{"id":750,"date":"2013-06-23T21:12:34","date_gmt":"2013-06-23T14:12:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=750"},"modified":"2013-06-23T21:12:34","modified_gmt":"2013-06-23T14:12:34","slug":"chuyen-thuc-ki-dieu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=750","title":{"rendered":"Chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c k\u00ec di\u1ec7u"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00f4i b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n. V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m “L\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng” c\u1ee7a Ts. Mitra v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf khu \u1ed5 chu\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a Mumbai. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Ethiopia n\u01a1i tr\u1ebb em ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft trong \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 trong n\u0103m th\u00e1ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111em m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecm m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1ea3ng PC Motorola Zoom\u00a0cho tr\u1ebb em Ethiopia, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef in? Trong v\u00f2ng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng, ch\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfng Anh trong khi ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 an ninh tr\u00ean OS c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

<\/a>D\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb (OLPC) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u00edt hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n, d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh r\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n OLPC \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong n\u0103m hay s\u00e1u n\u0103m quan, d\u1ea7u v\u1eady, l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 d\u1ea1y cho tr\u1ebb em\u00a0v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u<\/i>\u00a0m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ea5y. V\u00e2ng, bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1eef hoa v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1ea7n “t\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m” \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng ghi nh\u1edb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi cho tr\u1ebb em \u0111i ra v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc qua vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t. Thay v\u00ec v\u1eady, OLPC \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u00ecnh dung c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc<\/i>, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

Thay v\u00ec cho laptop (ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1ea3ng Motorola Zoom c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 n\u1ea1p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ch\u1ea1y ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t) cho tr\u1ebb em \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n OLPC quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c: n\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1ea3ng cho hai l\u00e0ng \u1edf Ethiopia, b\u1ecb d\u00e1n k\u00edn m\u00edt, kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, “N\u00e0y l\u0169 tr\u1ebb, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1ed9p, c\u00e1c ch\u00e1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf n\u00f3 ra n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n!”<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng n\u00e0y \u1edf Ethiopia gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec, l\u0169 tr\u1ebb (v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn) \u1edf \u0111\u00f3\u00a0ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef n\u00e0o<\/b>. Kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1, kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n hay h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea3. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t theo kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3; c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi n\u01a1i t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng. Cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1ea3ng k\u00ec th\u00fa, \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang, ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u OLPC \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, d\u00e1n xi k\u00edn m\u00edt, ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb trong t\u1eebng l\u00e0ng (g\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 ngh\u00ecn m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1ea3ng t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng), n\u1ea1p s\u1eb5n v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u1ebb SD c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m theo d\u00f5i ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1p l\u1eadp OLPC Nicholas Negroponte k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a MIT Technology Review tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/p>\n

“Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p trong l\u00e0ng. H\u1ed9p \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn. D\u00e1n ch\u1eb7t. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn, kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 l\u0169 tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i h\u1ed9p! Trong v\u00f2ng b\u1ed1n ph\u00fat, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1edf h\u1ed9p, m\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc t\u1eaft b\u1eadt. N\u00f3 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc t\u1eaft b\u1eadt. N\u00f3 b\u1eadt ngu\u1ed3n l\u00ean. Trong v\u00f2ng n\u0103m ng\u00e0y, ch\u00fang d\u00f9ng 47 apps tr\u00ean t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. Trong v\u00f2ng hai tu\u1ea7n, ch\u00fang h\u00e1t c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u00e1t ABC [b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh] trong l\u00e0ng. V\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdc ngo\u00e1y v\u00e0o Android. K\u1ebb ng\u1ed1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1edf Media Lab \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 camera! V\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh dung ra \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 camera, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdc ngo\u00e1y v\u00e0o Android.”<\/i><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m nay, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u OLPC th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft trong ti\u1ebfng Anh kh\u00f4ng. Tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 100,000,000 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o l\u1edbp m\u1ed9t, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 ra l\u00e0 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1ea3ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n d\u1ea1y cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. V\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i t\u1ee5i tr\u1ebb n\u1eefa, v\u00ec c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u OLPC tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng l\u0169 tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y\u00a0b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9<\/i>\u00a0ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft n\u1eefa, \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u00ednh n\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u1eafc b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1edfi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean: Nell’s Primer trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch Th\u1eddi kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u00a0Neal Stephenson \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc OLPC, \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 mang t\u00ean Nell. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch Nell d\u00f9ng l\u1eddi thu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ho\u00e1, ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb em h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng:<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch xa tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng d\u1eb7m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 b\u00e9 tr\u1ebb <\/i>Ethiopia<\/i> c\u00f3 t\u00ean Rahel b\u1eadt chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean. M\u00e1y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00f4 \u1ea5y: “Xin ch\u00e0o! B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n nghe chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng?”<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00f4 b\u00e9 g\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nghe c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa. V\u1ec1 sau, khi c\u00f4 b\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc th\u00eam ch\u00fat \u00edt, c\u00f4 b\u00e9 s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o m\u00e1y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 “Rahel” nh\u01b0 c\u00f4 b\u00e9 v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 \u1ea5y th\u00edch m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea7u thanh thi\u00ean –nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch xanh l\u1ee5c v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa v\u00f4 danh cho c\u00f4 b\u00e9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00f4 b\u00e9 v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh. “R l\u00e0 cho Run (ch\u1ea1y). B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ebd R \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?” Khi c\u00f4 b\u00e9 v\u1ebd R, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 phi nhanh qua m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh. “Run b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng R. Roger ch\u1eef R ch\u1ea1y ngang qua th\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ecf. Roger c\u00f3 con ch\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 <\/i>Rover.” Rover s\u1ee7a: “Ruff Ruff” C\u00f4ng ch\u00faa h\u1ecfi, “B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng?” v\u00e0 Rahel d\u00f9ng camera \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p qu\u1ea3 d\u00e2u m\u1ecdc tr\u00ean b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3. “L\u00e0m t\u1ed1t l\u1eafm! T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y ch\u00fat m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng?”<\/i><\/p>\n

Khi Rahel l\u1edbn l\u00ean, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00f4 v\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ch\u1eef, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb. L\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4 b\u00e9 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u00e2m thanh n\u00e0y m\u1ecdi l\u00fac. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u Rahel c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00e2u ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh trong cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 b\u00e9, v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u1edbi d\u1ea1y cho c\u00f4 b\u00e9 v\u1ec1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c (c\u00f4 b\u00e9 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u01a1i giai \u0111i\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3) v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i (C\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Rahel gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t con r\u00f9a kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eafm v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c).<\/i><\/p>\n

Rahel vi\u1ebft c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 b\u00e9 v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa, c\u00f4 b\u00e9 chia s\u1ebb chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o c\u00f4 b\u00e9 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 b\u00e9 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 b\u00e9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00f4 b\u00e9 ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u00e1t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00f4 b\u00e9 h\u1ecdc g\u00ec. M\u1ed9t Rahel l\u1edbn h\u01a1n h\u1ecdc r\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u1ed1i m\u00e0 c\u00f4 b\u00e9 quen d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi r\u00f9a c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ea1y b\u00ean trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 b\u00e9. Rahel d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi em trai c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 b\u00e9 m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch xanh l\u1ee5c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 Rahel vi\u1ebft cho c\u1eadu ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n d\u00f9ng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 ta \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho c\u1eadu ta h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfm.<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/dvice.com\/archives\/2012\/10\/ethiopian-kids.php<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

A wonderful real story<\/p>\n

I came across this wonderful article that I want to share with you. Several years ago, I wrote about Dr. Mitra\u2019s \u201cHole in the Wall\u201d experiment with India children who lived in the slums of Mumbai. Now it happened in Ethiopia where children never go to school, never see a written word in their lives but they learn computing skills in just five months:<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat happens if you give a thousand Motorola Zoom tablet PCs to Ethiopian kids who have never even seen a printed word? Within five months, they’ll start teaching themselves English while circumventing the security on your OS to customize settings and activate disabled hardware.<\/p>\n

The One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project started as a way of delivering technology and resources to schools in countries with little or no education infrastructure, using inexpensive computers to improve traditional curricula. What the OLPC Project has realized over the last five or six years, though, is that teaching kids stuff is really not that valuable. Yes, knowing all your state capitals and how to spell “neighborhood” properly isn’t a bad thing, but memorizing facts and procedures isn’t going to inspire kids to go out and learn by teaching themselves, which is the key to a good education. Instead, OLPC is trying to figure out a way to teach kids to learn, which is what this experiment is all about.<\/p>\n

