H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n
N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00f5i l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c?<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n
Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00f5i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00f5i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c, k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh. Tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, th\u00f4ng tin, nguy\u00ean l\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. K\u0129 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng t\u1edbi t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh (kinh nghi\u1ec7m). Qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1 icufng.<\/p>\n
N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00f5i l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u01b0u th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tri th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 v\u00e0i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3.<\/p>\n
H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n
Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (QC) c\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (SQA) kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n
Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (QC) l\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1eebng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean n\u00f3. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bao g\u1ed3m chu tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u1ec1 qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111o v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh khi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o n\u01a1i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SQA) bao g\u1ed3m ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m r\u1ed3i cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. Ch\u00ednh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o v\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n
Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a SQA l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, ki\u1ec3m tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 chu\u1ea9n, v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed.<\/p>\n
H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n
C\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec khi tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c? T\u1ea1i sao m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00ec h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ai \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m?<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n
Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang, qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (OSSP) h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m khi h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. M\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n hay m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 thao n\u01a1i t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i theo qui t\u1eafc ri\u00eang; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 theo qui t\u1eafc b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 trong khi s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c d\u00f9ng qui t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 hay b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y. Cho d\u00f9 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi, t\u1ed5 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. T\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n, qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (OSSP) thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ra khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u00eam c\u00e1ch \u0111o v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ra cho m\u1ecdi b\u01b0\u1edbc trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u1edf tr\u00ean, qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (OSSP) ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u1ee5 \u00fd n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng hay “th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t”. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ra, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o trong qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n do v\u1eady cho ph\u00e9p qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t OSSP th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 truy nh\u1eadp t\u1edbi n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5, khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu, danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m v\u00e0 l\u1eddi m\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, OSSP c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 trao \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ra ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. N\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n; cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh d\u01b0 th\u1eeba trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m n\u1ebfu t\u1eebng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n
H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n
V\u00ec c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3i, l\u00e0m sao t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu?<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n
Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi, k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n
T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec qua t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n?\u00a0 B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n hay \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi. B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n hay khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5. So s\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng trong tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0 B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai?\u00a0 B\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec trong ba, n\u0103m hay m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m n\u1eefa k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd? Lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n b\u1ea1n t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng? H\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i quay l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m hay \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n hay y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ea1y cho b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec h\u1ecdc nh\u00f3m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. \u0110\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, t\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n hay ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa ch\u1eebng. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n
H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n
D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Motorola r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Six-Sigma. T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta?<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n
Six-Sigma l\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m cho Motorola r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i chung, Six-Sigma bao g\u1ed3m hai ph\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n
1) V\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 DMAIC (D<\/b>efine the To be or problem- x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hay v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, M<\/b>easure the current or As Is performance – \u0110o hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi hay hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang v\u1eady, A<\/b>nalyze gaps between current performance and target performance – ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi, I<\/b>mplement the improvements and C<\/b>ontrol the process – th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qui tr\u00ecnh).<\/p>\n
