39.01 H\u1ecfi:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n
T\u1ea1i sao th\u1ea7y t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh? L\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch k\u0129 thu\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/i>\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n
C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp k\u0129 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea1nh tranh, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, b\u1ea1n b\u1ecb \u1edf sau v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u1edf sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u.<\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd mang \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, v\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 duy tr\u00ec \u1edf tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Khi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch s\u00e1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh, qui t\u1eafc doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ‘m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t hay l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t’ kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n chi ph\u1ed1i m\u00e0 ‘nhanh nh\u1ea5t’ s\u1ebd chi ph\u1ed1i. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi nhanh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n, l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ecdi doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1edfi v\u00ec d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 b\u1ea1n cung c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u1ea1n b\u00e1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n quan s\u00e1t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng do c\u1ea1nh tranh, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti gi\u1eef cho gi\u00e1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd trang \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00eam b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ‘m\u00f3n khai v\u1ecb’ nh\u01b0ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 ‘m\u00f3n \u0103n ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c’. D\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n T\u00f4i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tin t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n qua th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u1eebng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qui t\u1eafc m\u1edbi cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 21.<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n 39.02 H\u1ecfi<\/b><\/p>\n T\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cho tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c? T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc?<\/i><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/i>\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh khi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c cao. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y trong qu\u00e3ng 7 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m nh\u01b0ng 90% ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong \u201cc\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7\u201d \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong 70 n\u0103m qua v\u00e0 internet \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00e2y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c k\u00ec l\u1edbn cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 7 tu\u1ed5i. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n then ch\u1ed1t s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ai s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ai s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u00e0y. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e3ng 5 n\u0103m. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 20% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m hay 20% c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi m\u1ed7i n\u0103m v\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng 5 n\u0103m to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c \u0111i so v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd l\u00e0m h\u00f4m nay. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ra kh\u1ecfi kinh doanh trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/span><\/p>\n T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea1nh tranh cao n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ed5\u00a0 ch\u1ee9c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh. Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. N\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e0ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e2u, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3ng h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m thay \u0111\u1ed5i, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ecdi l\u00fac. \u0110i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh, ai thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh h\u01a1n s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cam k\u1ebft t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp tham d\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00f9ng hay tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. H\u1ecd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, h\u1ecd cam k\u1ebft cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra. H\u1ecd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n duy nh\u1ea5t h\u1ecd c\u00f3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc nhanh h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 39.03 H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. Khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh x\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00ed b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n hay thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00f4 v\u00e0o vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 r\u1ed3i k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, l\u1ed7i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ai ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean – ch\u1eadm chuy\u1ec3n giao.<\/p>\n V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ebf trong pha vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Trong khi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c pha s\u1edbm, c\u00f3 l\u00fac v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra ng\u1eaft qu\u00e3ng cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u00ec gi\u00e1 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i hi sinh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Khi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cho ph\u00e9p \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cao r\u1eb1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/p>\n V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i b\u00e1n tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Commercial off-the-shelf software (COTS) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00edch h\u1ee3p COTS hay ph\u00e2n t\u00edch vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p COTS nh\u01b0 bom h\u1eb9n gi\u1edd th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m COTS l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o trong \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f4, tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfng khi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cao h\u01a1n hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u1ed7i do v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u1ecdi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m COTS m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u0129 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ra c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1edbm, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n h\u00e0 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 39.04 H\u1ecfi:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n T\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c? \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed hay ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng?<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kho\u00e1n ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00ec ti\u1ebft li\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed, s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i v\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ebfm khi n\u00f3i t\u1edbi: \u201cvi\u1ec7c ch\u00e1n t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng anh h\u00f9ng\u201d. