Theo nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, Ethiopia, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, gi\u1ea7y d\u00e9p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c khi h\u1ecd chuy\u1ec3n trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1edbi \u01b0u th\u1ebf thu\u1ebf kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c r\u1ebb, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, Ethiopia \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf b\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cho h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u1edbi 8 c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean n\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong n\u0103m 2020.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ethiopia gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cK\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra 2 t\u1edbi 3 tri\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2022. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00eam n\u1eefa m\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 sang c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng chu\u1ea9n s\u1ed1ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 gi\u1ea7y d\u00e9p v\u00ec nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 chung cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh.\u201d M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f4ng ti c\u0169ng n\u00f3i th\u00eam: \u201cV\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tin ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 gi\u1ea7y d\u00e9p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.\u201d<\/p>\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo tin t\u1ee9c, gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0i n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ethiopia. M\u1ed9t ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng vi\u1ebft: \u201cH\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 30 ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n tr\u01b0a, nh\u01b0ng d\u00e0nh h\u01a1n 10 gi\u1edd trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u1ed1m nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a duy nh\u1ea5t h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y.\u201d<\/p>\n
Kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua. Khi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, Trung Qu\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u1ea1nh tranh. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao l\u00e2u? Khi t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 robots th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 r\u1ebb h\u01a1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u1ea1nh tranh l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. Gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 “Trung Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp” l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n nhanh v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1i b\u1eaby c\u1ee7a “k\u1ebb t\u1edbi sau” v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp.<\/p>\n
Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb pha n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sang pha c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ed3i sang pha c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u0169 v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Internet. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea3y t\u1edbi lu\u00f4n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cho \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00fang h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u0169 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
—English version—<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
The old model of manufacturing outsourcing<\/p>\n
According to several newspapers articles, Ethiopia, one of the poorest country in Africa was transforming itself into a major manufacturing for clothing, shoes and other products. Many factories were owned and managed by Chinese as they moved their factory equipment to this country to take advantage of the very low labor cost to stay competitive in the world market. With huge tax advantages, significant cheap labor, and foreign investment, Ethiopia has opened 4 giant industrial parks for hundreds of thousand workers with 8 more to be completed in 2020.<\/p>\n
An Ethiopia government officer explained: \u201cOur plan is to create 2 to 3 million jobs in manufacturing by the end of 2022. We do not want to stay as an agricultural country anymore but moving quickly to adopt manufacturing and eventually to technology. We believe that industrialization is a good thing and could raise our standard of living up and eliminate poverty. We start with the clothing and shoes because these are easy to train workers and eventually to heavy industry. This model is no different from China in the late 1980s where this country transformed itself into a powerful economic force.\u201d A company manager also added: \u201cWith millions of people needing work and willing to work at significant low wages, we believe we can make more clothes and shoes at better prices than any others.\u201d<\/p>\n
However, according to the news, this long working hours in factories are creating a stressful situation to most Ethiopians. A local reporter wrote: \u201cThey get only 30 minutes for lunch, but spend more than 10 hours in a very bad working condition. Many are exhausted and get sick but that is the only choice they can get since there is no other job in this country.\u201d<\/p>\n
Manufacturing outsourcing in developing countries has changed significantly in the past few years. When developed countries were using automation and technology to improve their productivity and cost, China moved many of its factories to other lower-cost countries to stay competitive. My question is for how long can this situation last? When automation and robots perform better and cheaper than human, it would be impossible to compete against technology. Basically, the low labor cost of outsourcing model is obsolete. The dream of being the \u201cnext China\u201d is an illusion because without proper education and rapidly moving into technology, many countries will fell into the trap of the \u201clatecomer\u201d and never be able to catch up.<\/p>\n
In my opinion, the evolution from agricultural phase to industrial phase then to technological phase is an old gradual model that no longer work in the era of the Internet. It is possible to jump forward by implementing a massive science and technology education change \u00a0quickly to create a knowledge workforce ready to compete in this global economy. Without the proper education that focuses on science and technology but continues to rely on the old model of evolution is a mistake that could push the country in a backward situation in the world dominated by technological innovations.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Theo nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, Ethiopia, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5744","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-xu-huong-toan-cau"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5744","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5744"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5744\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5745,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5744\/revisions\/5745"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5744"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5744"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5744"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}