2) \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp trong pha \u0111o (nh\u01b0, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ea1y, ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u0103n nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t) v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n
D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi t\u1eeb Six Sigma l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o qui tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1eabn \u1edf CMM m\u1ee9c 1 hay 2, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 Six-Sigma kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n
L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean SEPG ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tin v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u00edch l\u00e0m?<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n
N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 SEPG m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd tin v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i qua c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tin n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh cho h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111em t\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u201ccho n\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed kh\u00e1c\u201d. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec, ch\u1eb3ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd v\u00e0 th\u00edch l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0a ra ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn hay c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 th\u00ec h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ra \u0111i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng chung th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u1ee9 quay b\u00e1nh xe, ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n
H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n
Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m?<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n
Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y hay s\u1edd th\u1ea5y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n
Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tri th\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 phi tuy\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, th\u1eddi gian, t\u00ednh n\u0103ng, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i x\u00e2y nh\u00e0, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh 30% hay 80% kh\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh 30% hay 80%. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 v\u1eadt l\u00ed, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00ec kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh dung ra, c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc m\u00e0 c\u1ee9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u00f4n l\u00e0m cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00e0nh kh\u00f3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3 tri th\u1ee9c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, trao \u0111\u1ed5i, doanh nghi\u1ec7p, b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n
N\u0103m ngo\u00e1i, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u; h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c \u00e9p t\u1eeb kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c cam k\u1ebft l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed cam k\u1ebft ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c v\u00ec r\u1ee7i ro ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 theo t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd qu\u00e3ng 20 gi\u1edd m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n cho th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5. Kh\u00f4ng ai nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1 r\u1ee7i ro ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i l\u1edbp, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Sau l\u1edbp, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00eam b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o trong b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n cho t\u00f4i v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc trong l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n
Th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u sau t\u1eeb t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Ph\u1ed1 WalL, Wall Street Journal: N\u0103m 2001, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u0129 chi ti\u00eau h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 $81 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea7n n\u1eeda c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf; $40 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u0129 c\u0169ng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p M\u0129 l\u00e0 qu\u00e3ng $22 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la h\u00e0ng n\u0103m.\u00a0 V\u1edbi t\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u01a1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n
H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n
T\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec chi ph\u00ed hay ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng?<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i v\u00ec ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed, s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i v\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfm khi n\u00f3i t\u1edbi: \u201cVi\u1ec7c ch\u00e1n ng\u00e1n tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng anh h\u00f9ng.\u201d Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh m\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p d\u1ef1a n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f3. B\u1ea5t k\u00ec khi n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecf \u0111i, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 (hay c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3). \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1eef h\u1ecd, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng theo t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 tr\u00ean trung b\u00ecnh cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 then ch\u1ed1t v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra v\u0103n ho\u00e1 “anh h\u00f9ng” n\u01a1i c\u00e1c anh h\u00f9ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3i ng\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kinh doanh \u1edf n\u01a1i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u ‘anh h\u00f9ng” ra kh\u1ecfi doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n
H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n
T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ed7i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n? N\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec qui tr\u00ecnh hay l\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi?<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n
C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai. C\u00f3 v\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n cho l\u1ed7i:<\/p>\n
Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c: M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3<\/p>\n
Trao \u0111\u1ed5i: M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3<\/p>\n
Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t: M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3<\/p>\n
Ghi ch\u00e9p: M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m khi l\u00e0m n\u00f3<\/p>\n
Qui tr\u00ecnh: Qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn sai h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd<\/p>\n
H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n
L\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1ch \u0111o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o khi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng website? T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng web.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1ch \u0111o cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng web l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 th\u1ebf do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n
1) Khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1edbt web, h\u1ecd bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ghi l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi. Nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac website c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 \u0111o t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf website.<\/p>\n
2) M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n ai \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean web y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t trang t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, ngu\u1ed3n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ghi l\u1ea1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111a d\u1ea1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp trong t\u1ec7p s\u1ef1 k\u00ed cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1m.<\/p>\n
T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean web c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 c\u00e1ch \u0111o c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a<\/i>. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a web ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u01b0 d\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 k\u00ed ngu\u1ed3n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi r\u00fat m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u01b0 r\u00e1c SPAM<\/p>\n
H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n
L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf, v\u1eeba hay l\u1edbn? T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 qu\u00e3ng \u00a02 t\u1edbi 4 tu\u1ea7n, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf hay v\u1eeba?<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n
C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n 2 tu\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i x\u00e9t th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 6 t\u1edbi 12 th\u00e1ng l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf; t\u1eeb 12 t\u1edbi 24 th\u00e1ng l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee1 trung b\u00ecnh; v\u00e0 t\u1eeb 24 t\u1edbi 48 th\u00e1ng hay h\u01a1n l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n hay th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c hay s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 5 t\u1edbi 25 ng\u01b0\u1eddi; d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee1 trung y\u00eau c\u1ea7u 25 t\u1edbi 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u 100 t\u1edbi 300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c xem x\u00e9t s\u1ed1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u hay \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 20 t\u1edbi 250 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thay \u0111\u1ed5i; c\u1ee1 trung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 250 \u2013 500 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thay \u0111\u1ed5i; v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 500 t\u1edbi 2,000 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u1edb l\u1ea5y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u1ecd sang \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kia.<\/p>\n
H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n
Vi\u1ec7c \u0111o ch\u00ednh cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ee9c 2 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa?<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n
\u1ede m\u1ee9c 2, h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1, chi ph\u00ed, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Trong l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c KPA, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, theo d\u00f5i v\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111o n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa khi c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec, k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 thu th\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edbi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 cho n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c thay v\u00ec k\u00edch c\u1ee1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1. Theo d\u00f5i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft bao g\u1ed3m gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch so v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i qua th\u1eddi gian).\u00a0 H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh khi hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd b\u1edfi “l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3” mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan v\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch 5 ng\u00e0y so v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0ng l\u1ec7ch 5 ng\u00e0y cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n
H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n
H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 n\u00ean d\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ti\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n
H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi:<\/p>\n
1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 giao di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7<\/p>\n
2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0S\u1eb5n c\u00f3 cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0<\/p>\n
3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec theo s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u00f3m trong \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 giao di\u1ec7n<\/p>\n
Ni\u1ec1m tin th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 \u01b0u th\u1ebf d\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u sau:<\/p>\n
1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0k\u00e9m tin c\u1eady v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m s\u1edf h\u1eefu ri\u00eang<\/p>\n
2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea1nh tranh d\u1eabn t\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p<\/p>\n
3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m \u0111i v\u1ec1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u<\/p>\n
4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n (nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng)<\/p>\n
5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n<\/p>\n
6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0li\u00ean t\u00e1c<\/p>\n
7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0ch\u00e8n th\u00eam c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nhanh h\u01a1n<\/p>\n
8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/p>\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u01b0u th\u1ebf “theo ngh\u0129a th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng”. Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n
V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf, kh\u00f3 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau ti\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng”, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n hay t\u1eeb c\u1ea3nh quan c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hay h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. T\u1edbi nay, kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3: th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, thi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i v\u1ebft; v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch b\u1ea1ch chi ph\u00ed li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf t\u1eeb c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/p>\n
H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 g\u00ec cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n
D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00ed c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n
