{"id":721,"date":"2013-06-22T11:59:49","date_gmt":"2013-06-22T04:59:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=721"},"modified":"2013-06-22T11:59:49","modified_gmt":"2013-06-22T04:59:49","slug":"xu-huong-phat-kien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=721","title":{"rendered":"Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 20 ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf M\u0129 t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sang c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qua ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00f4 t\u00f4, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xa l\u1ed9, m\u00e1y bay, v.v t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh b\u1edfi Henry Ford \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u00f4 t\u00f4 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u00f4 t\u00f4 nhanh h\u01a1n, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mua c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 xa hoa cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea7u. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn xe m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t gi\u1ea7u. V\u1edbi d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p, Ford \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0i tr\u0103m xe m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 v\u1edbi v\u00e0i d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p \u00f4ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra v\u00e0 tr\u0103m xe m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n. L\u00e0m s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn xe cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng \u1ea5y th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a xe xu\u1ed1ng qu\u00e3ng 25% trong n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. B\u1eb1ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m xe, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn xe v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec1u. Khi gi\u00e1 xe gi\u1ea3m qu\u00e3ng 68%, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 xa hoa cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea7u m\u00e0 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong v\u00f2ng m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m, qu\u00e3ng 80% ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf M\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xe. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eabn l\u00e1i cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf M\u0129. Nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u00ean li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t di\u1ec5n ra trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n M\u0129 v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ec3 k\u1ec9 20 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a kinh t\u1ebf M\u0129 l\u00ean m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf M\u0129 r\u1ed3i ra kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, t\u1eeb radio b\u00e1n d\u1eabn t\u1edbi MP3; t\u1eeb ti vi \u0111en tr\u1eafng t\u1edbi ti vi s\u1ed1 3D m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh ph\u1eb3ng. Vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u00f3 d\u00e2y r\u1ed3i \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2y, v\u00e0 Giao th\u1ee9c tho\u1ea1i qua Internet (VOIP) \u0111i\u1ec1u cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi qua m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y d\u1eabn l\u00e1i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n. Khi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t h\u01a1n, gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 r\u1edbt xu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n t\u0103ng l\u00ean, do v\u1eady c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn chu\u1ea9n s\u1ed1ng. Khi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd mua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y kinh t\u1ebf ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 sang m\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 21, l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn m\u1edbi \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 na n\u00f4. C\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 robot. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ee3i g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Malaysia th\u00eam n\u1eefa. Trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua l\u00ed do cho kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng robot, chi ph\u00ed l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n v\u00ec robots v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh 24 gi\u1edd v\u00e0 7 ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng. T\u1ea1i sao kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 khi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u? Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 kho\u00e1n trong, KH\u00d4NG kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd co l\u1ea1i nhanh ch\u00f3ng. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p robotic \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef y\u00ean t\u0129nh trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn robot m\u1edbi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c, t\u1eeb x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u00f4 t\u00f4, di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb l\u1edbn v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi M\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn c\u00f4ng ti kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ho\u00e1 trong robots. Robot \u0111\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 robot r\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m \u0111\u00f4 la cho qu\u00e9t s\u00e0n \u1edf nh\u00e0. Robot trong d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p trong nh\u00e0 kho v\u00e0 b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 gi\u00e1 qu\u00e3ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f4 la. M\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ti robot tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cM\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i v\u00ec chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 M\u0129 v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf chi ph\u00ed m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o xe h\u01a1i \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 8 gi\u1edd v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ra $25 \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t robot th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 24 gi\u1edd \u00edt h\u01a1n 4 \u0111\u00f4 la v\u00e0 sau 2 n\u0103m chi ph\u00ed g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 chi ph\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh con robot n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u2018ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam\u2019 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ‘in’ hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m 3D. Theo c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u01b0a, m\u00e1y ti\u1ec7n, m\u00e1y xay v\u00e0 m\u00e1y khoan \u00e9p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eaft v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m tan ch\u1ea3y c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh 3D. M\u00e1y in 3D d\u00f9ng kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9t, c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt nh\u1ef1a nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt t\u01b0 keo d\u00ednh kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9p m\u1ef1c trong c\u00e1c m\u00e1y in laser hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi. M\u00e1y in 3D n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i mua c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0o. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y in laser \u0111\u1ec3 in m\u1ed9t trang, m\u00e1y in 3D m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 “in” nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 v\u1eadt l\u00ed v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. M\u00e1y in 3D ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 y h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u. Tu\u1ef3 theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00ed, m\u00e1y in 3D c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f4 la cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hay v\u00e0i tr\u0103m \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m gia d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama g\u1ecdi l\u00e0: \u201cTh\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5c sinh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o\u201d v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh \u1edf M\u0129.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o t\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 “l\u1edbn” hay “th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1” tu\u1ef3 theo b\u1ea1n h\u1ecfi ai. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1edbm mu\u1ed9n c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i? C\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra cho h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c? M\u0129 ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 20 n\u0103m cho vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb kinh t\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sang kinh t\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf tri th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ea1nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (STEM). M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e1y in 3D, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf robot, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, k\u0129 s\u01b0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec c\u00e1c trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u cao nh\u1ea5t trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi ch\u1ea1y.\u00a0V\u1edbi ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi cho c\u00f4ng ti kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 M\u0129 hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf M\u0129 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00ec h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mong \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ebd lan r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt tr\u1ebb \u0111ang nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1eadn ra ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap cho n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn n\u1eefa. Ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eabn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3 th\u00edch nghi nhanh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English verrsion—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Innovation trends<\/p>\n