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0o v\u00e0i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec k\u0129 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. B\u1ea5t k\u00ec khi n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ra \u0111i, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 (hay c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3). \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1eef h\u1ecd, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n trung b\u00ecnh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng g\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u201cAnh h\u00f9ng\u201d n\u01a1i c\u00e1c anh h\u00f9ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.\u00a0Trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea1nh tranh cao \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu chi ph\u00ed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 cao v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kinh doanh \u1edf n\u01a1i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng, s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u1edbi tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y nhi\u1ec1u “anh h\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao” ra kh\u1ecfi doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n 39.05 H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n L\u00e0m sao t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9?<\/i><\/p>\n <\/i>\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m r\u1ea5t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. M\u1ed7i l\u00fac m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u v\u0103n ho\u00e1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c qui t\u1eafc r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh vi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p x\u1ea3y ra c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hay \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 – b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi v\u00f9ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng b\u1ea1n. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch logic t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u1eeb t\u0103ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 39.06 H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n N\u1ebfu l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng hay kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh?<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn khi n\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh \u201cC\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ‘n\u00e0y’?” v\u00e0 “D\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, chi ph\u00ed v.v.<\/span><\/p>\n Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc ch\u00fang so v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft. B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o ra l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0a ra. M\u1ed9t khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i trao \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u1ed5\u00a0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u theo d\u00f5i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i, m\u1ed7i l\u00fac b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c bao nhi\u00eau c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 39.07 H\u1ecfi:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n C\u00e1ch \u0111o then ch\u1ed1t cho CMMI m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n N\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u00edt nh\u1ea5t CMMI m\u1ee9c 3 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh cho m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho c\u00e1ch \u0111o n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 xem m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh, \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/b><\/p>\n N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch\/th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua th\u1eddi gian<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 cho qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/b><\/p>\n N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch\/th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 cho qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro<\/b><\/p>\n N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch\/th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 r\u1ee7i\u00a0 ro qua th\u1eddi gian (t\u0103ng hay gi\u1ea3m)<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 do qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro m\u1edf so v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3ng<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 cho qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh<\/b><\/p>\n N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch\/th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi CM<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1ng k\u00e9m<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 cho qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/b><\/p>\n N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch\/th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 cho qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n \u0110o v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch<\/b><\/p>\n N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch\/th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 cho qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/b><\/p>\n N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch\/th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn ra<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua th\u1eddi gian<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 cho qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/b><\/p>\n N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch\/th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 cho qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n T\u00edch h\u1ee3p s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/b><\/p>\n N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch\/th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ra<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng (nh\u01b0, # b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1ng k\u00e9m)<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 cho qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch\/th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ra trong ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 cho qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n Ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch\/th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ra trong ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed qua\/kh\u00f4ng qua<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c chu k\u00ec ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf so v\u1edbi l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i t\u00ecm ra so v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u1ed7i<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 cho qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/b><\/p>\n N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch\/th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo d\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 cho qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh<\/b><\/p>\n N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch\/th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng qua th\u1eddi gian<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ra trong t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qui tr\u00ecnh<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 cho qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/b><\/p>\n N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch\/th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch so v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/p>\n S\u1ed1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 cho qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n 39.08 H\u1ecfi<\/b><\/p>\n Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf? Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac?<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 t\u1eadp c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u00fang trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c cao c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng sa v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00e3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch r\u00f5.