{"id":877,"date":"2013-06-25T22:39:42","date_gmt":"2013-06-25T15:39:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=877"},"modified":"2013-06-25T22:39:42","modified_gmt":"2013-06-25T15:39:42","slug":"cmmi-34","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=877","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-34"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i b\u1ecb l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5, t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec1u cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Th\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a sau:<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 duy nh\u1ea5t. T\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Duy nh\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n giao s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111i\u1ec1u bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ri\u00eang nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c, k\u0129 n\u0103ng, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u00e2t t\u1ea1o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 cho, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 mong \u0111\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qua vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng quan h\u1ec7. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, trong ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed1t, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3:<\/p>\n

a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gi\u1ea3m m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u1ef1 \u00e1n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng;<\/p>\n

b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cung c\u1ea5p k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c;<\/p>\n

c)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110o vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u;<\/p>\n

d)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ea1o ra k\u00eanh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho trao \u0111\u1ed5i;<\/p>\n

e)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1edbm;<\/p>\n

f)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m chi;<\/p>\n

g)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5 m\u1ea1nh;<\/p>\n

h)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ed1i \u01b0u ho\u00e1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt cao trong t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p k\u0129 thu\u1eadt cho nhu c\u1ea7u nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 (y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n) v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Trong c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 tham gia v\u00e0o l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh k\u0129 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n giao cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng do t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0m ra.<\/p>\n

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T\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. T\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 b\u00ean trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, mang t\u00ednh th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho t\u1ed5. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi “T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y?” v\u00e0 “Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec?” nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u201cCh\u00fang ta l\u00e0m n\u00f3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?” M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n. T\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi “th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?” v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ra bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh “c\u00e1i g\u00ec” v\u00e0 “t\u1ea1i sao”, t\u1ed5 hi\u1ec3u l\u00ed do v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u01b0ng cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd \u0111i t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n).<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c CMMI cao h\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u201cC\u00f3\u201d, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 \u201cT\u1ea1i sao.\u201d T\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf m\u1ee9c CMM cao h\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c g\u00ec c\u1ea3? M\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n? Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp SEPG v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean c\u00e1c website c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ISO 9000 hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c CMM cao nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c \u0111i v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed\u201cc\u00f3 v\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn,\u201d n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec t\u1edbi c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0m kinh doanh hay x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean r\u00f3t \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c website c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c, khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ai d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c n\u00e0o x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh doanh. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean qui tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chuy\u00ean gia \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1eady. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ch\u0103m nom v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u00ec c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn; v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng SEPG \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