Innovation is the process of discovering new technologies, new ideas and turns them into something that can change the ways people live and work. In the early 20th<\/sup>\u00a0century innovation has transformed the U.S. economy from agriculture base into industrial base through the development of automobiles, highways, airplanes, etc. all of which have made it easier for businesses to build and sell their products all over the world. For example, the assembly line production invented by Henry Ford allowed car manufacturers to massively produce automobiles faster, better and at lower prices. Therefore it allowed more people to afford what had once been a luxury for the rich. Before the assembly line, automobile industry produced only few thousand cars per year, mostly for the very rich. With the assembly line, Ford was able to build few hundred cars per months and with several assembly lines he could produce several hundred cars per week. Building a large amount of cars allowed him to negotiated better prices with suppliers and reduced the price of car about 25% in the first year. By continue improving the building process, he could build thousand cars at much reduced prices. When the price of a car was reduced about 68%, it is no longer a luxury item for the rich but for everybody. Within ten years, about 80% of working people in the U.S can afford to buy a car. The automobile industry exploded, employed more workers which drove U.S. economic growth. This rapid pace of innovation and increases in productivity continued for most of the century, expanding the efficiency of American workers and providing more export of products and services all over the world.<\/p>\n

In the late 20th<\/sup>\u00a0century another innovation wave hit the global market with semiconducting, electronics, computing, and telecommunication which again drove the U.S. economic to another higher level. It raised wages, expanded the market and changed the way people work and live. The personal computer industry put a computer in every household in the U.S. then all over the world. The electronic industry developed thousand of devices, from transistor radio to MP3; from black and white television to flat screen 3D digital TV. The telecommunication connected everybody via wire telephones then wireless mobile phone, and Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) that allowed people to talk to anybody in the world via their computers. These innovations drove economic growth by helping businesses to be more efficient, achieved higher productivity. As businesses become more productive, the prices of products and services fall but workers\u2019 wages rise, thus improving the standard of living. When workers produced more, they earned more and with more money, they purchased more things and pushed the consumer economy to another level of growth.<\/p>\n