<\/p>\n Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.\u00a0 N\u00f3 gi\u00fap l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb sa l\u1ea7y v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c chi ti\u1ebft k\u0129 thu\u1eadt.\u00a0 N\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.\u00a0 N\u00f3 b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u qua l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng gi\u1eefa y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0u ti\u00ean ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1edbm.\u00a0 N\u00f3 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan ni\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3.\u00a0 N\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c nhau cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf do v\u1eady gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1edbm trong pha ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.\u00a0 B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong pha b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 39.09 H\u1ecfi<\/b><\/p>\n T\u1ea1i sao t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ee9c 3? Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00ed ho\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh d\u1eabn t\u1edbi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 khi t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tu\u00e2n theo th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m th\u1eed v\u00e0 sai hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 danh ti\u1ebfng.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 39.10 H\u1ecfi<\/b><\/p>\n L\u00e0m sao t\u00f4i tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i? C\u00f3 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng?<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n C\u00f3 ch\u1ee9, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i: C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0:\u00a0Chi ph\u00ed, Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, L\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 R\u1ee7i ro. Logic l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eaft c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao r\u1ea5t nhanh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u1ee7i ro th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 r\u1ee7i ro th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n L\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 “k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi” s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khi \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n S\u1ef1 t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ngay c\u1ea3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1t c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang do nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra do \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed k\u00e9m t\u1eeb d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y sang d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00e8m c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean m\u1edbi tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n Danh s\u00e1ch sau \u0111\u00e2y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean “B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra” t\u1eeb tr\u00ean 1,000 sai l\u1ea7m r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m qua trong 10 n\u0103m qua. T\u00f4i r\u00fat g\u1ecdn ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh t\u00e1m sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra qua \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 b\u1edfi v\u00ec thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft.<\/p>\n 3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n 4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ho\u00e1 nh\u01b0ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n khi n\u00f3 t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n 5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea3y ra, thu\u00ea th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 nhanh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n 6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0B\u1ecf qua ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t sau l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n 7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh tham gia.<\/p>\n 8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Mua s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i (COTS) \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e1 n\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c qui t\u1eafc sau: 2. Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eebng c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn.<\/span><\/p>\n 3. Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec9nh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n 4. Thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o k\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/span> \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 39.11 H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n T\u1ea1i sao m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn? H\u1ecd l\u00e0 ai? L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i?<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed do m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. L\u00ed do then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u1edbi “nguy\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng” hay s\u1ee3 “\u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh”. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/p>\n 1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ki\u1ec3u ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 \u201cA\u201d: Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u trong quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd tin n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam cho h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0i l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u1edbi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u0169.<\/p>\n 2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ki\u1ec3u ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 \u201cB\u201d: Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0o. Logic c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u201cN\u1ebfu t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d hay \u201cNh\u1ebfch m\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf t\u1ed1t cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d.<\/p>\n 3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ki\u1ec3u ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 \u201cC\u201d: Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0o ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u1ea3. H\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra cho ai \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng cho h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n 4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ki\u1ec3u ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 \u201cD\u201d: Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 hay t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u00edch l\u1ee3i n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb h\u1ecd tham gia v\u00e0o qui tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 “l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7” n\u00f3 thay v\u00ec l\u00e0 ai \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c – Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed tham gia v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 39.12 H\u1ecfi<\/b><\/p>\n T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta d\u00f9ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ngo\u00e0i cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay v\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9?<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u so s\u00e1nh hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1ea3ng \u0111o chu\u1ea9n hay chu\u1ea9n trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p SEI\/CMM \u0111o hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh CMMI. ISO 9000-2000 so s\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo chu\u1ea9n ISO.