T\u00f4i tin c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chung nh\u01b0 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao, qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o k\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n
T\u00f4i nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Cam k\u1ebft c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh tr\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5.<\/p>\n
Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi \u00edt suy ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi qui tr\u00ecnh. T\u1ed5 h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng nhau v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ngay khi \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp, vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft d\u1ef1 \u00e1n r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng. D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi qui tr\u00ecnh sau khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua hay thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh t\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u00ean h\u1ecd nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 qua qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.\u00a0T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i, th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3 b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t “ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac” c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ee9c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0o l\u00fac cu\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
—-English version—-<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
CMMI-38<\/p>\n
Question:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n
What is core competency? Why is it important to an organization?<\/p>\n
Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n
By definition, core competency is the combination of technology and skills to create products and services that give an organization competitive advantage in the market place. Core competency is not a single thing but a combination of knowledge, skills and processes. Knowledge is the analysis of data, information, principles and applies them to achieve something. Skill is talent comes from years of training and practices (Experiences). Processes are series of well defined activities directed toward an end-result.<\/p>\n
Core competency is important because it is a strategic advantage based on unique knowledge that few organizations have.<\/p>\n
Question:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n
Is quality control (QC) the same as quality assurance (SQA)?<\/p>\n
Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n
Quality control (QC) is a series of activities such as inspections, reviews, audits and tests to be used throughout the development cycle to ensure that each work product meets the requirements placed upon it. Quality control includes a feedback loop to the process that created the product. The combination of measurement and feedback allow people to improve the process when the products failed to meet the requirements. Quality control is widely used in manufacturing process where each steps of the manufacturing can be measured easily.<\/p>\n
Software Quality Assurance (SQA) consists of reviews, audits of the software life cycle then provides these informations to management. It is management\u2019s responsibility to address these problems and take corrective actions. Software development differs from manufacturing process because not all steps can be measured since it deals with an intangible and intellectual product.<\/p>\n
The job of SQA is review plans for completeness, check for standard compliances, and review for process adherence and provide information to management.<\/p>\n
Question:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n
What is the benefit of following an organizational standard process? Why can\u2019t people follow their own process since they know how to develop software and do not need someone tell them what to do?<\/p>\n
Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n
When properly designed, the organizational standard software process (OSSP) guides software engineers as they work as a project team members and ensure that everyone understand their roles, responsibilities and be able conduct their work consistently. A team that does not follow a standard process or everybody has his or her own process is like a sport team where each member follows different rules; some follow football rules when other uses basket ball or baseball rules. Even they are very good players, the team will never succeed. In contrast, a team that follows consistent standard process can better plan, coordinate the work of individual team members and track their progress accordingly. More specifically, the organizational standard software process (OSSP) sets out the engineering, management and support framework for applying methods, tools, and assign people to appropriate software tasks. It further establishes measures and provides entry and exit criteria for every step in the software life cycle.<\/p>\n
As mentioned above, an organizational standard software (OSSP) process must be properly design that means it should be built on something that already works or \u201cBest practices\u201d. It must be flexible and dynamic because when better practices are found, they will be incorporated into the standard process thus permits the organizational process to evolve and people continue to learn new things. A successful OSSP is not only a document but also a tool, something practitioners access it for reference because it contains useful informations such as examples, templates, checklists, and tips. In addition, the OSSP is also a communication tool because it establishes a common language where people can communicate with each others especially users, developers, managers, customers and functional support people. It promotes better understanding; provide a basis for estimation, automation and learning new things. It also facilitates reuse and avoids redundancy among projects. Software development is very time consuming and expensive if each project continue to define its own process and build everything from scratch.<\/p>\n
Question:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n
As technology keeps on changing, how could I survive as my skill becoming obsolete?<\/p>\n
Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n
In this fast changing world of information-age, people must continue to learn new things, new skills in order to survive and this is what lifelong learning is all about.<\/p>\n
I think you need to evaluate where you stand now.\u00a0 What have you learned through your formal schooling and on your own?\u00a0 You need to list your proficiencies or what you are very good at. You also need to identify your specialties or the area that you understand well. Compare that with the current trend in the industry and identify gaps in your knowledge.\u00a0 What do you need to learn to survive in your job and thrive in the future?\u00a0 What do you want to be able to do in three, five, or ten years from now? Would some kind of learning move you closer to realizing your career goals? Learning does not mean you have to go back to school but could be on the job or in-house training. You need to select the one that best fit you. You may check in-house trainings on a topic that you need or ask co-workers to teach you a skill that they have mastered. Start a collaborative learning project with few people since group learning is particularly effective. Periodically, reassess your learning plan. Changes within your organization or new technological developments may suggest a mid-course correction. In this era of rapid change, you need to make a plan.<\/p>\n
Question:<\/b><\/p>\n
It seems that Motorola is very successful with Six-Sigma. Why can\u2019t we use this technique for our software improvement?<\/i><\/p>\n
Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n
Six-Sigma is a systematic technique that made Motorola very successful in their manufacturing process and some people believe it can also be applied to any processes including software.<\/p>\n
In general, Six-Sigma consists of two parts:<\/p>\n
