{"id":879,"date":"2013-06-25T22:46:41","date_gmt":"2013-06-25T15:46:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=879"},"modified":"2013-06-25T22:46:41","modified_gmt":"2013-06-25T15:46:41","slug":"cmmi-33","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=879","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-33"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Em l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 kinh doanh m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn do cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Em mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng. Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 coi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp n\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n sang kh\u00f4ng? Xin th\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o? \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n ngh\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c quan th\u00e1i qu\u00e1, r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u201cqu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o gi\u1ea3.\u201d\u00a0 C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u00edch ghi d\u1ea5u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng “c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i” h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd chuy\u1ec3n giao g\u00ec. T\u00f4i tin ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c “m\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ngh\u1ec1\u201d nh\u01b0 b\u00e0n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, s\u1eeda m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, hay k\u0129 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao cho sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt cung c\u1ea5p hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t cho h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. V\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 cho b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t hay tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt t\u1ed1t, cung c\u1ea5p \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai n\u0103m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p n\u00e2ng cao nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng th\u1ea1c s\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1ee9c cao.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a SQA l\u00e0 g\u00ec trong nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: B\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb chu\u1ea9n c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 sau: Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hay c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a pha ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111ang x\u00e9t c\u00f3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a pha \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng. Ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hay c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n trong hay cu\u1ed1i qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 tho\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh hay kh\u00f4ng. Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ecfi “Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn ch\u01b0a?” c\u00f2n ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ecfi “Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00fang h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u01b0a?”<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi “b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u201d thay v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. IEEE x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong ba mi\u1ec1n: \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi SQA, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. Do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi SQA d\u00f9ng tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i KH\u00d4NG l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hay b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c SQA ph\u1ea3i KH\u00d4NG l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c SQA l\u1ef1a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, l\u1eadp l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c SQA \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 SQA, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng ti t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho SQA kh\u1ecfi t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p ng\u00e2n qu\u0129 cho SQA n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a SQA hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ban h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 SQA l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n trong ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00e1c. B\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c SQA \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a SQA v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c SQ. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n gian nan nh\u1ea5t theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n m\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti thu\u00ea sinh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 SQA. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m ch\u00ednh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m, SQA s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 KH\u00d4NG th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. SQA KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 \u201ch\u1ecdc trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c\u201d nh\u01b0ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e0n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u01b0a th\u00edch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00f3 cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 SQA hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ecf qua v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 SQA, kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn n\u00ean ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c SQA hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, nhi\u1ec1u vai tr\u00f2 SQA tho\u00e1i ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ai quan t\u00e2m. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Organization Software Standard Process (OSSP) d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mua t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ti t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng theo c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu n\u00e0y th\u1eadt t\u1ed1t; d\u1ea7u v\u1eady ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ee9c 3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n? Sao vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ebf cho b\u1ea1n? M\u1ee5c\u00a0 \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, th\u1eddi gian chu k\u00ec, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. N\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed 25%, th\u1eddi gian chu k\u00ec xu\u1ed1ng 30% v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1edbi 45%, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u00ec b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 lo c\u00e1i g\u00ec n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3 hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng OSSP d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n? L\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n ngo\u1ea1i lai v\u1edbi h\u1ecd? \u00cdch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec m\u00e0 x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi n\u00e0y?