C\u00e1i t\u00ean th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Nh\u00f3m Qui tr\u00ecnh K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m – Software Engineering Process Group or SEPG. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a SEPG c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u00f4i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1edfi v\u00ec tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a SEPG l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t cho m\u1ecdi tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ee5 nh\u01b0ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, c\u00e1ch \u0111o, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00ec cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trao \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, v\u00e0 \u0111o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao xa h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c (chi ph\u00ed) nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i tin\u00a0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh v\u00e0o n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c (chi ph\u00ed). C\u00f3 c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, theo d\u00f5i, thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 \u0111o m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn chi ph\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n h\u1ecd, trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, \u0111o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau doanh nghi\u1ec7p. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u00e0o c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa khi n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: People-CMM l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra cho CMMI?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ho\u00e1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1ed1t (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9) h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhanh, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, r\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00f4ng ti v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi – People Capability Maturity Model (P-CMM) l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung cho CMMI ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra nhanh v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: L\u00e0 nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00fang ta bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111ang g\u00e2y ra lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o l\u00ean ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: an ninh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u0103ng l\u00ean l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng cho m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng ti, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb kho\u00e1 k\u00edn trong to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 an ninh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 “h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf” v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Internet li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1eafc kh\u00e1ch tinh qu\u00e1i v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi “vi r\u00fat” c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u1eafm t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00f4ng ti.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Th\u00f4ng tin. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap h\u1ecd xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 \u2013 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd tham gia v\u00e0o “t\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.”<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec3u th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 “v\u1eadn may ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 n\u1eefa trong th\u1eddi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 l\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m trong ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e3i cho t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y; v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t trong th\u1eddi thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 3 v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n cho m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ee9c 3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 “k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c blog tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 1 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 3, hay m\u1ee9c 4 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ee9c 5, l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang trong qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo n\u00f3 v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.\u00a0 B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y b\u00e0i luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng? T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecfi:<\/p>\n

a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n?<\/p>\n

b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

c)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

d)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

e)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 tin b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

f)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng? Hay b\u1ea1n hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong k\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1?<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3, nh\u1eadn hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 n\u00f3, d\u00f9ng n\u00f3, s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3 cho kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111o n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m: Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin s\u1ebd l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m \u0111i \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111em qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o thay v\u00ec thu th\u1eadp “th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t” t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin SEPG \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a CMMI: \u201cB\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea3y qua c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c.\u201d T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 1 n\u00ean h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n trong to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t t\u1eeb t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 1. L\u00e0m cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh x\u1eed, c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb ai \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: C\u00e1ch nhanh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: V\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed. B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft chi ph\u00ed ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111o n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m cho ph\u00ed b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m ph\u1ea1m vi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1eaft b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa qui tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u00e1i k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 qui tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Qui tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho c\u00f4ng ti v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Khi c\u00f4ng ti quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5, h\u1ecd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ra qui tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, qua th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb mong \u0111\u1ee3i n\u1eefa v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf hay t\u00e1i k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1i k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 qui tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho c\u00f4ng ti xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf hay gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean trong qui tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng \u00edt hay kh\u00f4ng gia t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o cho c\u00f4ng ti v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m – Software Quality Assurance (SQA) v\u00e0o trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u1edbi CMMI. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u00edch l\u1ee3i ch\u00fat n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 SQA l\u00e0m c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: C\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t SQA t\u1edbi v\u00e0o l\u00fac k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft th\u1eddi r\u1ed3i. Ng\u00e0y nay SQA tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u01a1i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 “\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5y s\u1eb5n b\u00ean trong.\u201d<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 1, SQA h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong qui tr\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, SQA tham gia v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m pha, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n theo, v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec b\u1ea1n quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng SQA, ta h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00e0y: D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, chi ph\u00ed l\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh $100 c\u1ea7n s\u1eeda trong pha y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n $ 20,000 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa sau khi \u0111\u01b0a ra cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu SQA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 m\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i n\u00e0y t\u1eeb l\u00fac x\u1ea3y ra, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3 n\u0103m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi SQA (\u00edt h\u01a1n $ 200,000). Nh\u1edb, SQA c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba l\u1ed7i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, SQA c\u0169ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m v.v.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 2, SQA h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho SEPG \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u201cth\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t,\u201d thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1eddi gian, chi ph\u00ed), thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qui tr\u00ecnh, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u0103n nguy\u00ean v.v.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 3, SQA ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c – organizational software standard process (OSSP). SQA c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady, an to\u00e0n, t\u00ednh d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v.v. \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qui tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebf cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a SQA ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 4, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng SEPG v\u00e0 SQA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, c\u1ea3 SQA v\u00e0 SEPG li\u00ean t\u1ee5c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed, th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 duy ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 cho n\u00f3 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng. Thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m then ch\u1ed1t trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t v\u00ec c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tham gia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 g\u1eedi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p sai cho m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m th\u00eam n\u1eefa. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng coi s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2u s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp? V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec? Ch\u00fang t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00ed ho\u00e0i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng gi\u00e1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. L\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e2y? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i tin b\u1ea1n b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. B\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra. V\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thay \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u0103ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ea5t b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian cho c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e2u. \u0110i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00ean vi\u1ebft \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai ki\u1ec3u ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. Ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u1edf s\u1edbm trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u00eau g\u1ee3i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u (li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i l\u00e0 g\u00ec) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed kia l\u00e0 \u1edf sau khi m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (m\u00e3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: V\u00ec l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eabn thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng, t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00f3, d\u00f9 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o n\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Trong khi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft v\u00e0o t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u00a0 Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cb\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 n\u00f3 ngay khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u00f3\u201d c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi kinh doanh h\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn:<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Deming v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tri\u1ebft l\u00ed m\u1edbi<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u1eebng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1edfng kinh doanh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh nh\u00e3n gi\u00e1<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i m\u1ecdi qui tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 M\u1edf l\u1edbp hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c<\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/p>\n