Bi k\u1ecbch trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n, n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, thay v\u00ec h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u00edch l\u1ee3i doanh nghi\u1ec7p. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1n theo vi\u1ec7c qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “\u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1.\u201d T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi khoe khoang r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf m\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t cao, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u201cm\u1ee9c 5\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, chi ph\u00ed, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng; m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u201cm\u1ee9c 4\u201d b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1ch \u0111o v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tin nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng “c\u01a1n r\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n” v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb l\u00e2m nguy \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng CMMI trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1ecf (\u00edt h\u01a1n 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: CMMI l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf hay l\u1edbn, v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 \u201cd\u00f9ng theo ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u1eddng.\u201d Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi v\u00ec trao \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c cho t\u1eebng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 CMMI \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 l\u1eadp m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 “th\u1eddi gian chu k\u00ec” l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m n\u00f3 \u0111i 50% \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Th\u1eddi gian chu k\u00ec hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, cho d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, th\u1eddi gian chu k\u00ec n\u00f3i t\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n cho t\u1edbi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec trong t\u1eebng pha trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, nh\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, m\u00e3, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v.v, hay gi\u1eefa t\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0: n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111o th\u1eddi gian chu k\u00ec, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3.\u00a0 T\u00f4i c\u00f3 v\u00e0i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi cho b\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3m 50% th\u1eddi gian chu k\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Sao kh\u00f4ng 20% hay 80%?<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n cho y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n th\u1ebf t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch r\u1ea5t n\u0103ng n\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n hay gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd b\u1ecf qua n\u00f3 v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng duy nh\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh vi hay v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 “ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng.\u201d<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh CMMI s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: V\u00e2ng, qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e3i l\u1ea7y v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u CMMI ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi ch\u1ed7 nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1ef1a ra m\u1ed9t CMMI ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh: \u201cM\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111ang trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm \u201cCMMI ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng\u201d? B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111i ch\u1ee3 ki\u1ebfm CMMI m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t\u00a0 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. CMMI ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a m\u00e0 l\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cam k\u1ebft, k\u0129 n\u0103ng, tri th\u1ee9c, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u00e1m d\u00ednh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng v\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi m\u1ecdi l\u00fac n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn khi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1, v\u00e0 gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng, hay ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 qui tr\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ti \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean ch\u00fang ta?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh, ban gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c, mi\u1ec1n, hay \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf. K\u00edch c\u1ee1 l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0 x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 300 t\u1edbi 1000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1eebng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho kinh doanh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u00f4i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ti v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 l\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, qui tr\u00ecnh, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. M\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ti kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi hay h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t m\u1ee9c cao. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u1ee1 kh\u1edbp cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gia t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua b\u1edfi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh QA ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng CMMI cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 ch\u1ee9, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a CMMI \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u00ec qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00f3ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi qui tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ee9c 2, s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Quality Assurance (QA) \u1edf m\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 QA l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ed7i t\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ee9c 3, h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n QA qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o. Chu\u1ea9n QA n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh. QA c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. QA thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ed7i \u1edf m\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n r\u1ed3i so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1edf qui tr\u00ecnh hay pha ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, (x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0a ra, v.v.). T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. QA c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y (Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u0103n nguy\u00ean) \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ee9c 4, \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qui tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i kh\u1ecfi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u201cch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n\u201d thay v\u00ec \u201cgi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o,\u201d hay ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, v\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed s\u1ebd qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf m\u1ee9c 4, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi l\u1ed7i.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady, hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed5i qui m\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ee9c 5, h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o t\u1ed1i \u01b0u ho\u00e1 m\u1ecdi qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tuy\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a\u00a0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i hay ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t six-sigma.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n \u0111o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo CMMI? C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p l\u00ed g\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111o trong CMMI?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Ch\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh cho kinh doanh. T\u1eeb kho\u00e1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh.\u201d Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho quy\u1ec1n duy tr\u00ec trong kinh doanh? Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 n\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec kinh doanh n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u00fat n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng? Vi\u1ec7c \u0111o l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m then ch\u1ed1t trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c CMMI y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c 2; \u0111o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3; \u0111o tuy\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u1edf m\u1ee9c 4; \u0111o t\u1ed1i \u01b0u qui tr\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ee9c 5.<\/p>\n

\u0110o n\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u? T\u1ea1i sao l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u khi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh th\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Pha ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 ng\u1eafn khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi pha b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p b\u1edfi nhu c\u1ea7u g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi ai \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Qua th\u1eddi gian, khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u1ecd sang d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kia, c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ban \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c qui t\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Organization Software Standard Process (OSSP). \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn chu\u1ea9n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i hay vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7u v\u1eady v\u1eabn ch\u1eb3ng \u0111i t\u1edbi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o. Xin th\u1ea7y gi\u00fap cho.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: CMMI y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 Qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u201cOrganization Software Standard Process\u201d (OSSP) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1ee9c 3 PA). C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi chung l\u00e0: qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y t\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra qui tr\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t, v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u00e2n theo n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00f3 xem n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.\u00a0 Qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e2u, c\u00e0ng \u00edt c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn phai nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n qua th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Cho d\u00f9 t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb tay tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec3n khai n\u00f3, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd tin r\u1eb1ng ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd l\u00e0m nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng) v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 SEPG v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbch thay v\u00ec c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e2m v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

