{"id":874,"date":"2013-06-25T22:31:42","date_gmt":"2013-06-25T15:31:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=874"},"modified":"2013-06-25T22:31:42","modified_gmt":"2013-06-25T15:31:42","slug":"cmmi-35","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=874","title":{"rendered":"CMMI-35"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: <\/b>T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? \u00a0Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p:<\/strong> T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t m\u1eebng l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi. C\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. N\u0103m 2005, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o l\u00e0m b\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a tr\u00ean 4000 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi th\u0103m 186 c\u00f4ng ti \u1edf M\u0129, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trung b\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 90% v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1edbi 120%<\/p>\n

33% s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch<\/p>\n

53% d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n 189% so v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 16.2% d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 trong ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian trung b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 th\u00eam l\u00e0 222% th\u1eddi gian \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti l\u1edbn, ch\u1ec9 9% s\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch<\/p>\n

H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u mang \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u do l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u1eadt nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: <\/b>T\u00f4i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 n\u00f3 kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1edbi hay c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: <\/b>C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u1edfng. B\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai tin \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1eed n\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i n\u00e0o. H\u1ecdc qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi hay c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c k\u0129 khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh x\u1eed trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi hay c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao h\u00e0m nh\u00f3m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0a ra vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, Nh\u00f3m qui tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m – Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG) th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trao \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 T\u1ed5 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qui tr\u00ecnh – Process Action Teams (PAT), h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. M\u1ecdi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee7 cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec qui tr\u00ecnh hay c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: <\/b>L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: <\/b>Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed tin r\u1eb1ng “qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.\u00a0 H\u1ecd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ef1c k\u00ec ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.\u00a0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bao g\u1ed3m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau, \u0111em t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi m\u1edbi cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3.\u00a0 V\u00e0 khi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo – thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng xa kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 li\u00ean thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. Cho n\u00ean \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c n\u1eefa. \u00a0Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u01b0a ra vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn, chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Truy c\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c h\u1ecd. Bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd, h\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Hi\u1ec3u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch l\u1eafng nghe m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n l\u1eafng nghe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng nh\u1edb \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n nghe th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean m\u1edbi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kinh doanh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00f9ng b\u1ea1n. Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: <\/b>Sao ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u1edf CMMI m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh 5 thay v\u00ec m\u1ee9c 2?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: <\/b>Ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Theo c\u1ea3nh quan CMMI, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eed b\u1ecf khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u1edf m\u1ee9c 2, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ecb tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp b\u1edfi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n cho \u0111\u00fang l\u1ecbch. Do \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t k\u00ec khi n\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian cho ph\u00e9p.<\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ee9c 3, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u201cth\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t\u201d cho m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. T\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ee9c 4, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh do vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 qui tr\u00ecnh. \u01afu ti\u00ean then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qui tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhu c\u1ea7u doanh nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ee9c 5, do vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qui tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eed b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh phi ch\u00ednh qui v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: <\/b>T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edbi m\u1ed7i l\u00fac? Sao ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: <\/b>T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edbi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u0169. Khi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c \u0111i, vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch hay khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu c\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eebng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1eabn duy nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn khi l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0 duy ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n cho t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc. Kh\u00f4ng khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi m\u1ecdi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: <\/b>Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng? Sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1? <\/b><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: <\/b>Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c mong \u0111\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau, t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nhau. Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 thu th\u1eadp nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y th\u1eadt chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 CMMI \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y. C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 CMMI s\u1ebd l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 v\u00ec t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, hay h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u sai.<\/p>\n

CMMI l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Khi t\u1ed5 n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: <\/b>L\u00e0m sao ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c CMMI? M\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: <\/b>T\u1eebng m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. \u0110i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 1 th\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c 2 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 v\u00ec b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, m\u1ee9c 2 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 2 th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c 3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n trong \u201cm\u00f4 th\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n\u201d m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o \u201cm\u00f4 th\u1ee9c to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.\u201d \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u chia s\u1ebb v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, m\u1ee9c 4 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o th\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t, n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 bao qu\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec n\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung b\u00ecnh c\u00f3. Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ee9c 4 l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

M\u1ee9c 5 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb 1 t\u1edbi 4.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi:<\/b> Xin th\u1ea7y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p PSP v\u00e0 TSP v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: <\/b>Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n – Personal Software Process (PSP) l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111em k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt t\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