\u00a0 B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n h\u1ecd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t hay l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh khi c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 39.13 H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SQI) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SQA)?<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SAQ) l\u00e0 t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SQI) n\u00f3i t\u1edbi m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m canh t\u00e2n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i). Duy tr\u00ec vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta so v\u1edbi mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 39.14 H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1? C\u00f3 qu\u00e1 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng?<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “kaizen” hay ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n cho t\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec9nh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn chung. Qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 kh\u1eed b\u1ecf c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng nh\u1ecf, thay v\u00ec th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t “ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\u201d. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y. Khi ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n nguy\u00ean b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1eadp \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y hay v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng tri th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean, kh\u1eed b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qui tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfm 80% c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfm 20% c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 80% n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 39.15 H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n Nh\u00f3m ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 E-business v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ea1y v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 internet. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 CMM kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00ec cho nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n web v\u00e0 E-Business. Th\u1ea7y ngh\u0129 sao?<\/i><\/p>\n <\/i>\u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n T\u00f4i tin c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3i qu\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ho\u00e1 v\u1ec1 E-Business. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u E-business, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t website v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng. D\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t website \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c giao t\u00e1c kinh doanh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ed5i qui m\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t trong E-business l\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, c\u1ea3 th\u1eeba t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi, v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft v\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi l\u00e0m kinh doanh. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i qui tr\u00ecnh doanh nghi\u1ec7p; thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n; c\u00f3 truy nh\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c; ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec1u CMM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 cho qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trang web l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn qui m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p c\u1ea3. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh sai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh l\u00ean doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng hay chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t “c\u00fa b\u1ea5m chu\u1ed9t”. Xin \u0111\u1eebng l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 website v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o E-business. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c websites ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 E-Business.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 39.16 H\u1ecfi<\/b><\/p>\n Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c “k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p” kh\u00f4ng?<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n X\u00e9t ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ti, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i \u0111i. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1eddi gian b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0o trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ti nh\u01b0 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. V\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7. V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c trung t\u00e2m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 nh\u01b0 S\u1ed5 tay c\u1ee7a Perry cho k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m IEEE cho nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, ch\u1ee9ng danh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn, Th\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh k\u00ec di\u1ec7u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a.\u00a0 So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt ho\u00e1, phong ph\u00fa m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 39.18 H\u1ecfi:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n CMMI nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a CMMI kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n T\u00f4i tin ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi v\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c, chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung cho quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed b\u1edfi v\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 chia s\u1ebb vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o” \u0111\u00fang t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con thuy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1nh l\u00e1i.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i m\u1ea3nh gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn t\u1edbi ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n 39.19 H\u1ecfi:<\/b><\/p>\n \u00cdch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00edch l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c CMM cao h\u01a1n. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb Casper Jones v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, xem x\u00e9t 12,000 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa 1983 v\u00e0 2002. Jones th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 5000 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec c\u00e0ng \u00edt l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n M\u1ee9c<\/b><\/td>\n <\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c 3, 4, v\u00e0 5 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u1ea3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ed7i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u00edch l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c CMM cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n —-English version—-<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n CMMI39<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n 39.01 Question:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Why do you advocate customer satisfaction as the most important goal of process improvement? As technical organization should we focus on technical goal first?<\/p>\n <\/i>Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n Software Process Improvement is NOT a technical exercise but a business strategy. In a competitive world, if you do not making progress, you are behind and no business can survive being behind for very long.<\/p>\n Technical people must understand that they play a very important part in the software business and in order to be successful they must provide products and services that continually exceed the customer’s expectations. If they only focus to compete technically with other software companies they are doomed for failure, because they only stay at the survival base line. The future success is depending upon the organization\u2019s ability to go beyond the competition and focus consistently on exceeding the expectations of customers. When an organization can do this it creates an exceptional customer service that its competitors find difficult to match.