Rather than give out laptops (they’re actually Motorola Zoom tablets plus solar chargers running custom software) to kids in schools with teachers, the OLPC Project decided to try something completely different: it delivered some boxes of tablets to two villages in Ethiopia, taped shut, with no instructions whatsoever. Just like, “hey kids, here’s this box, you can open it if you want!”<\/p>\n

Just to give you a sense of what these villages in Ethiopia are like, the kids (and most of the adults) there have never seen a word. No books, no newspapers, no street signs, no labels on packaged foods or goods. Nothing. And these villages aren’t unique in that respect; there are many of them in Africa where the literacy rate is close to zero. So you might think that if you’re going to give out fancy tablet computers, it would be helpful to have someone along to show these people how to use them, right?<\/p>\n

But that’s not what OLPC did. They just left the boxes there, sealed up, containing one tablet for every kid in each of the villages (nearly a thousand tablets in total), pre-loaded with a custom English-language operating system and SD cards with tracking software on them to record how the tablets were used. Here’s how it went down, as related by OLPC founder Nicholas Negroponte at MIT Technology Review’s conference last week:<\/p>\n

“We left the boxes in the village. Closed. Taped shut. No instruction, no human being. I thought, the kids will play with the boxes! Within four minutes, one kid not only opened the box, but found the on\/off switch. He’d never seen an on\/off switch. He powered it up. Within five days, they were using 47 apps per child per day. Within two weeks, they were singing ABC songs [in English] in the village. And within five months, they had hacked Android. Some idiot in our organization or in the Media Lab had disabled the camera! And they figured out it had a camera, and they hacked Android.”<\/i><\/p>\n

This experiment began earlier this year, and what OLPC really want to see is whether these kids can learn to read and write in English. Around the world, there are something like 100,000,000 kids who don’t even make it to first grade, simply because there are not only no schools, but very few literate adults, and if it turns out that for the cost of a tablet all of these kids can simply teach themselves, it has huge implications for education. And it goes beyond the kids, too, since previous OLPC studies have shown that kids will use their computers to teach their parents to read and write as well, which is incredibly amazing and awesome.<\/p>\n

If this all reminds you of a certain science fiction book by a certain well-known author, it’s not a coincidence: Nell’s Primer in Neal Stephenson’s The Diamond Age was a direct inspiration for much of the OLPC teaching software, which itself is named Nell. Here’s an example of how Nell uses an evolving, personalized narrative to help kids learn to learn without beating them over the head with standardized lessons and traditional teaching methods:<\/p>\n

Miles from the nearest school, a young Ethiopian girl named Rahel turns on her new tablet computer. The solar powered machine speaks to her: “Hello! Would you like to hear a story?”<\/i><\/p>\n

She nods and listens to a story about a princess. Later, when the girl has learned a little more, she will tell the machine that the princess is named “Rahel” like she is and that she likes to wear blue–but for now the green book draws pictures of the unnamed Princess for her and asks her to trace shapes on the screen. “R is for Run. Can you trace the R?” As she traces the R, it comes to life and gallops across the screen. “Run starts with R. Roger the R runs across the Red Rug. Roger has a dog named Rover.” Rover barks: “Ruff Ruff” The Princess asks, “Can you \ufb01nd something Red?” and Rahel uses the camera to photograph a berry on a nearby bush. “Good work! I see a little red here. Can you \ufb01nd something big and red?”<\/i><\/p>\n

As Rahel grows, the book asks her to trace not just letters, but whole words. The book’s responses are written on the screen as it speaks them, and eventually she doesn’t need to leave the sound on all the time. Soon Rahel can write complete sentences in her special book, and sometimes the Princess will respond to them. New stories teach her about music (she unlocks a dungeon door by playing certain tunes) and programming with blocks (Princess Rahel helps a not very-bright turtle to draw diffrent shapes).<\/i><\/p>\n

Rahel writes her own stories about the Princess, which she shares with her friends. The book tells her that she is very good at music, and her lessons begin to encourage her to invent silly songs about what she’s learning. An older Rahel learns that the block language she used to talk with the turtle is also used to write all the software running inside her special book. Rahel uses the blocks to write a new sort of rhythm game. Her younger brother has just received his own green book, and Rahel writes him a story which uses her rhythm game to help him learn to count.<\/i><\/p>\n

For more information:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/dvice.com\/archives\/2012\/10\/ethiopian-kids.php<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00f4i b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n. V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-750","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cac-van-de-khac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/750","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=750"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/750\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":752,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/750\/revisions\/752"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=750"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=750"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=750"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}