PSP bao qu\u00e1t h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m bao g\u1ed3m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00f4 \u0111un, v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ed7i l\u00fac.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p PSP cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o qui tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd theo \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh danh hi\u1ec7u v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed5 – Team Software Process (TSP) l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 PSP v\u00e0o t\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n, hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng cao. TSP cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng quy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7, vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean theo d\u00f5i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh so v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

Qui tr\u00ecnh TSP l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ed5 (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng -launches) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed. Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c. Do n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5, l\u1ed7i t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 hay t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1eaft b\u1ecf \u0111i. C\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 trung b\u00ecnh hai c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n cho th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5. L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f5i v\u1ebft d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 ghi c\u00f4ng cho gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ghi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. Cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c d\u00f5i v\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9.\u00a0 T\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f5i v\u1ebft v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. Qui tr\u00ecnh TSP h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cao \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh.\u00a0 C\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 may r\u1ee7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u1eefng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa s\u1edbm s\u1ee7a c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa mu\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 sau, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c d\u00f5i v\u1ebft trung th\u00e0nh cao c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea3i linh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng g\u0103ng, n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n quanh t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1i \u01b0u vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1m s\u00e1t theo ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh cam k\u1ebft, v\u00ec t\u1ed5 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch; h\u1ecd s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng n\u00f3. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch thi \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 thao chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ra.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng PSP\/TSP. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng PSP\/TSP c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u00ec m\u1ee9c CMMI n\u00e0o v\u00ec n\u00f3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho CMMI m\u1ee9c 4 hay 5 do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n kh\u00e1c. PSP\/TSP l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1edbn t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. \u1ede m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 m\u1ee9c 1 hay 2, s\u1ee9c \u00e9p l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t s\u1ebd hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u00ec n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 (m\u1ee9c 3) vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng PSP\/TSP s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3\u201d. Cho t\u1edbi khi v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (m\u1ee9c 4), PSP\/TSP s\u1ebd n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 “ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng\u201d v\u00e0 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: <\/b>D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, SEPG bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ea3. Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: <\/b>Khi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean chia s\u1ebb ph\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee9. D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 tay v\u00e0o SEPG b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i tin c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00ean chia s\u1ebb h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1edbi l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eebng xo\u00e1y v\u00e0o l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ai m\u00e0 n\u00ean nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean SEPG c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u00e0i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0SEPG c\u00f3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd?<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0 SEPG c\u00f3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0SEPG c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tham gia v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0SEPG d\u00e0nh bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn cho th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1edbi hay h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1edbi n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0SEPG c\u00f3 d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

9)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

10) \u00a0Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ecb x\u00f4 v\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3 thay v\u00ec th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1ee9c 2?<\/p>\n

11) \u00a0B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 xem x\u00e9t li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00eam kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u00f4i th\u00fac m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi SEPG ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00e0ng qu\u00ed, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. SEPG c\u1ea7n chia s\u1ebb k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi xin g\u1ee3i \u00fd. Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 do SEPG kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho t\u1edbi khi s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 tr\u1ec5.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecfi: <\/b>T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng CMMI m\u1ee9c 3?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: <\/b>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 so v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111o n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi l\u00e1i xe b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, x\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c v.v. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 m\u1ee9c CMMI n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: <\/b>L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, t\u00f4i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd cho t\u00f4i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti \u0111ang kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m r\u1ea5t \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m. Xin th\u1ea7y b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: <\/b>To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i sang \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00fac b\u1ea9y d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf. V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c x\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra ngh\u1ec1 m\u1edbi trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i. T\u00f4i tin trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi v\u00e0i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed then ch\u1ed1t ki\u1ec3u k\u0129 s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p, qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb m\u1ea1ng, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, v\u00e0 k\u0129 s\u01b0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v.v.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u01b0a th\u00edch l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i r\u1eb1ng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m t\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi \u00edt vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: <\/b>Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qui tr\u00ecnh, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong CMMI l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: <\/b>C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n CMMI m\u1ee9c 2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t k\u00ec qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n, trong khi \u1edf m\u1ee9c 3 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t (Qui tr\u00ecnh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5) t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n (OSSP) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ra giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cho thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1ch \u0111o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 cho CMMI m\u1ee9c 3 r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 kho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u00e0 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n sang t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u01a1n. C\u00e1ch \u0111o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho ph\u00e9p vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh c\u00f9ng ki\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c nhau qua th\u1eddi gian, \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u1edf m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh 4.<\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ee9c 4 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed theo t\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qui tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean. T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n g\u00e2y ra bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u1edf m\u1ee9c 5 trong mi\u1ec1n qui tr\u00ecnh then ch\u1ed1t Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thay \u0111\u1ed5i qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: <\/b>CMMI ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng? Ai kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi n\u00f3?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: <\/b>Kh\u00f4ng, CMMI ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. CMMI ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (m\u1ee9c 2), nh\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (m\u1ee9c 3), nh\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 doanh nghi\u1ec7p (m\u1ee9c 4) v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 kinh doanh then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti (m\u1ee9c 5). \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecfi: <\/b>T\u00f4i b\u1ecb l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ti\u00ean phong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. L\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean SEPG t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u00ean phong hay t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n thay \u0111\u1ed5i?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: <\/b>Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, ti\u00ean phong l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00f4ng ti n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng. Ti\u00ean phong ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra, ti\u00ean phong ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p trung, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Ti\u00ean phong ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1ea1i, ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cam k\u1ebft v\u00e0 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t gay go v\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 90% n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c. T\u00e1c nh\u00e2n thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn chi ti\u1ebft, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