<\/span><\/p>\n In the fast changing world of technology, the business rule has changed and it is no longer the ‘strongest or largest’ dominate but the ‘fastest’ will. Your success is dependent upon how fast you can create and implement new ideas to keep current customer happy, generate new customer and dominate the market. Every business must establish viable relationships with their customers because the services you provide are more important than the products you sell. This is a relative new concept but if you observe the trend in technology world, you will see that due to competition, most companies keep their products\u2019 price very low but they make up by provide additional services. In other words, the product is only the ‘appetizer\u201d but the service is the ‘real main course’. Services are where money being made not production, that is why customer satisfaction is the number one goal of every process improvement.<\/span><\/p>\n I strongly believe technical people must learn to think like business person and go beyond your customers’ expectations. Give your customers a choice on how they want to be served and you will see how fast your business grow. If you involve your customers in how they want to be treated, the relationship with them will grow stronger over time and each customer you have is one customer your competitor do not and that is the new rule for success of business in the 21<\/span>st<\/sup>\u00a0century.<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n 39.02 Question<\/b><\/p>\n Why training is required for organization maturity? Why should we have to be trained when we already have a degree from university?<\/i><\/p>\n Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n A software organization can only mature when its workforce is highly capable. If you look back into history, human being have been here for about 7 million years but 90% of the advances in \u201ctechnology\u201d have occurred in the past 70 years and the internet which has tremendous impact in our life is only 7 years old. In this fast changing world, education is the key component that will discriminate who will succeed and who will not.<\/p>\n What you learned in university is only the foundation for your continuous learning that helps you to thrive and survive in this fast changing world. Technology today has a shelf-life about 5 years. That means obsolescence occurs at the rate about 20% per year or 20% of the workforce must learn new thing every year and within 5 years the entire organization must do something different from what they do today. Many people in the business world do not understand this, and their business model does not reflect this phenomenon, that is why we see so many organizations go out of business in the past few years including many giant corporations because they failed to adapt to changes.<\/p>\n The organizations that succeed in this highly competitive environment are the ones that recognize that constant learning and relearning is the only way to cope with changes and be competitive. Dealing with this kind of change requires the organization to have a strategy focusing on learning. If an organization do not learn new thing, it will die because the only survival is change because change provide stability. The longer the organization resists change, the faster it will die.<\/span><\/p>\n Actually, most software organizations deal with change on a daily basis. We all know software changes, requirements changes and software technology changes all the time. The key is competitive, who change faster will succeed but change has to be managed and the best way of managing changes is education.<\/p>\n Process improvement is about change and educates people to change. Leaders of process improvement must be people who actively committed to their own learning. Learning leaders attend training with or before their people. They understand the importance of education. They defines learning objectives, they commit resources to make it happen. They understand that the only asset that they have in the fast changing world is their people ability to learn faster than its competitors.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n 39.03 Question:<\/b><\/p>\n As a person who conducted a lot of CMMI assessments, what are the common problems in software organizations that you have observed?<\/i><\/p>\n Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n The number one common problem is unrealistic schedules. When faced with an unrealistic schedule, software teams often behave irrationally by producing very poor requirements or a superficial design so they can rush into coding then ended up with low-quality product, incorrect functions, seriously defective and to no one surprise \u2013 late delivery.<\/p>\n The number two common problem is so many requirements changes during coding phase. It seems that no one is able to manage requirements effectively. While the requirements normally change in the early phases, there is a time beyond which changes will cause disruption to the development. To meet unreasonable schedule and constantly changes at any cost sacrifices quality. When customers are able to demand such things and the organization allows it to happen, there is highly chance that the product will be costly and may not work well.<\/span><\/p>\n The third common problem is the notion of using Commercial off-the-shelf software (COTS) as a cost saving solution. It seems that very few people understand the concept of COTS integration or analyze their usage properly. There were so many researches in the industry sounding alarm on COTS integration as disaster time bomb. A COTS product that works perfectly in demonstrations, may crash when subjected to different configurations, higher data rates or even data-entry errors. The organization must test all COTS products thoroughly to expose previously untested conditions. If you have problem early, it will almost certainly be troublesome when used in production.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 39.04 Question:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Why so many organizations are outsourcing their software oversea? Is it cost or quality?<\/p>\n Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n Some organizations outsourced for cost saving, other outsourced because of quality requirements. However, there is another factor that people rarely talk about: \u201cThe growing tired of the hero symptom\u201d. Many organizations, especially the very low maturity always rely heavily on few individuals for whatever software skills they have to solve most of the problems. Whenever those people quit, the organizations lose that capability (or portions thereof). In order to keep them, the organization has to pay above-average rates to people with critical skills and this help create the \u201cHero\u201d culture where heroes are always treated differently and rewarded with more money but this hurt the team spirit and the business in the long term.\u00a0 In software business, teamwork is very important and if people do not work together toward a common goal, the product will likely have a lot of defects and schedule problems. No software company can compete successfully in the highly competitive world if their software development cost is too high and their products have lot of defects. That is why outsourcing has become popular where organization can take the business to where the skilled labor is willing, able and motivate to do high quality work with much lesser pay and put many \u201cHigh paying heroes\u201d out of business.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n 39.05 Question:<\/b><\/p>\n How do I implement change in an organization that failed several time in the past?<\/i><\/p>\n Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n This is a very challenging job. Each time an organization fails to improve, it increases the resistance to change and lower confidence in the people who advocate changes. In order to implement change, you must understand the organizational culture, the intricate unwritten rules of the organization that dictate people behavior. You need to understand the problem that you are trying to solve, why it happened or allowed to happen as well as the value or benefits of the proposed change. Change is very difficult – you must have a sponsor who is willing to support you and your work. You must understand the reward system of the organization since it does influence their behaviors. You must have communication skill to convince people to step out of their comfort zone and work with you. You must earn their trust and respect by logically plan each improvement task carefully and start slowly to increase their trust and respect.