\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng OSSP d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u201cth\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t\u201d t\u1eeb t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00ed ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c hay khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu hay qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n h\u1ee9a gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n ki\u1ebfm nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n.\u00a0 Khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ee9c 3 nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u00ec l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng l\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n. L\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m hai \u0111i\u1ec1u xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u00f4i tin th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u00e0 cai qu\u1ea3n doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed b\u1ea1n s\u1ed1ng trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 n\u01a1i ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1eeda h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang cai qu\u1ea3n doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ec9 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c cai qu\u1ea3n doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Trong khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c cai qu\u1ea3n doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00ec c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh sang cho ai \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng: 1) Cai qu\u1ea3n doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 2) Thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai qu\u1ea3n. Logic l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n cai qu\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c \u0111i? B\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n g\u00ec? M\u1ecdi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, chi ph\u00ed \u00edt h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cao. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh, \u201cQui tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng? S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng? M\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng? M\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng?\u201d<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta cai qu\u1ea3n doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. T\u00f4i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tin t\u01b0\u1edfng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn doanh nghi\u1ec7p trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed doanh nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao qu\u00e1 b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n cai qu\u1ea3n doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u00f4m gi\u1eef qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft, g\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u1eabn l\u00e1i s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n hay ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111em t\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. Khi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00ec v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 cai qu\u1ea3n doanh nghi\u1ec7p. V\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111o, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. C\u00e1ch \u0111o gi\u00fap l\u00e0m cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn — n\u00f3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang b\u1ecb r\u1ee7i ro hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n \u0111o nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. C\u00e1ch \u0111o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i\u00a0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00e9m, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c doanh nghi\u1ec7p, n\u1ebfu qui tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u0103m lo t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai m\u1ed9t l\u00fac ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tung h\u1ee9ng\u201d y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi xung \u0111\u1ed9t. N\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1edbn m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: V\u1edbi t\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ngo\u00e0i CMMI. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i \u0111\u00f3n ch\u00e0o m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1edbi v\u00e0 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng gi\u1eef t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o m\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u0169ng tin m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 qui t\u1eafc. Tu\u1ef3 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ef1a ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0o, m\u1ecdi\u00a0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean qui m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 xem li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hay kh\u00f4ng. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u1edf m\u1ecdi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t k\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ea7m trung \u0111\u00e3 cho.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u01af\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn tu\u1ef3 theo mi\u1ec1n, ph\u1ea1m vi, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, n\u1ec1n ri\u00eang, k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1n b\u1ed9. Kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p l\u00ed. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p b\u1ea5t k\u00ec b\u1ea3ng chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ki\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0o, l\u1edbn hay nh\u1ecf, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em t\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Sao ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. N\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em t\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ed3i.\u00a0 C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i \u0111e t\u1eeb b\u00ean tr\u00ean r\u1ed3i mong \u0111\u1ee3i ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra. K\u1ebb ngu c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ngu, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ngu nguy hi\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u201cV\u0103n ho\u00e1\u201d c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: V\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 ra trong \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c qui t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft ra, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh x\u1eed hay ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhau. V\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo k\u00edch th\u00edch\u00a0 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n hay kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

Thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh x\u1eed hay ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, c\u00e1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb b\u1ea1n, v\u00ec b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c,\u00a0 nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khi b\u1ea1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i trong m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn t\u1eebng d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 b\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft ra v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ai \u0111\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m hay gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng. H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1\u00a0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c \u0111i. \u0110\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd t\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, (nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u01a1n). Theo th\u1eddi gian, thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n – v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch. Th\u1ea7y s\u1ebd khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o cho ai \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch hay tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n t\u1edbi ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng cho s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c CMMI hay nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u01a1n cho ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? T\u1ea1i sao th\u1ea7y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng CMM v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian chu k\u00ec. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u0103ng v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u1ea3m, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng. Theo c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, t\u00f4i ng\u1edd l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 CMMI m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ngh\u0129 CMMI c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn logic c\u1ee7a khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf CMMI m\u1ee9c 1, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u01b0u ti\u00ean b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n th\u1ebf \u2013 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi c\u00f3 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao; m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

\u1ede CMMI m\u1ee9c 2, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7t \u01b0u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

\u1ede CMMI m\u1ee9c 3, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ra qui tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u01b0u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. N\u00f3 tu\u00e2n theo qui t\u1eafc (ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, chu\u1ea9n, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c v.v.) \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00e1ch quan t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, cho n\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00ed. M\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, chi ph\u00ed, th\u1eddi gian, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v.v., \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u1ede CMMI m\u1ee9c 4, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o xu h\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 kh\u1ecfi x\u1ea3y ra. T\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho “d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c” ch\u00ednh n\u01a1i c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n

\u1ede CMMI m\u1ee9c 5, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u ho\u00e1 qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 theo c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 “v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u1edbi” n\u01a1i kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7, m\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin n\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u logic c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u00edch CMMI.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi CMMI m\u1ee9c 3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu hai m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch trong m\u1ed9t PA. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00f4i tin l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 t\u01b0 v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Thi\u1ebfu hai m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n, b\u1ea1n\u00a0 n\u00ean nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u00edch l\u1ee3i b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Bao l\u00e2u t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh? T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf CMMI m\u1ee9c 2 ba n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u1eadp \u01b0u ti\u00ean l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eebng n\u0103m m\u1ed9t. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kinh doanh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00ean gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tu\u00e2n theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ecdi chi ph\u00ed n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00edch l\u1ee3i, c\u00e1i bi\u1ec7n minh cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3, ngay ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u00cdt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 xem t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3cc vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00edch l\u1ee3i hay gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c thu h\u1ed3i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c doanh nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean ch\u00ednh.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t. Ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho tuy\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea7n duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean m\u1edbi. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c doanh nghi\u1ec7p thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m sang gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian chu k\u00ec, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c hay chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt, hay nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. T\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i hay d\u1eebng c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u00edt l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 cho l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n “ki\u1ec3m tra” \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 li\u00ean thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00ean c\u1eaft b\u1ecf hay ho\u00e3n c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

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Question: I am a graduated business student facing an uncertain future due to the financial crisis. I would like to enroll in a technical school for a career in Information Technology. This school offers a six-month program. Do you think this is a good career move? Please advice?<\/p>\n

Answer: I have seen many advertisements from technical schools that promise significant career for only few months of training. I think this is overly optimistic, very close to \u201cfalse advertising\u201d.\u00a0 There are very few good technical schools with solid track records, but there are many \u201copportunistic\u201d schools that promise a lot but never deliver. I believe the six-month program is designed for people to get into \u201centry-level\u201d jobs such as a Help-desk, computer repair, or technician, which are not high paying jobs for a graduated student with a formal education like you. Personally, I think technical schools provide good training for high school graduates who do not intend to go on to college. For someone who already has college degree, it would be much better for you to seek out formal training in a good university or a good technical schools that offer at least two years training. You may want to consider enrolling in an advanced degree such as a master degree in information technology since many high-paying jobs require specific high level technology degrees.<\/p>\n

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Question: What are the official definitions of verification and validation and what is the role of SQA in these activities?<\/p>\n

Answer: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology defines verification and validation as follows: Verification is the process of evaluating a system or component to determine whether the products of a given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase. Validation is defined as the process of evaluating a system or component during or at the end of the development process to determine whether it satisfies specified requirements. Verification asks “Did we build the system right?” and validation asks “Did we build the right system?”<\/p>\n

To ensure quality and avoid certain bias during verification and validation, some companies require these activities to be conducted by an \u201cindependent group\u201d rather than people who work on the project. IEEE defines independence in three areas: technical independence, managerial independence, and financial independence. A SQA person who is not involved in software development achieves technical independence (SQA person could NOT work in the project or report to the project manager). Managerial independence requires responsibility for this effort to be conducted by an organization separate from the software organization therefore the SQA organization must be separated from software organization. The SQA organization selects the components of the software that they wants to test, chooses testing techniques, set schedules, and selects specific technical issues and documents to review according to a defined SQA processes and procedures. Financial independence is difficult because most works on the project, including SQA, are usually funded directly by the company. To meet this requirements, company must separate the funding to SQA from funding allocate to the project to avoid conflict. Without this separate of funding, the project managers could remove SQA funding if they are not satisfied with SQA works or agreed with their findings.<\/p>\n