Cho d\u00f9 SEPG c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111em n\u00f3 v\u00e0o trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t “qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n” b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o th\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ecf qua ch\u00fang. Vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng \u00edch g\u00ec b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh “b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i hay ngo\u1ea1i lai.\u201d<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn theo ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra OSSP t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u201cth\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t\u201d b\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. B\u1ea1n n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ho\u00e1 n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 “chu\u1ea9n l\u00e2m th\u1eddi\u201d cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1edbi t\u1eeb t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi ch\u00fang do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng then ch\u1ed1t ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 \u0111o vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u201cchu\u1ea9n l\u00e2m th\u1eddi” n\u00e0y.\u00a0 Khi c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111o, SEPG c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e2n th\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ecbn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh \u201cchu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.\u201d<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng m\u1edbi b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chu\u1ea9n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f3 trong v\u00e0i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, l\u00e0m m\u1ecbn n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch \u0111o v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 n\u00f3 cho s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc m\u00e0 l\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd theo. Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, b\u1ea5t k\u00ec vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i hay “vi ch\u1ec9nh” cho d\u1ec5 d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: L\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: \u0110\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean: a) Ch\u1ec9 \u0111o \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 n\u00f3; b) \u0110o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf so v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch; c) Gi\u1eef t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 4) Gi\u1eef m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1ch \u0111o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea5t k\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111o. Gi\u1eef cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti ch\u00fang t\u00f4i?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: T\u00f4i tin m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u00a0 Ba m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u1eabn nhau, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh.\u00a0 C\u00f4ng ti c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00fang. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, c\u00f4ng ti, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00e2y ra chuy\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y t\u1eeb v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd cam k\u1ebft t\u0103ng h\u01a1n 50% v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua n\u0103m n\u0103m t\u1edbi.\u00a0 \u0110i c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng cam k\u1ebft c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u0103ng 30% kh\u00e1c trong ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u1eed b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

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—-English version—-<\/p>\n

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Question: I am confused about some software terms such as project, project management, team leaders, project team, and project performance. Every people I asked, give different answers.<\/p>\n

Answer: The Project Management Body of Knowledge has the following definitions:<\/p>\n

A software project is a temporary set of activities undertaken to create a unique product or service. Temporary means that every project has a definite beginning and a definite end as contrast with on going support activity which has no end. Unique means that the product or service is different from all similar products or services. The objective of a project is to deliver the product or service to meet the organizational goals, which consists of the project requirements and specific conditions such as time, budget, and resources.<\/p>\n

Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques that enables the initiation, planning, execution, control, and closure of a given project within a given time frame and budget, and with the expected level of quality to satisfy requirements and business objectives.<\/p>\n

The project manager’s role is to use the company’s resources to fulfill a specific objective through the application of project management processes and techniques, but also by applying skills related to leadership, communication and relationship building. The project manager has a direct responsibility for managing the delivery of the project on time, within budget, and with the quality required. By having good project management, the organization could:<\/p>\n

a)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reducing the level of uncertainty and risk by means of a clear project objectives;<\/p>\n

b)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Providing an overall project plan to manage and control of the work;<\/p>\n

c)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Measuring accomplishments against the plan and stated objectives;<\/p>\n

d)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Creating effective channels of communications;<\/p>\n

e)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Recognizing risks and take actions early;<\/p>\n

f)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Identifying and mitigating risks to reduce schedule and cost overruns;<\/p>\n

g)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Team building and establishing a strong teamwork agenda;<\/p>\n

h)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Optimizing resources.<\/p>\n

The team leader is usually the most experienced and highly technical person on the project team. The team leader is responsible for defining the technical solutions for the business needs (project requirements) and manages changes to the project. In collaboration with the project manager, the team leader participates in the planning and reviewing activities of the project, mostly on the technical aspect such as the architecture, design and implementation. He also validating and approving the final deliverables produced by the project team.<\/p>\n

The project team is composed of the project manager, the team leader, and all the members assigned to the project. The project team is responsible for the outcome of the project (i.e. the product or service) to be delivered.<\/p>\n

Team member is people involved in the project and is part of a team within the project’s organizational structure. A team member has a task or a role assigned to him and is accountable for the completion of his assignment.<\/p>\n