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—-English version—-<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

CMMI-35<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Question: <\/b>Why do we need to improve software? \u00a0Do you have any data indicate that software need improvement?<\/p>\n

Answer: <\/strong>I am very glad that you asked. There were hundred of researches in the past twenty years addressed the state of software practices, most of them indicated that software industry really need to improve. <\/strong>In 2005, I participated in a software industry benchmark of over 4000 software projects. We visited 186 companies in the U.S, Europe and Asia to collect data and found that:<\/p>\n

The average software development project exceeds it\u2019s planned budget by 90% and it\u2019s schedule by 120%<\/p>\n

33% of all projects are over budget<\/p>\n

53% of projects will cost 189% of their original estimate<\/p>\n

Only 16.2% of projects will be completed on-time and on-budget<\/p>\n

The average time overrun is 222% of the original estimate<\/p>\n

In large companies, only 9% of projects come in on-time and on-budget<\/p>\n

Most failed projects were doomed from the start due to poor planning.<\/p>\n

Based on these latest data, I concluded that software industry really needs to improve its practice quickly.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: <\/b>I was amazed to see after many years people are still struggled with software process improvement issues. I do not think it is more difficult than learning new tools or new technologies.<\/p>\n

Answer: <\/b>Software Process improvement is not as easy as you think. Anyone who believes otherwise has either never tried it or has never worked on any lasting improvement. Learning new process or tools is only the beginning, there are so many human aspects to work through as you try to change the way people behave in an organization.<\/p>\n

A new or improve process must be defined, documented, used in real project, measured for efficiency and performance, and continuously improved based on data collected. Improvement happen at the organization that means everybody in the organization, every project should adopt the changes. In order for change to happen, an infrastructure must be in place, this include a management steering group that provide vision, goals, and direction for the organization, a Software Engineering Process Group (SEPG) that communicate, facilitate, collect data and share improvement activities with the organization, and Process Action Teams (PAT) that focus on working on improvement tasks based on the assessment results. All improvement must be coordinated, facilitated and they must last for a long term.<\/p>\n

Without this kind of infrastructure, it is difficult to make improvement last or fully institutionalize any process or technologies.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: <\/b>How do you manage software practitioners effectively when technology and organization are changing rapidly?<\/p>\n

Answer: <\/b>Many managers believe that “managing” means control.\u00a0 They think that if they can keep software practitioners performing in certain ways at certain times, they are successful.<\/p>\n

But the results aren’t always what they predict because organization today is extremely complex.\u00a0 Organization is composed of a diversity of people that interact and affect each other, bringing about new behaviors for the organization as a whole.\u00a0 And when the environment changes, so does the behavior of its people \u2013 changing to adapt to the new changes. To succeed, manager need to recognize that they are part of the complexity, not set apart from it. They are interdependent and depend on others to accomplish goals and objectives. So the illusion of total management control is no longer valid. \u00a0In this rapid changing time, a successful manager should:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Provide vision, clear direction, and strong values, but understand that changes take time.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Be accessible to employees and care about them.\u00a0 Get to know them, ask what they need and build trust.<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Understand the organization as a whole by develop empathy with employees and learn to listen to their concern. The way you listen can change people attitude and remember always respond to what you hear.<\/p>\n