To make sure that verification and validation are implemented properly, the first step was to issue a policy on SQA as the authority in review projects and report to a different management structure. The next step was to develop SQA processes and procedures to determine the roles, responsibilities and authority of SQA. The final step is to select experienced software people and train them to perform SQA works. This is the hardest in some respects, because most project managers do not want to lose experienced software people so company hire graduated student to work as SQA. This is a major mistake because without experiences SQA will not be respected and can not do a good job. SQA is NOT a \u201clearning on the job\u201d career but require many years of software development so they can be effective.<\/p>\n

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Question: My organization is building the Organization Software Standard Process (OSSP) based on templates and processes that we bought from a consultant company. However, most projects do not follow these templates very well; can we still be appraised at level 3?<\/p>\n

Answer: First, what does a level 3 mean to you and your organization? Why is achieving a specific maturity level so important to you? The goal of software process improvement is to reduce software cost, cycle time, and improve product quality. If your organization can reduce software cost by 25%, cycle time by 30% and improve quality by 45%, which is the typical success data achieved by level 3 organization then do you really care if you are assessed at level 3 or not?<\/p>\n

Second, why would you build an OSSP based on something that has not been used in your organization? How do you convince people to follow a standard that is foreign to them? What is the benefit of pushing people who develop software to adopt this new process?\u00a0 What you need is to build the OSSP based on \u201cbest practices\u201d from your own organization and not wasting money on templates or processes from outside. The consultant who promises to helps you to achieve a maturity level only wants to make a lot of money from people like you.\u00a0 Templates and processes do not make level 3 but people in your organization do and they do not need that kind of help from outsider.<\/p>\n

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Question: I am not happy that we are told to improve our process but at the same time do whatever the customer wants. How could we do two conflicting things at the same time?<\/p>\n

Answer: In this rapidly changing time, you must be a manager and a change agent. I believe the biggest challenge for a manager is to run the business and changing it at the same time. As an example: Assume you live in a house where a major plumbing modification has to be done. You cannot stop living while the changes are being made, and you can’t continue living in the house with faulty plumbing. You have to do both things at once, which mean you must balance between the process of running the business and the process of improving it.<\/p>\n

Most managers only focus on running the business. While they may talk about the need to change, they do not intend to execute it and continue to run the business as nothing happen. However, they will not be successful since improving the business to satisfy the customer is very important because an unsatisfied customer can take the business to somebody else.<\/p>\n

There are two aspects of obtaining customer satisfaction: 1) Running a good business, and 2) Changing the way the business is run. The logic is very simple. If you are running a good business and customers are satisfied then why do you need to do things differently? You only need to change when you do not produce the desired results, and your customer is not happy. What does the customer want? Every customer wants better services, less cost and high product quality. As a manager, you must ask yourself, \u201cIs my current process able to do that? Is my product good enough? Do I need to make it better? Do I need process improvement?\u201d<\/p>\n

How are we running the business and improving it at the same time? Based on my experience, it is really about the issue of roles and responsibilities. I strongly believe the senior manager\u2019s role is to improve the business while junior-levels managers manage the business. Unfortunately, the opposite frequently occurs. Senior managers are too busy running the business and caught up in too many details, to the detriment of the business. Junior-level managers end up driving a major initiative to improve the business. These managers don’t have the power or perspective to actually bring about a major change. That is why many changes never happened and people become very frustrated. When senior management decides that the organization process needs to be improved in response to market changes, and focus on monitoring the actual implementation, success is assured.<\/p>\n

All changes need direction and clear measurable goals. A direction is very important to communicate the need to all people.\u00a0 For improvement to be taken seriously, top management must track progress on a periodic basis and treat it equally as running the business. With well-defined metrics, senior management can track progress; without metrics, they cannot tell how well the organization is progressing toward achieving the business goal. The metrics help make the change compelling — it’s clear something is at risk or not. To develop metrics, organizations need measures such as quality, time, and cost of all products and services. Metrics also reflect the changes in business, therefore it is essential to track improvement actions and measure all changes.<\/p>\n