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 39.06 Question:<\/b><\/p>\n If the project schedule is unreasonable or unrealistic then how do you know when a software project is competed?<\/i><\/p>\n Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n There are many views on when the software project is completed. The most popular one is when it is released to the customer. However, you probably know that releasing a defective product does not mean your project is done.<\/p>\n My advise is before starting a project, you need to ask yourself \u201cWhat is critically important to \u2018this\u2019 project?\u201d and \u201cWhat problem(s) is this project trying to solve?\u201d<\/p>\n By knowing the answers to these questions, you could determine how good the software product must be? You will face a difficult choice of balancing your idea with the project constraints such as schedule, resources, quality, costs etc.<\/p>\n Certainly, every project will have different constraints but you must weigh them against each other carefully to determine a priority of what is important and must be done first. You also need to determine what quality attributes must be implemented to support those features then use these data to draft an incremental release schedule with important features and associated quality criteria. You need to obtain support from your management and negotiate this with the customer to firm up a release schedule. Once you have established an approved projects release plan with tasks and success criteria identified, you must communicate this plan with your project team and begin tracking progress against this plan. From there on, each time you release the software, you know exactly how much work have been accomplished and when the software project is done.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 39.07 Question:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n What are the key measurements for higher CMMI level?<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/i>A<\/strong>nswer:<\/b><\/p>\n If your organization is already achieve at least CMMI level 3 by having defined processes for all project and organizational tasks, then you are ready for some measures to objectively see how good you are and to prepare to the next level. Measurement data can help an organization identify strengths, weaknesses and provide historical data for future planning. Following are some example to be used with a project.<\/p>\n Requirements Management<\/b><\/p>\n Planned\/actual effort to perform the process<\/p>\n Number of Requirements change over time<\/p>\n Number of Non-compliances for this process<\/p>\n Project Planning and Management<\/b><\/p>\n Planned\/actual effort to perform the process<\/p>\n Number of Non-compliances for this process<\/p>\n Risk Management<\/b><\/p>\n Planned\/actual effort to perform the process<\/p>\n Number of Risks over time (increasing or decreasing)<\/p>\n Number of Risks mitigated due to risk management<\/p>\n Number of Risks open vs. closed<\/p>\n Number of Non-compliances for this process<\/p>\n Configuration Management<\/b><\/p>\n Planned\/actual effort to perform the process<\/p>\n Number of CM-related defects<\/p>\n Number of Percentage of bad builds<\/p>\n Number of Non-compliances for this process<\/p>\n Process and Product Assurance<\/b><\/p>\n Planned\/actual effort to perform the process<\/p>\n Number of audits<\/p>\n Number of Non-compliances for this process<\/p>\n Measurement and Analysis<\/b><\/p>\n Planned\/actual effort to perform the process<\/p>\n Number of Measures collected but NOT used<\/p>\n Number of Non-compliances for this process<\/p>\n Requirements Development<\/b><\/p>\n Planned\/actual effort to perform the process<\/p>\n Number of Derived requirements<\/p>\n Number of Requirements change over time<\/p>\n Number of Defects in requirements documents<\/p>\n Number of Non-compliances for this process<\/p>\n Design and Implementation<\/b><\/p>\n Planned\/actual effort to perform the process<\/p>\n Number of Defects in design and code<\/p>\n Number of code changes per week<\/p>\n Number of Non-compliances for this process<\/p>\n Product Integration<\/b><\/p>\n Planned\/actual effort to perform the process<\/p>\n Number of Defects found<\/p>\n Number of build results (e.g., #bad builds)<\/p>\n Number of Non-compliances for this process<\/p>\n Verification Number of Defects found in verification<\/p>\n Number of Non-compliances for this process<\/p>\n Validation Number of Test cases<\/p>\n Number of Defects found in validation<\/p>\n Number of\u00a0or test pass\/fail percentage<\/p>\n Number of actual test cycles vs. planned<\/p>\n Number of Rate of defect find vs. defect resolution<\/p>\n Number of Non-compliances for this process<\/p>\n Decision Analysis and Resolution<\/b><\/p>\n Planned\/Actual effort to perform the process<\/p>\n Number of DARs performed per project<\/p>\n Number of Non-compliances for this process<\/p>\n Process Improvement<\/b><\/p>\n Planned\/actual effort to perform the process<\/p>\n Number of processes used over time<\/p>\n Number of Defects found in process assets<\/p>\n Number of Non-compliances for this process<\/p>\n Training<\/b> Number of Training hours planned vs. received<\/p>\n Training evaluation scores<\/p>\n Number of Non-compliances for this process<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n 39.08 Question<\/b><\/p>\n What is the different between architecture and design? What is architecture and why do we need architecture?<\/i><\/p>\n Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n The architecture of a system is the structure of the system, which consists of components, its externally visible properties and the relationships among them. Architecture is a set of decisions about the organization and structure of those components, the selection of them within context, the identification of their relationship and interfaces as well as their behaviors to satisfy a set of system requirements. Architecture is design, but not all design is architecture. The architecture focuses on the high level of a system such as major components and constraints without getting bogged down on technical details. Design focuses on the implementation of these components and produce artifacts such as design documents and code, according to a well planned architecture.<\/p>\n Architecture is important because it serves as the means to facilitate communication between stakeholders and developers.\u00a0 It helps clarify requirements and design intention without getting bogged down into technical detailed level.\u00a0 It supports management making decision on certain quality attributes by making these attributes visible as an external property of a system component.\u00a0 It bridges the gap between requirements and implementation and allows designer to analyze components and views to prioritize design tasks and clarify implementation issues in early phase.\u00a0 It decomposes a conceptual system requirements into identified components with externally visible property so non technical stakeholders can easily understand it.\u00a0 It represents different views for different stakeholders without being constrained by design aspect thus help developers to analyze the system and determine their relationship early in the development phase.\u00a0 By having a well documented architecture, it could save developers a lot of time in analyzing and understanding system implementation during maintenance phase.<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 39.09 Question<\/b><\/p>\n Why does organization need to have a standard methodology to satisfy level 3 requirements? Can we use whatever we have?<\/i><\/p>\n Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n One of the key factors in process improvement is the selecting of a well-defined methodology with solid project management and quality management. An organization can waste a lot of money and time by allowing people to select whatever methodology and tools to build software. This is a major problem that leads to significant difficulty when software integration occurs. It is impossible to put incompatible components create by variety of tools together. A standard methodology is needed to ensure that the organization follows good software engineering practices. A good software methodology can be in-house developed based on years of trial and error or can be purchased from a reputable vendor.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 39.10 Question<\/b><\/p>\n How do I avoid past project mistakes and ensure success for my new project? Is there a lessons learned?