I know this is difficult because every manager is very busy with a lot of things to do but you must understand that it is the employees that make your job. We are living in a fast changing time and the best way to reap the benefit of rapid changes in today’s complex business organizations is having the best people work for you and with you. No one can do thing by themselves but everything we do depends on each others and the job of manager is getting more and more complex and only the best will be successful.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: <\/b>Why is Defect Prevention at CMMI maturity level 5 instead of level 2?<\/p>\n

Answer: <\/b>Defect prevention is a process of capturing and studying defects and its trends so the organization can prevent them from happening again.<\/p>\n

From the CMMI perspective, defect prevention requires the organization to have a standard process to collect, analyze defect data to identify root causes, review the frequency of occurrence and create a process to eliminate defects and educate software engineers of these common mistakes.<\/p>\n

Typically at level 2, the organization is overwhelmed by schedule pressure and top priority is managing project to meet schedule. Therefore, it is very difficult to have time and resource to identify defect. Most of defect removal activities are conducted whenever time permitted.<\/p>\n

At level 3, the organization could control project schedule to some degree and the priority is to apply \u201cbest practices\u201d to all projects in order to achieve consistency throughout. At this maturity level, the organization could focus more on formal review and inspection to identify and remove defects.<\/p>\n

At level 4, the organization is very stable due to a robust project management and process standardization. The key priority is focus on statistical process control based on business needs. This is where root-cause analysis happens and the defect prevention activities begin.<\/p>\n

At level 5, due to robust data analysis and formal statistical process control, the organization could eliminate most process irregularity and prevent defect from happening.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: <\/b>Why do we have to create new project plan each time? Why don\u2019t we reuse the previous project plan to save time and money?<\/p>\n

Answer: <\/b>I know many people reuse their project plan. This works only when the new project looks like the old one. When things are different, reusing old plan or template can create problem.<\/p>\n

Every project plan must address specific needs of particular project and even there may be some similarities, each project is also unique. Project manager must be careful when planning new project and apply critical thinking to each step. No template can address all the needs as well as all the requirements.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: <\/b>What is a software process? What is your definition of an organization? We know what work and not work in our organization? Why do we need an assessment?<\/p>\n

Answer: <\/b>The software process is a set of activities that work together to produce a software product that meets cost, schedule, and quality expectations.<\/p>\n

An organization is a collection of individuals that work together, each committed to the mission of the organization, and doing their part in supporting it.<\/p>\n

Most people know what works and what does not work in their organization but they may not agree with each other. The key aspect of an assessment is that the team collects these views in details and uses a common framework such as the CMMI to guide and organize this collection of information. Trying to collect this information without a model such as the CMMI would be very difficult since the team may overlook something, or focus on the wrong things.<\/p>\n

The CMMI is a well-defined and accepted model used to guide the assessment and improvement activities. When the team provides assessment findings, management can take the information with confidence and safely assume that the team has substantiated the claim within the conditions set forth for the assessment.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: <\/b>How come it takes many years to move up a CMMI level? What is the most difficult level to overcome?<\/p>\n

Answer: <\/b>Each maturity level represents a set of behavior that people do in an organization. To move up a level requires a change in this behavior and change is never easy.<\/p>\n

If you start from level 1 then you will find level 2 is very difficult since you have to start the change and overcome the resistance to change. From a technical point of view, level 2 is not difficult but it is the awareness, education, communication, and overcome the resistance to change that takes time.<\/p>\n

If you start from level 2 then you may find level 3 is difficult because you are no longer in the \u201cproject paradigm\u201d but move to \u201corganization-wide paradigm\u201d. This requires a lot of sharing of best practices and team building, which is also a very big change.<\/p>\n

From my own experience, Level 4 is probably the biggest challenge. Unless your organization already have an excellent metrics where facts and data exist, the use of statistical control is difficult to comprehend since it requires much more skills and knowledge than the average people has. The key aspect of level 4 is the utilization of existing data into useful information for management to make decision and to fine tune the existing standard process.<\/p>\n

