{"id":736,"date":"2013-06-23T21:02:51","date_gmt":"2013-06-23T14:02:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=736"},"modified":"2013-06-23T21:02:51","modified_gmt":"2013-06-23T14:02:51","slug":"ki-nang-giai-quyet-van-de","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=736","title":{"rendered":"K\u0129 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti coi l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng khi thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Trong ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, sinh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecd t\u1ed1t m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea. V\u00ec t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, sinh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecfi: \u201cT\u00f4i h\u1ecdc k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?”<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u0129 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho m\u1ed9t l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh hay b\u00e0i to\u00e1n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i, h\u1ecd \u0111ang h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 bao g\u1ed3m n\u0103m b\u01b0\u1edbc: Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 (V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?); thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 (T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin g\u00ec?); ph\u00e1t sinh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng (T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng bao nhi\u00eau c\u00e1ch?); l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p (Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao t\u00f4i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3?); v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 (T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a? Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?).<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung trong c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c thay v\u00ec ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. T\u00f4i khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o sinh vi\u00ean d\u00f9ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u201cFlowcharting\u201d\u00a0(l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3) khi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Flowchart l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 hay bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ecdi b\u01b0\u1edbc trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap sinh vi\u00ean hi\u1ec3u qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1eafc m\u1ecdi b\u01b0\u1edbc trong qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi. Khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn, sinh vi\u00ean n\u00ean d\u00f9ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt\u00a0\u201cDecision Matrix\u201d\u00a0ma tr\u1eadn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1ed9t Decision Matrix bao g\u1ed3m hai c\u1ed9t, c\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u1edf c\u1ed9t b\u00ean tr\u00e1i\u00a0 v\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u1edf h\u00e0ng tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9t b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i. T\u1eebng tu\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng theo ti\u00eau ch\u00ed l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh logic t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi k\u0129 n\u0103ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ti, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00f3 trong t\u1ed5. Ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 cho gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111i qua qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp t\u1ed5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 n\u00ean h\u1ecfi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cV\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c l\u00e0 g\u00ec?” B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t k\u00ec l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 sau. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecfi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cCh\u00fang ta \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y?\u201d hay \u201cGi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 g\u00ec.\u201d L\u00ed do l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 ai \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e1ch, thay v\u00ec h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i thay v\u00ec nh\u00ecn t\u1edbi, cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c thay v\u00ec c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf sinh vi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u0111i l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay v\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thay v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. B\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ai \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hay ai ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1nh v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5. T\u1ed5 c\u00e0ng ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hay h\u01a1n. Khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng nhau, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng sang ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Problem Solving Skills<\/p>\n

One of the soft-skills that companies consider very important when hiring college graduates is problem-solving. During job interview, students are often given problems to solve to determine how good they are before they are hired. Because of this situation, students often asked: \u201cWhere do I learn this skill?”<\/p>\n

Problem solving skills are often taught in science and math classes but some students do not realize that. When they are given a theory to prove or math problems to solve, they are learning problem solving. Basically, problems solving involved five steps: Identify the problem (What is the problem?); Gather information and analyze the problem (What information do I have?); Generate potential solutions (How many ways could I solve it?); Select and test the solution (Which solution is best and how do I test it?); and evaluate the results (Did I solve it? How good is the solution?).<\/p>\n

The common problem among students is they have a tendency to solve problem immediately instead of analyze all alternatives. They need to know that there are several solutions and they need to analyze all of them before select the best. I recommend students to use the\u00a0\u201cFlowcharting\u201d\u00a0technique when learning to solve problem. A flowchart is a map or diagram that shows all the steps in a process. It helps students understand the process and making sure all steps in the process are addressed. When facing several difficult options, students should use the\u00a0\u201cDecision Matrix\u201d\u00a0technique. A Decision Matrix consists of two columns, the options are listed on the left side and the selection criteria are listed on the top row of the right column. Each of the options is rated against the selection criteria to arrive at the best logical decision.<\/p>\n

Problem solving is often tied to communication and teamwork skills because in a company, workers do not solve problem alone but do it in team. The key to effective problem solving and decision making is to go through the process systematically. In team meeting, the team leader should ask the question \u201cWhat exactly is the problem? By having team members to participate in identify the problem, it will help everyone to understand it clearly and avoid any confusion later. It is important for team leader to focus on the future by asking question \u201cWhere do we go from here?\u201d or \u201cWhat are our solutions\u201d. The reason is many teams often make mistake by focusing on the past on what happened and who to blame, rather than focus on solving the problem. By look back rather than forward, the meeting could end up negatively rather than being productive.<\/p>\n

I often remind students that problem solving is NOT root cause analysis, which focus on looking back to find the cause. The only way to solve problem is focus on fixing thing and moving forward. The team must use all effort to talk about the solution instead of the problems. Team leader must keep the attention of team members on solutions and what can be done rather than what already happened. Anything about who created the problem or who made mistake should be avoid as it tends to inhibit the team creativity. The more the team thinks about the solution, the more creative everyone will be and better ideas they will come up with. When team members practice problem-solving together, their mental attitude changes from a passive recipient of information to a participant in the creation of solution.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti coi l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng khi thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-736","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loi-khuyen-cho-sinh-vien"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/736","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=736"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/736\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":737,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/736\/revisions\/737"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=736"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=736"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=736"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}