8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 G\u1ea1t b\u1ecf s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i<\/p>\n

9)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n c\u00e1n b\u1ed9<\/p>\n

10) \u00a0\u00a0Xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u, h\u00f4 h\u00e0o, v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

11) \u00a0\u00a0Xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed<\/p>\n

12) \u00a0\u00a0Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o tay ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n

13) \u00a0\u00a0Xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khen th\u01b0\u1edfng<\/p>\n

14) \u00a0\u00a0Khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n

15) \u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00f4ng ti l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: In this economic crisis situation, where companies are going out of business, do we still need process improvement?<\/p>\n

Answer: Today stressful situation can cause even the best of us to lose focus. Stresses of economic crisis, company laid-off workers, and business closing have caused even the best managers to forget the thing that really important to them. The purpose of process improvement is to reduce software cost and improve software quality. It is an essential way to improve the business and stay in business. I believe now more than ever, you need to improve your software process to support your business to stay competitive. You need to know that your competitors do not rest and if you do not improve, they will.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How much budget should be set aside for process improvement? How do you break down and justify it?<\/p>\n

Answer: Based on my own experiences, a typical process improvement budget is about 3%-5% of the organizational annual budget. It may sound like a lot but it is an investment that if successfully implement can bring significant return. Here is a breakdown of the budget:<\/p>\n

The first step is the awareness of the improvement activities. People always want to know the reason (Why), the process (How), the objectives (What) and what roadmap (When, Where) that they must follow. The best way to have all people in the organization aware of the activities is educating them on the CMMI framework and the software engineering discipline. The class \u201cIntroduction to CMMI\u201d is designed for this activity. Consider the size of a typical organization which is approx. 300 – 600 people, and each class will hold approx. 60 people. You need to schedule at least 5 to 10 classes for the entire organization and a special class for manager (they need to know about the CMMI too). There is cost associated with having all people to take a full day class but based on our data from past several years, most people agreed that this was really a good investment.<\/p>\n

The second step is to establish a full time group dedicated to support process improvement activities. The most common name for this group is Software Engineering Process Group or SEPG. The SEPG members also need additional training to do their job. I strongly believe this is the key factor that discriminate success and failure of process improvement because the knowledge and skills of SEPG members are essential for all deployment of improvement activities. This infrastructure also incurs additional costs to organization but our data also verified that this was a really good investment.<\/p>\n

The third step is to communicate all improvement activities, achievement, measurements, goals and objectives on a periodic basis to management and people in the organization. Managing improvement requires good communication of the change, acknowledge the progress made, and measure how far the organization has improved toward the goal. This activity also requires time and effort (cost) but it is a part of improvement activities.<\/p>\n

There are costs associated with having an assessment, establish an action plan and the deployment of improvement activities. Most people focuses on the cost of conducting an assessment but I believe the organization must focuses on the deployment of an action plan where many software practitioners in organization will participate in improvement activities besides their daily work and it also incurs efforts (costs). There are costs associated with managing, tracking, collecting data, and measuring all improvement activities that also need to be identified as early as possible to be incorporate in the total cost of process improvement.<\/p>\n

As you probably see from this analysis, most of the cost is on investing in your own people, train them, communicate with them, measure their implementation, review their works, and overcome the resistance to changes to achieve the business goals and objectives. Process improvement is a major investment but it does pay-off in the future, if you do it correctly and like any investment management must track progress and take corrective action when it does not seems to produce desirable results.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is the People-CMM? What happen to CMMI?<\/p>\n