Level 5 is relatively straightforward and basically an extension of what the organization already did on the journey from 1 to 4.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question:<\/b> \u00a0Please describe the PSP and TSP methods and identify how they fit into the process improvement activities?<\/p>\n

Answer: <\/b>The Personal Software Process (PSP) is a method that brings discipline to the individual software engineers.<\/p>\n

PSP covers most software development tasks including requirements definition, architecture design, module development, and documentation production. Because it is at the individual level, it is designed to be a bottom up approach, improving the skill of one engineer at a time.<\/p>\n

PSP method allows engineers an opportunity to look at their own process, review their own performance, identify their own weakness and strength quantitatively, and draw conclusion on what they need to improve. It is a very rigorous disciplined process similar to an athlete\u2019s own quest for championship<\/p>\n

The Team Software Process (TSP) is a method to help bring PSP trained engineers into a self-directed, high performance team. TSP allows team members to manage their work effectively by clearly define ownership, roles and responsibilities. Members track their works, their progress and performance against team\u2019s schedule and goals.<\/p>\n

TSP process is a team-based planning activity (called launches) to put detailed project plans in place. Team members identify tasks, dependencies and issues in a collaborative environment. Due to team effort, errors from multiple uncorrelated tasks or estimates tend to cancel out. The plans typically have an average of two milestones per week per team member. An earned values scheme is used for project tracking, i.e. when a task complete, there is a credit for the value of the task. There is no partial credit for incomplete tasks. A weekly status meeting provides the mechanism for tracking and reporting progress.\u00a0 Each team member tracks and presents their status for the week. The highly task oriented TSP process ensures the accuracy measurement of progress.\u00a0 Trends show up very quickly and risks are identified and eliminated. Early corrections have a much better chance of success than late drastic ones, so there is generally a much higher likelihood of avoiding major problems.\u00a0 The high fidelity tracking also enables agile dynamic load balancing and critical path management, where work is continually shifted around the team in order to optimize use of resources to make planned dates. The key idea here is a commitment process, since the team develops the plan; they own it and will use it. It is a very rigorous disciplined process similar to a professional sport team game plan, designed by the coach and players.<\/p>\n

There are different opinions regarding the use of PSP\/TSP. Some people believe that PSP\/TSP can be used at any CMMI level since it is focus at the individual. However, based on my own experience, this method is best used at CMMI level 4 or 5 due to the unstable nature of other lower levels. PSP\/TSP is a very self-disciplined process that required significant support from management. At lower level, such as level 1 or 2, schedule pressure will definitely jeopardize any attempt to use this method. Without a standard process in place (Level 3) the utilization of PSP\/TSP will not take hold since it will be viewed as \u201cJust another flavor of the month\u201d. Until the culture truly changes and organization begins focusing on facts and data (Level 4), PSP\/TSP will emerge as the \u201cpreferred method\u201d and will significantly change the way we practice software engineering.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: <\/b>It seems that when the organization failed to improve, the SEPG is always at fault. I am very frustrated with our improvement progress, we have done everything we could but nothing happen. What do you suggest?<\/p>\n

Answer: <\/b>When improvement failed, everybody should share the blame. It is easy to point the finger at the SEPG because it is his or her job to improve the process but I believe management should share most of the burden because it is their direction and leadership that makes things happens. Let\u2019s not dwell on who\u2018s fault it is but look at the way improvement is implemented in your organization.<\/p>\n

I am sure your SEPG members have done everything they know but they need to review their approach and ask why improvement does not seem to happen. I would like to suggest the following questions:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Does the SEPG actively work with projects and not spend a lot of time in their own meetings?<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Does the SEPG communicate new process to people in your organization?<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Does the SEPG engage people in the organization to develop new process?<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 How much time does the SEPG spend advocate new practices or support people to adopt the new practice?<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Does the SEPG spend enough time on institutionalization?<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Does management review improvement status on a regularly basis?<\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Does management encourage people to follow the standard processes?<\/p>\n

8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Does the organization have incentive for people to change?<\/p>\n

9)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Does the organization recognize the early adopters?<\/p>\n

10) \u00a0Is it possible that the organization is rushing to work on level 3 instead of institutionalizing level 2 processes?<\/p>\n

11) \u00a0Have you consider contact external consultant for additional support?<\/p>\n