As most of us cannot live in a house with bad plumbing, neither can we stay in business, if a major business process needs changing. Taking care of both at once is a \u201cjuggling act\u201d that requires an ability to live with ambiguity and deal with conflict. It requires great leadership that can motivate people and manage change and those who can do both will be successful.<\/p>\n

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Question: It seems to me that you do not advocate using anything for process improvement but the CMMI. What is your opinion on new models available in the market now?<\/p>\n

Answer: I welcome any new approach and always keep an open mind on any new model but I also believe model is only a set of theories and rules. It is up to the organizational management to select the appropriate model to achieve the business objectives and the skills of the people who implement that model to make it a success. Regardless of the approach, any new model must be carefully selected and piloted on a smaller scale to see if it really works and to reduce any unnecessary impact to the organization. Data on the new model usage must be collected and analyzed to support the final decision, and management at all levels should be informed and involved in decision making before any widespread adoption.<\/p>\n

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Question: I would like to know if there is any data on the staffing ratio between an internal software developer and project consultant for a given mid-size project.<\/p>\n

Answer: Project resources estimate vary significantly depending on domain, scope, applications, platform-specific, skills and experiences of the staff. It is difficult to come up with a reasonable ratio. I do not have any data, nor have I come across any benchmark regarding this kind of ratio. However, I believe that for any type of project, large or small, you must have enough internal software people to support the project and dismiss the project consultants as soon as possible.<\/p>\n

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Question: There are many tools in the market that can bring changes and improvement to an organization. Why don\u2019t we use them to accelerate our improvement effort?<\/p>\n

Answer: The biggest challenge to change is not a technological problem but cultural. If a tool can bring changes and improvement instantly, we probably would have adopted that tool a long time ago.\u00a0 Tools cannot be dropped on employees like an anvil from above then expect miracle improvements to happen. A fool with a tool is still a fool, but now a dangerous one.<\/p>\n

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Question: How do you change \u201cCulture\u201d of an organization?<\/p>\n

Answer: Culture is the behavior people exhibit in response to their environment. In most organizations, it is the accepted behavior of employees, the unwritten rules, the way people behave or react to each other. Culture is dynamic and constantly changes according to certain stimulus and it can be desirable or undesirable.<\/p>\n

To change the culture is to change the way people behave or react, which starts with you, since you are a part of the group. You cannot change the behavior of others, but you can surely change yours. When you change, others will notice and their behavior will adjust to this, and the chain reaction begins. For example, if you refuse to have defect in your code by carefully testing every line of code you write and asking someone to review or inspect your code. Take pride in your quality work so others, especially users, will begin to appreciate your work and treat you differently. Your co-workers also may notice the user\u2019s attitude and begin to focus more on product quality, (e.g. more tests and reviews). In time, change will occur and become the norm in your organization \u2013 a new culture of quality and pride.<\/p>\n

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Question: I just got promoted to manager of a software group. I want to learn as much as possible by reading books. What books would you recommend for someone who does not have a lot of time to read?<\/p>\n

Answer: There are many wonderful books on the market, but books can help you to some degree. A successful manager is someone who can motivate and preserve the passion of their talented people who are constantly striving for perfection in a not-so-perfect environment. As a manager, you must protect your people from unnecessary meetings, organizational issues, and allow them to focus on what they do best such as develop quality software.<\/p>\n

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Question: Does our customer really want the CMMI levels or more functionality for software? Why do you advocate the CMM and not something else?<\/p>\n

Answer: To stay competitive in a global market we need to reduce software development cost and cycle time. Customers always want software quality increase and software costs decrease, regardless of what model is used. Based on your question, I suspect that the lack of capacity to deal with demand on software functionality is the main problem with your customer, not the improvement model such as the CMMI that I have advocated. However, I really think the CMMI can help gain customer satisfaction. Let me explain the logical approach of this framework:<\/p>\n