The Performance Goal is a specific, measurable, challenging goal that is given to the team. It is a description of a goal that answers the questions “why do we do this project?” and “what must we do?”, but not \u201chow do we do it?”. The goal is not a description of activities but a statement of desired results. The project team will have to answer “how?” and implement it. This concept is essential for setting the initial boundaries of a self-organization team. By defining “what” and “why”, the team understands the reason and what they must do but allow them to come up with their own solutions. The Performance Goal is also essential to building team accountability (as opposed to individual accountability).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Is it possible to be assessed at higher CMMI levels without any improvement?<\/p>\n

Answer: The answer is \u201cYes\u201d, but the question is \u201cWhy\u201d. Why would you want to be assessed at higher CMM level without seeing any real improvement? What does a higher level mean to you? In the past several years, I have seen many organizations deployed improvement activities by established an SEPG and improvement teams. They created improvement documents to be placed on improvement websites, appeared very busy with weekly improvement meetings without improving anything. Some organizations have even passed ISO 9000 reviews or assessed at higher CMM levels but their people were not working any differently and their products were no different from products of lower level organizations. These organizations have created an \u201cimprovement look and feel\u201d atmosphere, where many teams are busy creating artificial documents that have nothing to do with the way the organization do business or build software. They constantly filled their websites with many procedures, templates that nobody used and of course in the end no real improvement happened.<\/p>\n

Developing a lot of documents and procedures, without changing people behavior, does not improve business performance. To make improvement work, organization must change the way people work that mean the documents and procedures must be based on actual process that people use and not an artificial process because some books have suggested or some experts somewhere have said so. The people responsible for improvement are workers and their managers. If managers do not care about improvement then the workers will continue to do things as they have done before, and nothing will change. To make change happen, the managers must be held responsible for process improvement, they must collect and analyze quality, cost, and time data for improvement opportunities; and use the SEPG to support the organization and monitor progress.<\/p>\n

A tragedy in process improvement is the race to achieve higher levels, where an organization sets a maturity level as the ultimate goal, rather than focusing on achieving the business benefits. Evidence of this is the organization becomes obsessed with the assessment, and all activities are geared toward passing an \u201cassessment\u201d. I have seen many people boasting that their organization is at a very high level, but there is no evidence that improvement has taken place. As an example: A \u201cLevel 5\u201d organization may still be having problems with project management, schedule, costs, quality and trivial software defects; A \u201clevel 4\u201d organization begin collecting measurements and claim statistical significant with very few data points. I really believe software practitioners must stop the nonsense \u201chigher-level craze,\u201d and focus on making real process improvement work. Our duties, responsibilities, and personal integrity are at stake here.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Can we use the CMMI in a small organization (less than 100 people) with many small projects? How do we get started?<\/p>\n

Answer: The CMMI is an improvement framework that can be applied to small or large groups, with some degree of modification. The key phrase is \u201cusing common sense\u201d. For example, smaller groups may not need a lot of documentation and coordination, primarily because communication is much better in a small group than larger one. The key is setting realistic goals for each project, and following the CMMI framework to achieve these goals. To start a process improvement effort you need senior management approval and commitment for time, money, top-down direction, and goal setting. You also need necessary training and communication for the people in your organization.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What is the definition of \u201ccycle time\u201d and how to cut it by 50% to meet customer\u2019s goal and objectives?<\/p>\n

Answer: Cycle time is rarely defined exactly, even though many organizations consider it their most important goal. Typically, cycle time refers to the time from project kick-off to the first release of the software product to the customer. It can also be defined as the period within each phase in the software life cycle, e.g. requirements, design, code, test etc, or between each software release. The concept is: if you do not measure cycle time, you cannot manage it; and if you do not manage it, you cannot control it; and if you do not control it, you cannot improve it.\u00a0 I do have several questions for you:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How does your customer set the goal of 50% to reduce cycle time? Why not 20% or 80%?<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 What is your management response to this demand?<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Is anybody doing anything about it?<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Does your organization have a plan to achieve this goal?<\/p>\n