I strongly urge every SEPG to review their approach on quarterly basis, determine what works and what does not and take corrective actions. The SEPG needs to share the results with the rest of the organization and ask for suggestions. Based on my experiences, many failures in process improvement are due to the SEPG not asking for help until it is too late.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: <\/b>Why do we need measurement data to meet CMMI level 3?<\/p>\n

Answer: <\/b>The purpose of collecting measurement is to give managers the data they need to make decision about the project and organization, evaluate progress against defined goals and objectives, and take corrective actions necessary to yield the desired outcomes. Without these measures, managers cannot make informed decisions and manage their organizations effectively.<\/p>\n

Just like when driving a car you do need to look at certain measurement instruments such as speed, gas, tachometer etc. Managers need information to manage their group and it should be collected regardless of CMMI level.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: <\/b>As a programmer, I always believe that proficiency in programming will keep me on the job for a long time. However, I am very disappointed that many companies are outsourcing job oversea, it seems that the future of software is very bleak. Please comment.<\/p>\n

Answer: <\/b>Globalization happens and many programming jobs may go elsewhere but this is a trend in the industry. Most companies operate on profit and if they does not reduce their price by leverage the low wages workers elsewhere and their competitors do then they cannot compete in the open market. Some years ago, many factory jobs went away and people were upset but many get over it and found new careers in technology but now it is software turn to go elsewhere and I am sure some people will be upset.<\/p>\n

However, not all software jobs will be outsourced. I believe in many management job will remain as well as some key positions such as system engineer, business analyst, network administration, user-interface design, project management, requirements management, software architect, and integration engineer etc.<\/p>\n

Unless you do not want to learn new skills but prefer to do programming then the future maybe bleak. I do expect that the globalization trend will continue in the next ten years with many programming job being shifted elsewhere and programmers will be competing for fewer jobs.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: <\/b>What is a Process Asset Library, its purpose and the relationship in the CMMI<\/p>\n

Answer: <\/b>A simple answer is that at CMMI level 2 projects can use whatever documented process they want, where at level 3 they should follow the best practices (Process, methods, tools) from previous projects that were identified and stored in the process asset library for re-use by other projects.<\/p>\n

These re-usable assets establish the fact that the organizational has standard processes (OSSP) and sets the stage for the collection of measurements about the use of those assets. This becomes the basis theme for CMMI level 3 that the organization is no longer in the project stovepipe but shift to a more process managed and learning organization. The measurements being based on the use of the same basic assets across projects allows an apples to apples comparison of the results of different projects over time which forms the basis of being able to operate at maturity level 4.<\/p>\n

At level 4 projects are managed according to a set of goals using statistical process control techniques and data collected among projects can be used to identify which assets have been the causes of variations. Assets causing variation are candidates for improvement at level 5 in Technology Change Mgmt and Process Change Mgmt key process areas where tools, methods and processes are upgraded to reduce the variation.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: <\/b>Is software CMMI is focus on software practitioners only? Who else will be affected by it?<\/p>\n

Answer: <\/b>No, Software CMMI is not for software practitioners only. The Software CMMI focuses on changing the way software development work and the way software is being managed as projects (Level 2), as products (Level 3), as business products and services (Level 4) and as a key business of a company (Level 5). For improvement to happen everybody must participate and commit to make it happens.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Question: <\/b>I am confused between the role of process improvement Champion and Change agent. As SEPG member should I be a Champion or a Change Agent?<\/p>\n

Answer: <\/b>By definition, Champion is the one who initiate, promote and maintain the improvement momentum.<\/p>\n

To start an improvement initiative in any company requires a lot of efforts, skills and talent. The Champion must have a sound proposal and generate a lot of enthusiasm toward improvement to get support from senior management. Even when the improvement direction is in place, the Champion must promote the vision and objectives clearly to convince the middle level management to buy in and get support from the practitioners to make it works. This promotion is an on going process in order to maintain the improvement momentum. The Champion must defend the initiative against the skeptical, the negative, and the resistance to change activities and this requires a very strong commitment and patient.<\/p>\n

By definition, Change Agent is the one who make the change happens. This is a very tough assignment since it deals with overcome the resistance to change which could be 90% of the effort. Change agent creates improvement plan in details, facilitate and communicate to people in the organization and monitoring the changes to ensure success.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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