Typically, an organization sets priorities based on the customer\u2019s requirements. However, at CMMI level 1, the organization has no priority because the work environment is so chaotic \u2013 everything is considered high priority; people are busy reacting to every customer demand. This kind of behavior is unacceptable and will lead to customer dissatisfaction.<\/p>\n

At CMMI level 2, the organization has a well-defined plan and can respond to customer\u2019s demands according to that plan. The plan may not be perfect, but it can help management set priorities and control the work to some degree to avoid serious problems.<\/p>\n

At CMMI level 3, the organization establishes a process to deal with customer\u2018s priority and requirements. It follows rules (policy, standards, procedures, etc.) to objectively manage all of its projects, so people do not have to over-react to unreasonable demand. Every project has data such as estimates, cost, time, schedule, etc., to support management decisions.<\/p>\n

At CMMI level 4, the organization has enough data to anticipate things, to forecast trends, and prevent calamity from happening. At this level, managers effectively manage projects by facts and data. This represents a major \u201cparadigm shift\u201d where management no longer reacts to customer demands, but pro-actively and efficiently works according to a plan.<\/p>\n

At CMMI level 5, the organization continues to optimize its process and resolves issue in a consistent manner. This is a \u201cnew culture\u201d where customer and developer no longer have an adversarial relationship, but work together toward a common goal.<\/p>\n

I believe if your customers understand my logic, they will like the CMMI.<\/p>\n

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Question: My organization did not achieve CMMI level 3 because of missing two goals in one PA. We have been working very hard in past years, but did not get the result that we deserved. I believe the Lead assessor was arrogant and unfair to us.<\/p>\n

Answer: The Lead assessor only does his\/her job as he\/she was trained. To achieve a maturity level rating, the organization must satisfy all of the goals, with no exceptions. Missing two goals will not satisfy the requirement for the next levels.<\/p>\n

On the brighter side, you should look at the accomplishments of your organization and the benefits that you have achieved.<\/p>\n

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Question: How often do I need to revise the process improvement plan? My organization was assessed at CMMI level 2 three years ago.<\/p>\n

Answer: I always advocate that each year organization must re-examine and reprioritize its process improvement activities. Technology and business are constantly changing and process improvement activities must be adjusted to reflect these changes.<\/p>\n

I recommend that managers keep tabs on all process improvement projects and track their milestones to ensure the organization follow the plan accordingly. Managers need to review all the underlying cost and benefit assumptions that justify those improvement projects, in the first place.<\/p>\n

At least once a year, managers need to review the business case of the process improvement initiatives to see how much progress the organization has made since a good manager cannot afford to invest in something that does not bring benefit or value to the organization.<\/p>\n

I recommend that managers pay attention to projects that have the largest expected return on investment, are critical to achieving the business strategy, and require major resources.\u00a0 Managers must examine the business case assumptions to determine which projects have achieved the business goals and which have not. Particular attention must be given to implementation time lines.<\/p>\n

If business priorities change during the year, managers need to revise the improvement plan to reflect new priorities. For example, if the business strategy changes from improvement of product quality to reduction of cycle time, managers must reprioritize specific projects so that they are consistent with the new direction. They must identify those projects that no longer meet strategic or tactical imperatives, or identify those that have become much more important. Managers need to rebalance the process improvement project portfolio. Focus attention on projects that have shifted significantly in terms of risks and rewards. Determine the options for slowing or stopping less beneficial projects and redirecting resources to projects that have a better chance of a return on value. Do a “check” to ensure that interdependencies between projects are understood and considered. It is strongly recommended that managers cancel or postpone projects that appear unfavorable.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Em l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 kinh doanh m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn do cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-879","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/879","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=879"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/879\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":881,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/879\/revisions\/881"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=879"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=879"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=879"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}