1) A life cycle for making improvements called DMAIC (Define the To be or problem, Measure the current or As Is performance, Analyze gaps between current performance and target performance, Implement the improvements and Control the process).<\/p>\n
2) Apply Statistical analysis techniques to data collected in the measure phase (e.g., run charts, stratification, root cause analysis and control limits) and making them visible to senior management for actions.<\/p>\n
Based on my own experiences, the amount of value an organization can derive from Six Sigma is depended on how mature its current process is. If the organization is still at CMM level 1 or 2, I do not think Six-Sigma could help.<\/p>\n
Question:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n
How do you convince SEPG members whom do not believe in improvement but only do whatever they like to do?<\/p>\n
Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n
If people who are responsible to make improvement happen such as the SEPG does not believe in improvement then the organization never improves. Initially, not everybody will believe in improvement because it is natural to be skeptic. There are probably some people who have been through an improvement that failed which left them very disappointed so they do not believe it can happens. For these people, you must demonstrate to them that engineering discipline and a good improvement plan can really bring changes to the organization. You must explain how it works, how other organizations have achieved success by following a defined process and add discipline to the way they build software then maybe they want to \u201cgive it another try\u201d. Of course, there are people who do not believe anything, no matter what you do because they only interest in themselves and like to do whatever they want to do. If they are allowed to raise doubt about improvement or having a negative attitude regarding the team\u2019s effort then they must be asked to leave. If you can not convince the team to work together toward a common goals and direction than you are just spinning your wheels, wasting time and efforts because change will never happen.<\/p>\n
Question:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n
What is the different between project manager and software project manager?<\/p>\n
Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n
Software project management is a special skill that differs from other project management because software is intangible and to manage something that is difficult to see and touch requires significant experiences and training.<\/p>\n
Software, like all of knowledge work, has important non-linear relationships among effort, time, features, quality, and that make project planning and monitoring much more difficult. For example, if I build a house, I can tell that the house is 30% completed or 80% completed fairly accurately but I can not tell if a software project is 30% or 80% completed. For a physical thing, requirements are always firm because the customers know exactly what they want but for something intangible like software which is difficult to visualize, requirements are never firm but keep on changing which make software project difficult to manage. Current project management training taught in university which relies heavily on sequential order and linear relationship among things is not suitable for software project management. Software project management training is very different and requires both technical knowledge and management skills such as leadership, communication, business, sale and marketing.<\/p>\n
Last year, I taught a software management class for several experienced project managers. Most of my students said that this was the first time they were able to create project plans with goals besides schedules; they were able to defend the project plans and resist pressures from customers to make unrealistic schedule commitments. They were able to identify management reallocating committed resources to other projects as their biggest potential risk. They also found that team members may not be able to spend time on task at their planned rate of around 20 hours per week per team member. No one identified any technical issues or problems as a major risk factor to contend with. At the end of the class, most of my students supported the notion that if they do not manage quality, they can not manage the project. After class, they all told me that they were able to add quality plan with measurable goals into the project plan and focus more on early detection and removal of defect and not rely too much on testing. Many called me few months later and told me that their software projects were completed successfully based on what they learned in class and practiced.<\/p>\n
Last month, I found the following data from the Wall Street Journal: In 2001, the U.S. Government annual spending on Information Technology was $81 billion dollars but roughly half projects were cancelled; a $40 billion problem. The latest U.S Government study also estimated that the impact of software defects on U.S. industry is around $22 billion annually.\u00a0 It seems to me that more than ever, we need to train more qualified software project manager not just any manager.<\/p>\n
Question:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n
Why so many companies are outsourced their software oversea? Is it cost or quality?<\/p>\n
Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n
Some organizations outsourced for cost saving, other outsourced because of quality requirements. However, there is another factor that people rarely talk about: \u201cThe fed up with hero symptom\u201d. Many organizations, especially the very low maturity rely heavily on individuals for whatever software capability they have. Whenever those people quit, the organizations lose that capability (or portions thereof). In order to keep them, the organization has to pay above-average rates to key staff with critical knowledge and this help create the \u201cHero\u201d culture where heroes are always rewarded but this hurt the business because of their high compensation. That is why outsourcing has become very popular today where organization can take the business to where the labor is willing, able and motivate to do work with much less pay and put many \u201cHeroes\u201d out of business.<\/p>\n
Question:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n
Why defect happens? Is it because of process or human errors?<\/p>\n
Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n
The answer is both. There are several causes for defect:<\/p>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Education: People did not understand how to do something<\/p>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Communication: People were not properly informed about something<\/p>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Oversight: People omitted doing something<\/p>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Transcription: People know what to do but make a mistake in doing it<\/p>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Process: Their process somehow misdirected their actions<\/p>\n
Question:<\/b><\/p>\n
How do we satisfy the requirement of establishing measurements and metrics when our products are website applications? I do not think we can measure web applications.<\/i><\/p>\n
Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n
On the contrary, it is so easy to collect measurements for web applications due to the nature of the\u00a0digital medium.<\/p>\n
1) As people surf the web, they always leave a trail that records where they have been. Your group could collect these data to optimize your infrastructure, improve your web site architecture, and measure the effectiveness of website design.<\/p>\n
2) Each time someone on the web requests a page from a server, the server records the request and various information associated with that event. The data can be collected in the log for future analysis to understand the site’s usage patterns.<\/p>\n
Of course, the fact that activity on the web can be measured is not enough but I think measurements need to be\u00a0meaningful<\/i>. You must analyze data collected to yield meaningful informations. I think the data collection and analysis of web activity has only just begun to scratch the surface of what may be possible in the future such as using server logs as a foundation, additional data can be gathered to track illegal and abusive activities to the source of major incidents involving computer viruses, and SPAM<\/p>\n