<\/i><\/p>\n <\/b>Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n Yes, there are plenty of lessons learned from past projects. In summary: There are four interdependent factors that can impact the success of any software project. They are:\u00a0Cost, Quality, Schedule, and Risk. The logic is simple: you cannot build an inexpensively system of high quality very fast with no risk of failure. However, it is possible to build a system that is low risk and high quality i.e. the system must work well and successfully meet requirements but you must balance schedule and cost. A good software project manager must know how to estimate schedule and cost and adjust these factors accordingly.<\/p>\n Unrealistic schedule is the number one \u201cKiller\u201d of any software project and to avoid this, project manager must relies on historical data when estimate and negotiate with customer based on these facts and data.<\/p>\n Another key factor is the skills and knowledge of people on the project. Even a well-planned project can still fail because the implementation is not handled correctly due to the inexperienced staff. This usually happen due to inadequate training, poor transitioning from one project to other and the lack of a mentoring system to train new staff to follow the process.<\/p>\n The following list is based on \u201cLessons Learned\u201d from over 1,000 very costly mistakes from projects that I have reviewed in the past 10 years. I reduced them to eight simple mistakes so software project managers can remember:<\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Start software project with a project schedule created by working backwards from a completion date.<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Hire a Technical Lead that has never built a similar system because hiring experienced people is too expensive<\/p>\n 3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Does not follow a specific methodology because coding is all that is really important.<\/p>\n 4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Does not bother with modeling but build whatever you need as it comes.<\/p>\n 5.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0When problem happens, hire more developers to make coding go faster.<\/p>\n 6.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Skip testing because the project is behind schedule.<\/p>\n 7.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Change the code to support new requirements without involvement of configuration management people.<\/p>\n 8.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Buy Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) product to save money and customize it a lot to meet requirements.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n To avoid these costly mistakes, you need comply with the following rules: 3. Carefully monitor top management support for the project. Make sure that managers are aware of the progress of the team.<\/span><\/p>\n 4. Hire an experienced technical lead for the project.<\/span> \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 39.11 Question:<\/b><\/p>\n Why people do not want to improve? Who are they? How do you overcome the resistant to change?<\/i><\/p>\n Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n There are many reasons people do not want to improve. The key reasons are to remain with the \u201cStatus quo\u201d or afraid of \u201cThe Uncertainty\u201d. Typically there are four types of people who resisting change:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Type \u201cA\u201d resistant: These people will do everything in their power to reject the improvement because they believe it creates extra burden for them. They always have several reasons why new improvements will not work and want things to remain with the old way of doing thing.<\/p>\n 2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Type \u201cB\u201d resistant: These people will talk a lot about process improvement but take very little action. They tend to ask a lot of questions about how it be applied to their area but disagree with any approaches. Their logic is \u201cIf I do not agree with the approach, I do not have to change\u201d or \u201cLip service can be a good substitute for change\u201d.<\/p>\n 3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Type \u201cC\u201d resistant: These people are willing to accept any improvement as long as they do not have to do anything. They believe that improvement only happens to somebody else but not them. They demand an automate tool that will do the improvement for them.<\/span><\/p>\n 4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Type \u201cD\u201d resistant: These people are motivated to improve only if help is available or resources are provided.<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n To overcome the resistant to change, you need to educate everyone on the change process and the benefit it can provide for everyone. You also need to ask them to participate in the change process so they can \u201cOwn\u201d it rather than somebody else – Ownership is very important in process improvement. You need to have management involve in reviewing improvement activities on a regular basis to ensure that it will happen.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 39.12 Question<\/b><\/p>\n Why do we use an external model for quality improvement rather than in-house developed model?<\/i><\/p>\n Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n Most quality improvement models compare organizational performance against a benchmarking model or a standard in the industry.\u00a0 The SEI\/CMM is measuring the performance of an organization against the CMMI model. ISO 9000-2000 compare the compliance of an organization to an ISO standard.\u00a0 By comparing the results externally, the organization can identify how well they fare with the industry norm and by knowing the different or gaps they can make adjustments as necessary.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 39.13 Question:<\/b><\/p>\n What is the different between Software Quality Improvement (SQI) and Software Quality Assurance (SQA)?<\/i><\/p>\n \u00a0A<\/b>nswer:<\/b><\/p>\n Software\u00a0Quality Assurance (SAQ) is a set of activities designed to ensure that software product is complying with organizational defined standards and processes. Software Quality Improvement (SQI) refers to all efforts directed to increase effectiveness and efficiency of software development and maintenance in meeting customer expectations. It is a continuous process to achieve a better understanding of customer\u2019s needs, to design innovative products, and to manage high quality software products and service. The success of quality improvement is based on the understanding of every member of the organization concerning the needs of their customers (internal and external). Maintenance of that understanding requires continuing dialogue and negotiation with the customer and measurement of one’s products and services against the customer expectations.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 39.14 Question:<\/b><\/p>\n Why do we implement quality improvement in many small steps rather than a big step to solve all problems? Are we too careful here?<\/i><\/p>\n Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) is a never ending task. The Japanese call it “kaizen” or continuous activities that involve everyone, from workers to top-management toward a common improvement goal. This process focuses on discover and eliminate root causes of problems by following small incremental steps, rather than implementing one huge \u201cimprovement activity to solve all problems\u201d. Improvement means making things better, not fighting fires. When we take a huge approach to solving problem, we never get to the root causes because the main goal is to put out the fire or the problem. By engaging in continuous improvement, we seek to learn what causes things to happen and then use this knowledge to reduce variation, eliminate defects and wastes, remove activities that have no value to the business and improve customer satisfaction. Change is difficult because it involves more than just process but also people and their habits. Typically process account for 80% of all problems while people account for the remaining 20% but changing people behavior will take about 80% of the efforts.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 39.15 Question:<\/b><\/p>\n Our group is supporting E-business and our process runs at the internet speed. We do not think the CMM provides any valuable to things that change quickly like web development and E-Business. What do you think?