So many times I have seen people setting aggressive goals without any idea on how to achieve it. This can create confusion or anger and eventually people will ignore it and then nothing will get done. The goal is only useful if it leads to action. For action to be seen people must change their behavior; but if the behavior or culture is not changing, it will be \u201cnothing change as usual\u201d.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: I understand that there are several CMMI models available in the market.\u00a0 Which one must we select?<\/p>\n

Answer: Yes, indeed it is a quagmire with so many official and unofficial CMMI available all over the place but before select a CMMI we must ask ourselves: \u201cWhat is the purpose of our improvement?\u201d Are we in business to look for the \u201cPerfect CMMI\u201d? By continuing to shop around for the latest CMMI, we may lose a considerable amount of time and resources, which could be utilized for making process improvement work. A CMMI is only a model but improvement is much more than having selected a model but obtaining commitment, skills, knowledge, resources and making improvement works. One should not blindly stick to only one model but we should not jump into new one every time it is introduce either. We must evaluate new models carefully as technology evolves, and keep our focus on improving time, cost and quality.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Is it possible for an organization to improve and mature independently, or do we have to comply with a company-wide process forced on us?<\/p>\n

Answer: The scope of process improvement is an organization, which it could be a major program, directorate, domain, or small business unit. An ideal size for an organization is approximately 300 to 1000 people. Each organization should improve its own maturity level independently based on what is best for its business and its customers. I strongly believe that improvement must be based on organizational business goals, objectives and management directions. I do not believe in creating a companywide process and forcing it on organizations, because there are so many organizations with different domains, applications, customers, products, processes, business goals and maturity levels. A single companywide process cannot describe all needed details or be useful if it is a high level generic process. The \u201cone size fits all\u201d approach is not a value-added activity and likely will be ignored by most organizations anyway.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Is it possible to improve a Manufacturing QA processes using the CMMI even though we do not develop software?<\/p>\n

Answer: Yes, it is possible to use the principle of CMMI to improve any processes but you have to modify it to align with the business process of manufacturing. For example:<\/p>\n

At level 2, the focus is on conducting Quality Assurance (QA) inspection at the project level. The QA task is to review, document and collect defect data at the project level.<\/p>\n

At level 3, the focus is to establish a QA standard process across all manufacturing processes. This QA standard consists of a policy, direction, review, and audit process. QA needs to conduct reviews and audits, both formal and informal. QA collects defect data at the project level then compiles the data at manufacturing process or phases, (define, build, test, release, etc). From these data, management can then make decisions. QA also analyzes these data (Root cause analysis) to remove defects once and for all.<\/p>\n

At level 4, the intent is to use all data collected to set control limits and use Statistical Process Control techniques to remove all defects from products and processes. This is the beginning of \u201cbuilt-in quality\u201d rather than \u201cinspecting-in\u201d, or testing, for quality. Managers will manage all processes by facts and data. Usually at level 4, most defects have been removed and quality is no longer an issue for defects.\u00a0 However, there are issues with other attributes such as reliability, performance, and scalability.<\/p>\n

At level 5, the focus is on optimizing all processes to ensure the entire product-line can reach the ultimate goal of zero defect or six-sigma quality.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: Why do we need to measure our software in compliance with CMMI? What is the rational for gathering measurements in CMMI?<\/p>\n

Answer: It is a fundamental principle that organizations exist by providing demonstrated value to the business. The key word here is \u201cdemonstrated value\u201d. Without measurements how do you demonstrate your worth to justify the right to stay in business? This principle also applies to software process improvement. If we cannot demonstrate that process improvement works by fact and data, should we continue to stay in business? Should we invest in process improvement at all? Measurement is a key concept in process improvement required by the CMMI, i.e. project measurements at level 2; organization measurements at level 3; product-line measurement at level 4; optimizing process measurement at level 5.<\/p>\n

Measurement should be part of the software life cycle and should not be treated as a separate activity.<\/p>\n

Question: Why do we have to follow a documented process? Why document when technology changes so fast and things become obsolete in a few years?<\/p>\n