Question<\/b><\/p>\n
How do you categorize software project as small, medium or large? I have been working on project that last approximately about 2 to 4 weeks, is it a small or medium size project?<\/i><\/p>\n
Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n
There are many ways to categorize software project but I do not think 2 weeks duration can be considered a project but probably a task of a larger project.<\/p>\n
From my own experience, I would consider approximately 6 to 12 months duration as a small project; a 12 to 24 months duration as a medium size project; and a 24 to 48 months or more as a large project. Some people do not use duration or time to categorize project but use effort or number of people required to support a project to determine project category. A small project typically requires approximately 5 to 25 people; a medium size project requires 25 to 100 people and a large project would require 100 to 300 people. There are other methods that consider number of requirements or change requests toward a software release as a way to determine project category. For example a small project could have 20 to 250 change requests; a medium size could have 250 \u2013 500 change requests; and a large project could have 500 to 2,000 change requests. Remember, all these categories are relative and may differ from applications to applications.<\/p>\n
Question<\/b><\/p>\n
What are the primary measures for a level 2 organization? When do we need to take corrective action?<\/i><\/p>\n
Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n
At level 2, the focus is on project management and primary measures are size, cost, effort, defect and schedule of the projects. In the software project planning and software project tracking and oversight KPAs, the practices describe estimating, tracking and re-estimating of these measures and take correction when needed and record them for future improvement. For some maintenance projects, the size of software is relatively easy to collect but for new project it may be difficult so many people use efforts instead of size as a Normalizer. Tracking involves monitoring actual performance against estimates or planned performance. (Planned vs. actuals over time)\u00a0 Corrective actions are taken when actual performance begins to deviate significantly from estimates and it usually involves revising the estimates and the plan. What is meant by \u201csignificant deviation\u201d is subjective and depends on the situation, a 5 days deviation from a one year project is not a major concern but a 5 days deviation from a 1 month project is significant.<\/p>\n
Question<\/b><\/p>\n
What is an open system? Should we use open system in our application development to save money?<\/i><\/p>\n
Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n
Open Systems is a concept that can provide faster and more economical development of systems that are technologically up-to-date. An open system is a collection of interacting software, hardware, and human components:<\/p>\n
1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Designed to satisfy stated needs with interface specifications of its components that are fully defined<\/p>\n
2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Available to the public and<\/p>\n
3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Maintained according to a group consensus in which the implementations of the components conform to the interface specifications<\/p>\n
The commonly held beliefs about the advantages to using open systems include the following:<\/p>\n
1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0less reliance on proprietary products<\/p>\n
2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0more competition leading to lower cost<\/p>\n
3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0decreased probability of schedule delay<\/p>\n
4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0better tested products (more users)<\/p>\n
5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0portable applications<\/p>\n
6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0interoperability<\/p>\n
7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0faster technology insertion<\/p>\n
8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0foundation for system evolution<\/p>\n
However, these are only “common sense” advantages. There is no quantitative documented evidence based on real open systems to prove them yet.<\/p>\n
Since there is no scientific research to evaluate open system, it is hard to speculate on how much money is saved by using an open systems approach. The answer may be “none,” especially in the short-term or from the perspective of only one program or system. To date, no cost savings have been proven as of yet. This is due to many factors, including: the short time that open systems have been in development, a lack of clear indicators of the costs to be tracked; and difficulties in separating costs associated with open systems from those associated with other aspects of a comprehensive approach<\/p>\n
Question<\/b><\/p>\n
We often hear about software project failure but what are the critical factors for a software project to be successful?<\/i><\/p>\n
Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n
Software projects frequently fail because we do not recognize the discipline of software engineering and its process but continue to react to the pressure of unrealistic schedule and unreasonable customer\u2019s requirements.<\/p>\n
I believe there are key factors that all successful projects have in common such as senior management commitment, well-defined process and experienced technical leadership.<\/p>\n
I strongly believe that management commitment is the most critical success factor. Commitment means understand, accept and support. Without full commitment from management, when problems arise on a project, the project will collapse.<\/p>\n
Most software projects are built with little thought to process. The team gets together and starts performing activities. As soon as enough information is gathered, coding begins. This lack of attention to process can kill a project very fast. It is easy to see the result of a lack of attention to process after a system fails. Usually major portions of the user requirements are ignored or the design does not taking into consideration of the ever-changing requirements. Many people believe process is only a burden imposes on them but the important of process is keeping the project organized in a consistent and focused way and thinking through the process carefully at the beginning of the project.\u00a0Of course, not all processes are perfect but\u00a0if a process is flawed, usually it is not seriously flawed and any process is better than no process at all.<\/p>\n
Just as a building need an architect, a software project needs a technical lead. To be successful, the technical lead must be the one in control of the \u201carchitecture\u201d of the project, namely the data model and application design. This level of control must be recognized and acknowledged by everyone involved with the project. Otherwise, each portion of the system may be constructed independently by a portion of the team and the pieces won\u2019t fit together at the end.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
H\u1ecfi: N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00f5i l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c? \u0110\u00e1p: Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00f5i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-864","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/864","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=864"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/864\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":866,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/864\/revisions\/866"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=864"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=864"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=864"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}