Beginning in the 21st<\/sup>\u00a0century, another innovation wave is taking shape with Information Technology, Biotechnology, and Nanotechnology. There is a major change in modern manufacturing factories with the application of automation and robots. The new digital manufacturing technology is so efficient that it is no longer be economical to manufacture in lower cost countries such as China, Malaysia any more. In the past twenty years the reason for outsourcing was cost of labor but with robotic manufacturing, the cost is lower and the productivity is higher as robots operate 24hour and 7 days nonstop. Why outsource works somewhere when things can be manufactured locally for much lower price? The new trend today is insource, NOT outsource and it completely changes the balance of economic power. Countries that are depending on low labor cost will see their economies shrinking fast. The robotics industry was kept quiet for number of years suddenly exploded with thousands of new robots that can do many things, from building cars, move large and heavy equipments in construction to perform surgery, and doing military combat. It is estimated that currently the U.S already have over thousand startups specialize in robots. The most expensive robots are priced at million dollars for large construction works and the least expensive is only less than a hundred dollars for sweeping floor at home. A robot in assembly line performs moving and shipping boxes in warehouse and post offices only cost about twenty thousand dollars. A robot executive declared: \u201cEvery job that has been outsourced for low labor costs now can be done back in the U.S. for fraction of the cost with better quality, efficiency and accuracy. For example, a car manufacturing worker in China works 8 hours and make $25 dollar a day, the same job can be done by a robots who works 24 hours but costs less than $4 a day and after 2 years the cost is almost zero because the only cost is electricity to operate the robot.<\/p>\n

Another innovation called \u2018Additive manufacturing\u2019 is making cost-effectively \u2018print\u2019 3D products. In a traditional manufacturing, things are produced by people using tools such as saws, lathes, milling machines and drill presses. This is a long process that requires accuracy and time-consuming. The more complex the product, the more labor is required and that is why things are expensive and why many manufacturing outsource to low cost countries. However with additive manufacturing, things are produced by melting successive layers of materials based on 3D models. The 3D printers use powered metal, droplets of plastic, and other glue materials similar to the toner cartridges in current laser printers. This 3D printer allows people to create many things without buying any tools. Just like today we are using laser printers to print a page. The new 3D printer can \u201cprint\u201d many physical things at similar cost. Today 3D printers can create many mechanical devices, medical implants, and jewelry. Depending on the physical things, a 3D printer can cost hundred thousand dollars for sophisticate things such as electronic circuits, electronics devices or a few hundred dollars for children\u2018s toys and household products. This is what President Obama called: \u201cThe renaissance age of manufacturing\u201d as it once again becomes a major industry in the U.S.<\/p>\n

How will these innovations affect China and low cost Asian countries? The answer can be \u201cSignificant\u201d or \u201cDisaster\u201d depend on who do you ask. Of course China\u2019s manufacturing do not stand still and will also applies these technologies sooner or later. But the issue is what will happen during the transition? What will happen to hundred millions of labor workers suddenly out of work? It took the U.S about 20 years for the transitions from industrial base into knowledge base economy but it would be much longer and more painful for other countries.<\/p>\n

To successfully make this transition the requirement is a strong education system based on science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). The new environment will need thousands of 3D printer designers, Robots designers, Computer specialists, Data analysts, Design engineers and scientists to design, operate and maintain sophisticated computer-based equipments. These are skills that will be in the highest demand in the future to keep the new economy running.\u00a0\"http:\/\/articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com\/images\/pixel.gif\"With new innovations and new technologies, there will be new demands and new markets for startups found by entrepreneurs. The current U.S technology market is now booming with people who have worked for years in the technology industry and now become entrepreneurs as they seize new opportunities. Today in almost every city in the U.S. you can see many entrepreneurs starting their companies. You also see many college graduates become entrepreneurs as they are know about the rapidly changing technologies and want to make a difference.<\/p>\n

This is the new trend and it is expected to spread all over the world as young technical people are quickly realize about their potentials and want to help their country to innovate too. Innovations will create massive change in our society and our world and it will change the way people live and work but the pace of change is still depending on the education system and how fast it can adapt to this trend.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-721","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-xu-huong-cong-nghe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/721","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=721"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/721\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":722,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/721\/revisions\/722"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=721"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=721"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=721"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}