<\/i><\/p>\n Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n I believe that there are a lot of exaggeration and oversimplification about E-Business. To start an E-business, you need a Web site and that is easy and fast. Putting up a Web site to handle business transactions is not difficult but to make it effective, scalable, and successful are much harder. The most difficult thing in E-business is the integration of hundreds systems, both legacy and new, into a cohesive and robust system to support the new way of doing business. These efforts of changing business processes; establish better customer and supplier relationships; have effective and efficient data access; control data ownership; plan distribution strategy, and design marketing tactics require significant efforts and definitely not something you can do quickly. You need to plan, to monitor, to control and manage which the CMM could help by establish an engineering discipline to your development process. Building a web site is not expensive but a full-scale online business effort is never a low-cost proposition. A wrong decision could lead to major impact in business because a customer can change order or switch to a competitor at the \u201cclick of a mouse\u201d. Please do not confuse having a website with engaging in E business. Most websites are only brochure-wares and definitely NOT E-Business.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 39.16 Question<\/b><\/p>\n Do you think software engineering has reached the level of \u201cProfessional engineering\u201d?<\/i><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b>Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n In considering the software industry as a whole, I would have to say that there are significant progresses made in the past several years. For example, in terms of education, I see many software developers are indeed professionals who are certainly educated in the fundamentals of both computer science and software engineering. In some companies, scientific ideas directly lead to advanced product development, and progress on the development on these products is directly limited by the speed of scientific discovery.<\/p>\n However, In terms of software development process issues, we still have a long way to go. Although there is a large body of knowledge that has been researched for some time now and which has made its way into practice at some companies such as the Capability Maturity Models but the practice of these is still limited. To most software organizations, it is still more of a craft than an engineering discipline. At this time, there is no central, standardized knowledge such as Perry’s Handbook for chemical engineering. The IEEE software engineering curriculum for professional, the certified software engineering credential, the Software Project Management Body of Knowledge are great milestones but the utilization of these wonderful works has not reached the majority of practitioners, at least not yet.\u00a0 Comparing to other engineering disciplines such as civil engineering which has been around for several thousand years, software engineering lacks the abundance of rich, codified knowledge that is necessary for any mature engineering discipline.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 39.18 Question:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n The CMMI insists that we must have policies in place for change to happen. Do we need to form a team to write policies and procedures to satisfy the CMMI requirements?<\/p>\n Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n I believe policies, procedures for process improvement is not important because change is NOT about policies, directions but management willing to accept changes and willing to lead the changes. Policies, Procedure, Standards, and guidelines are only supplement to management leadership because change is about share vision and share destiny and without true “leadership” organization will not be successful just like a boat without rudder.<\/p>\n It is essential to have leadership because policies, procedures are nothing but a piece of paper and most managers will probably disregard them anyway. What the organization need is true leadership with competent managers that understand improvement is a key for long term success.<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n 39.19 Question:<\/b><\/p>\n What is the benefit of achieving higher maturity level?<\/i><\/p>\n Answer:<\/b><\/p>\n There are many benefits from achieving higher CMM levels. Following is a\u00a0study from Casper Jones of the Software Productivity Research that examined 12,000 software projects between 1983 and 2002. Jones found that for project of 5000 function point in size, the higher the maturity the lesser defect and better defect removal efficiency.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Level<\/b><\/td>\n efficiency<\/b><\/td>\n <\/p>\n As can be seen, levels 3, 4, and 5 are significantly better in terms of both overall volumes of defects and defect removal efficiency levels. One of the main benefits of achieving the higher CMM levels is better quality control, which pays off in more predictable project outcomes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 39.01 H\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao th\u1ea7y t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh? L\u00e0 t\u1ed5 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-862","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/862","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=862"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/862\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":867,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/862\/revisions\/867"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=862"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=862"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=862"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n1. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1eaft g\u00f3c, tu\u00e2n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 b\u00e1m l\u1ea5y n\u00f3. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 tho\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n
\nN\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ee9 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n xong, th\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i s\u1ebd cao b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n \u00a0SEI<\/b>CMM<\/b><\/p>\n Ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng l\u1ed7i theo \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/b><\/td>\n Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i<\/b><\/td>\n L\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao theo \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \u00a0CMM 1<\/td>\n 5.50<\/td>\n 73.00%<\/td>\n 1.49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n CMM 2<\/td>\n 4.00<\/td>\n 90.00%<\/td>\n 0.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n CMM 3<\/td>\n 3.00<\/td>\n 95.00%<\/td>\n 0.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n CMM 4<\/td>\n 2.50<\/td>\n 97.00%<\/td>\n 0.08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n CMM 5<\/td>\n 2.25<\/td>\n 98.00%<\/td>\n 0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n<\/b>Planned\/actual effort\/schedule to perform the process<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>Planned\/actual effort to perform the process<\/p>\n
\nPlanned\/actual effort to perform the process<\/p>\n
\n1. Do not cut corners, follow a well defined methodology and stick to it. In the long run, this will pay off.
\n2. Review each major milestones and activities for accuracy and correctness.<\/p>\n
\nIf you insist on keeping costs low and hurrying the project along, then quality will suffer and the risk of failure will be high no matter how well the project is managed.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n \u00a0SEI<\/b>CMM<\/b><\/p>\n Defect Potential per Function Point<\/b><\/td>\n Defect<\/b>Removal<\/b><\/p>\n Delivered Defects per Function Point<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \u00a0CMM 1<\/td>\n 5.50<\/td>\n 73.00%<\/td>\n 1.49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n CMM 2<\/td>\n 4.00<\/td>\n 90.00%<\/td>\n 0.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n CMM 3<\/td>\n 3.00<\/td>\n 95.00%<\/td>\n 0.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n CMM 4<\/td>\n 2.50<\/td>\n 97.00%<\/td>\n 0.08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n CMM 5<\/td>\n 2.25<\/td>\n 98.00%<\/td>\n 0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n