Answer: For years, software organization has dedicated its efforts to improve technology and process but not much in people. People build software and get the job done. If they are well treated (i.e. train, recognize, compensate) they can be motivated to get the job done faster, better, cheaper and use technology more effectively. It is very important to recognize the contribution of people to the business of a company and it is very important to manage them accordingly. The People Capability Maturity Model (P-CMM) is a framework to attract, nurture, and retain the best talents in the industry. It is a complementary to the CMMI not a substitute. You need to adopt both models for your improvement.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: We live in a fast changing time where things happen quickly and impact our life. What do we supposed to do to cope with these changes?<\/p>\n

Answer: As software professionals, whose products and services play a vital role in the business, we always need to assess what kind of impact these changes are going to have on us. For example: increased computing security is important to all companies, but we can not keep our computer systems locked in a secured building like what we did in the past. We need to review the concept of “open systems” and the impact of the Internet regarding malevolent hackers and prepare to deal with their \u201cViruses\u201d aim to attack corporate targets.<\/p>\n

We need to help our customers re-evaluate their systems, and their dependence on Information Technology. Some of this may involve the contingency planning but we need to help them examine their fundamental assumptions and statement of works and \u2013 where appropriate, engage them in “thinking the unthinkable.”<\/p>\n

We also need to re-examine our career in this changing time. Many of us begin to understand the reality that \u201csoftware fortunes\u201d were no longer available in the financial crisis time and globalization is no longer a concept but a trend; Most of us have been proud of the work we’ve done in our careers up to this point; and now we should apply our skills and knowledge in such a way that we can be even more proud of our careers in the coming years by continue to learn new things and support our business to thrive in this changing time.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Our level 1 organization has decided to adopt an organization software standard process from a level 3 organization and train all projects to follow that process. Will that accelerate our improvement and satisfy the level 3 requirements?<\/p>\n

Answer: This is a \u201cRepeatable scenario\u201d that I have seen over and over and mentioned in previous blogs: A level 1 organization borrows processes from level 3, or level 4 and even level 5 organizations, document them into their own organization standard process, requires all projects to follow it and declares success.\u00a0 Do you really think you can lose weight by having somebody exercise and diet for you? I know many consultants suggested to company that is the easy way to achieve higher levels without much effort so I really like to ask:<\/p>\n

a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How do you know that the adopted processes will work for your organization?<\/p>\n

b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Is the adopted process useful and acceptable to the people in your organization?<\/p>\n

c)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Is there evidence that by following the adopted process, your project\u2019s quality, time, and cost has improved?<\/p>\n

d)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Does your organization have data indicate that your product quality, customer relationship, employee satisfaction and business goals are realized?<\/p>\n

e)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Do you believe by just having a documented standard your organization is automatically improving?<\/p>\n

f)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Are you training people to use the adopted process? Or are you training them so they can pass certain questions during the appraisal?<\/p>\n

Unless people understand the new adopted process, accept it, receive training to follow it, use it, modify it to fit their project needs, measure it, improve it as the way they build and maintenance software: Nothing will ever change.<\/p>\n

I believe it would be a mistake to force changes onto projects by bring in an external standard process rather than collect \u201cbest practices\u201d from within and establish the standard process based on them.<\/p>\n

I believe the SEPG has violated the key concept of CMMI: \u201cYou shall not skip level\u201d. A level 1 organization should focus on establish a disciplined project management environment before establish standard process across the organization. A well-defined process from a higher-level organization is surely a good place to establish a standard process but it usually does not work well for a level 1 organization. Getting an organization to adopt a new standard process by provide training is good but not sufficient and effective in a chaotic environment. Improving the process involves changing the way people behave, the way people do thing and this is where it is critical to get everybody participating in creating a standard process based on existing best practices, not borrow from someone.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is the fastest way to meet cost reducing goal in software organization?<\/p>\n

Answer: For long-termed solution, you need to investigate the entire organization process to identify cost-reduction opportunities. You also need to have project data to know where the major cost incurring is and take appropriate corrective actions. Without certain measurements in place, you may not really know what to do and where to improve.<\/p>\n

In the short-termed, organization can reduce costs by prioritize its projects. Management needs to review software requirements, discuss with customers to reduce the scope of projects, postpone others, or even shutdown a few not important ones.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What are the differences between business process and business process reengineering?<\/p>\n

Answer: A business process is defined as those sets of activities that create value for a company and its customer. As company decides how to do business, they design business processes to ensure that they can manage all aspects of the business in the most effective and efficient ways as possible. However, over a period of time some processes may no longer produce the expected value or yields and have to be replaced or re-engineered.<\/p>\n

Business process reengineering is a sets of activities that enable the company to eliminate or reduce drastically, all those activities within a business process that add little or no value to the company and its customer.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: I am concern with the unnecessary cost of adding Software Quality Assurance (SQA) function in our organization to comply with the CMMI. I do not see any benefit of having SQA policing our software products at all.<\/p>\n