Answer: The software development phase is short as compared to the maintenance phase. Maintenance can last for decades and is complicated by the need for bug fixes and enhancements, based on customer\u2019s demand. The major problem of maintenance is that it is usually done by someone else rather the initial developers. Overtime, as people move from project to project, the initial requirements, business rules, architecture, and design trade-offs are lost. Without a documented process in place, it is impossible to maintain such systems.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: My organization is still struggling to build an Organization Software Standard Process (OSSP). There have been several debates about adopting an external standard or borrow from higher-level organizations, but still come up with no solutions. Please help.<\/p>\n

Answer: The CMMI requires an organization to have an \u201cOrganization Software Standard Process\u201d (OSSP) documented, and used by projects within that organization (this is Level 3 PA). The common question is: where does this standard process come from?<\/p>\n

Let\u2019s assume that the organization establish a group of expert to define this standard. These people are smart and could create a very good process for the organization. Even with the best people, it will take time to develop this process, to train people to follow it, to collect data and to analyze it to see if it really works. In the mean time, people will continue to do whatever they do as nothing happen in the organization.\u00a0 The longer the standard process being developed, the less chance of success it will be because all the momentum and energy to improve has faded overtime and management could loose patient and terminate the improvement efforts.<\/p>\n

Even if the team successful create a brand new standard process from scratch and begin to deploy it, most people will believe that someone is forcing them to change the way they do business (This is very common behavior) and begin to resist the new standard and the SEPG and Practitioner relationship could become adversarial rather collaborative and bad things could happen require management to take action and many improvement activities could get into serious problem.<\/p>\n

Even if the SEPG could adopt a standard from somewhere and bring it into the organization but based on several lessons learned I found that forcing an external \u201cstandard process\u201d on an organization usually does not work well, and people have a tendency to ignore them anyway. Borrowing from higher-level organizations does not help either because it is still an \u201cexternal or foreign\u201d process.<\/p>\n

The best common sense approach is to create the OSSP from the bottom up, based on \u201cbest practices\u201d within the organization. You should start with a collection of best practices, which already exist in the organization, simplify it as the \u201cinterim standard\u201d for people to follow. This activity does not require a lot of time to define and to train because most processes come from the organization and people are already familiar with them therefore they do not resist. The key activity follow is measure the usage and effectiveness of this \u201cinterim standard\u201d.\u00a0 Having measurements, the SEPG could identify the best process within the interim standard and refined it into the \u201corganization standard\u201d.<\/p>\n

This approach is not new because it is based on the deployment strategy: Define the standard based on existing practices, pilot it in several projects to collect data, refined it based on measurements and standardize it for wide usage across the organization. Standard process is not a rigid but a flexible and eventually become a robust description that people will follow. Based on my experience, any standard definition should start with actual practices, which already exist within an organization but with some modification or \u201cfine tuning\u201d for ease of use.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: How do we know our measurements are effective?<\/p>\n

Answer: To use metrics effectively, you should: a) Measure only what you can do something about it. B) Measure actual against plan; c) Keep data collection simple, and 4) Keep everything visible. Measurements can help any organization to improve as long as you don’t overdo it by starting the improvement efforts with too many measurements. Keep focused on the end result and use metrics to help guide the project.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: What can we do to improve the competitiveness of our company?<\/p>\n

Answer: I believe the single most important thing a company can do is to improve its competitiveness by dramatically improve its productivity, quality and morale.\u00a0 These three goals may seem mutually exclusive, but in reality they are strongly connected.\u00a0 A company gets the biggest productivity gains by improving the quality of its products and the processes that create them. By improving, the company, in the same time, gets the biggest improvements in morale by getting rid of the issues that cause morale problems.<\/p>\n

I have seen several companies following this approach few years ago, and have already seen significant data on improvements such as reducing costs and improving quality, and at the same time increased their employee satisfaction index. Having built confidence in the approach, those companies are now committing to more than 50% increase in productivity gains over the next five years.\u00a0 Right along with this, they also committed to another 30% improvement in defect detection and elimination.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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