{"id":853,"date":"2013-06-25T21:20:27","date_gmt":"2013-06-25T14:20:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=853"},"modified":"2013-06-25T21:20:27","modified_gmt":"2013-06-25T14:20:27","slug":"cai-tien-chat-luong-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=853","title":{"rendered":"C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, n\u00f3 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ra khi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd ki\u1ec3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a ra cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong pha ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u1ec5. B\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i s\u1edbm, c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1ed1n ph\u00ed cho s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i. Theo nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i l\u1ecdt sang pha ti\u1ebfp, n\u00f3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00ean theo th\u1eeba s\u1ed1 5 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed s\u1eeda l\u00ean th\u1eeba s\u1ed1 10. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i t\u1ed1n $10 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda trong pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebft, $100 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda trong pha vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 $1000 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda trong pha ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 $10,000 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda sau khi \u0111\u01b0a ra cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay thay v\u00ec th\u1ebf thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n thay v\u00ec ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Trong c\u00e1c pha ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i trong t\u1eebng pha \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i t\u1eebng pha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 n\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n sang pha ti\u1ebfp hay kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m \u1edf cu\u1ed1i t\u1eebng pha v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i ghi l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 trong s\u1ed5 k\u00ed s\u1ef1 l\u1ed7i. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham chi\u1ebfu t\u1edbi t\u1eeb l\u00fac t\u1ea1o ra cho t\u1edbi l\u00fac gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u \u01b0u ti\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u01afu ti\u00ean n\u00e0y s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh khi n\u00e0o n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda v\u00e0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ed7i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng. T\u1eebng l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 sau khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong s\u1ed5 s\u1ef1 k\u00ed l\u1ed7i (m\u1edf, \u0111\u00f3ng). M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ed7i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ra. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u00ecm ra cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i trong c\u00e1c pha ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1edbm, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y n\u00ean gi\u1ea3m \u0111i qua th\u1eddi gian khi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i trong ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng hay m\u00f4 \u0111un n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i nh\u1ea5t. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c sinh l\u1ed7i n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u00e3; thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng hay m\u00f4 \u0111un; hay ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c sinh l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti theo d\u00f5i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00fang d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, \u01b0u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0o trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin l\u1edbn, bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Improving software quality<\/p>\n

There are several ways to evaluate software quality such as how well it meets requirements, how useful to users, and the number of defects found during testing. However, to many software developers, quality is usually the last thing they check before release to customer. Most quality checks are done during testing phase and it is usually too late. The early you can identify defect, the easier and less costly to fix a defect. According to several studies, every time a defect passes into the next phase, it increases the complexity by a factor of 5 and the fixing cost by a factor of 10. For example, a defect costs $1 to fix in requirements phase will cost $10 to fix in design phase, $100 to fix in coding phase and $1000 to fix during testing phase and $10,000 to fix after release to customer.<\/p>\n

Since a wrong requirement can increase complexity in design and code many times, by monitor quality throughout the development process, project managers can decide whether to continue the development or redesign and correct defects instead. Sometime it is better to restart the project rather than continue to fix defect as the software is too complex and difficult to change. During software development phases, project manager must have the ability to track defects in each phase in order to judge the quality of the software at any given time. At the end of each phase, project manager must evaluate both the quality and the completeness to determine whether the project should move to the next phase or not. The best way is to use checklists at the end of each lifecycle phase.<\/p>\n

When a defect has been found, project manager must record it in a defect log. It will be assigned a number that allows it to be referenced from creation through resolution. It is important that the defect be given some type of priority that reflects its severity. This priority will determine when it needs to be fixed and whether the defect is serious enough to impact the schedule. Each defect should be assigned to a developer to fix and after it is fixed, quality assurance must make sure that it is fully tested and record the status in the defect log (Open, close). Another important quality factor is the rate at which defects are found. Typically a high find rate is expected during early phases of development, the rate should decrease over time as many of them have been fixed.<\/p>\n

Project manager must also evaluate the causes of defects to determine which of its software functions or modules have the most defects. By knowing these error-prone area, manager can take action such as increase more testing in certain areas of the code; redesign a function or module; or assign more experienced developers to work on defect-prone areas.<\/p>\n

Companies that track defects and organize them based on severity, priority and other criteria can improve their quality significantly. By constantly evaluate quality at any given time in the development lifecycle, they can improve their quality and reduce defects with greater confidence, knowing that every effort has been made to find and fix defects.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, n\u00f3 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-853","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an","category-ki-nghe-phan-mem"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/853","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=853"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/853\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":854,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/853\/revisions\/854"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=853"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=853"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=853"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}