Answer: The SQA Police that comes at the end of the project and focus on quality inspection is gone. Today SQA participates in all aspects of the software development process and being recognized as a value-added member of the project where quality is \u201cBuilt-in\u201d.<\/p>\n

For a level 1 organization, SQA supports managers and developers in quality planning, how to design quality into the process, and what kind of standards and tools would be best suited for the project. During the life cycle of the project, SQA participates in phase-reviews, ensure that the process is being followed, and support the identification and removal of defects.<\/p>\n

Since you are concern with the cost of adding a SQA function, let look at this simple example: Based on several studies, a typical defect costs $100 to fix during requirement phase will costs $ 20,000 to fix after release to customers. If SQA can prevent just ten of those defects from happening, then it already worth more than a year salary for a SQA person (Less than $ 200,000). Remember, SQA is far more than just preventing defects from occurs, SQA also supports project planning, quality training, and evaluate quality tools, checklists etc.<\/p>\n

For a level 2 organization, SQA supports SEPG to identify \u201cBest practices\u201d, collect project data (Quality, time, cost), establish the process assets library, educate and train people on quality process such as root cause analysis etc.<\/p>\n

For a level 3 organization, SQA reviews project compliance with the organizational software standard process (OSSP). SQA also analyzes quality data such as functionality, performance, reliability, safety, usability etc. to establish statistical process control for software products.<\/p>\n

The role of SQA continues to evolve as the organization maturing and at level 4, SEPG and SQA functions are very much integrated to focus on both product and process quality. By focus in prevention rather than detection, both SQA and SEPG continue to support organization\u2019s improvement journey to improve quality, reduce the costs, time of software activities.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What does a sponsor of process improvement need to do to maintain the direction?<\/p>\n

Answer: Process improvement sponsor needs to support the initiative by staffing it with the right people and tracking improvement progress on a monthly basis. Lack of personal involvement is the key failure in most process improvement. Executive leadership is very critical since improvement is built on their vision and expectation. If they do not get involve personally and tracking progress on a periodic basis, it sends the wrong message to all management levels that they do not care anymore. This could impact improvement activities very quickly and devastate the entire organization. People will not taken executive\u2019s initiative seriously anymore and if an initiative fail what is the chance for the next initiative? And if most initiatives are not taken seriously what would be the chance to do anything? They all become a totally waste of company\u2019s efforts, money, and time. To ensure this from happening, executives must hold managers responsible for making improvement happen and reward success accordingly.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Our organization has been working in improvement for many years. We had several reorganizations and management changes and our improvement activities also reflected these changes by fluctuate between top priority and lowest priority. We are very frustrated. How do we change? What do we do?<\/p>\n

Answer: I believe you are frustrated because nothing is getting done. You want to make things get better but without clear direction from management it will not happen. Since your organization already had several reorganizations and management changes, I would assume that there were many critical issues that need to get done and management is very busy solving immediate problems and do not have time on something else. As long as they are too busy restructure the organization, no improvement activities will get done. What you need is to educate them on the benefit of improvement and asking them for guidance and leadership. If they are not convinced, nothing will work.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How many test cases should developer write during the software life cycle?<\/p>\n

Answer: Software developer should write at least two types of test case. The first test cases early in the software life cycle, during requirements elicitation (listing what is to be tested, how it will be tested, and what results are expected) to help them understand the requirements and another test cases after the code is completed to help them test the implementation (Actual code).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Since software field keep on changing rapidly, why do we need to improve it, knowing that it will change anyway?<\/p>\n

Answer: While software engineering field has changed significantly in the past few years, there are things that have not changed such as the discipline of software engineering. Society is becoming ever more dependent on computing and it need better software that can be delivered on time and at the agreed-upon price.\u00a0 The \u201cyou\u2019ll get it as soon as we finish it\u201d attitude of many software developers is inconsistent with a multi-billion dollar a year business that influences nearly every aspect of our lives.<\/p>\n

Quote:<\/p>\n

Deming\u2019s key points on quality:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Create constancy of purpose for improvement of product and service<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Adopt the new philosophy<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality alone<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 End the practice of awarding business on the basis of price tag alone<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Improve constantly and forever every process for planning, production, and service<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Institute training on the job<\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Adopt and institute leadership<\/p>\n

8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Drive out fear<\/p>\n

9)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Breakdown barriers between staff areas<\/p>\n

10) Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the workforce.<\/p>\n

11) Eliminate numerical quotas for the workforce and numerical goals for management<\/p>\n

12) Remove barriers that rob people of pride of workmanship<\/p>\n

13) Eliminate the annual rating of merit system<\/p>\n

14) Institute a vigorous program of education and self improvement for everyone<\/p>\n

15) Put everybody in the company to work to accomplish the transformation<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t kinh doanh, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-882","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/882","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=882"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/882\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":884,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/882\/revisions\/884"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=882"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=882"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=882"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}