Ng\u00e0y nay th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd d\u1ea1y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed; n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd d\u1ea1y m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u1ea1y m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u1ea1y v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v.v.\u00a0 H\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n t\u1eeb ai \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1eefng v\u1ec1 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 h\u1ecd d\u1ea1y h\u01a1n ai \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa. Chuy\u00ean gia trong m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho l\u1edbp h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc v\u00ec th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao n\u00f3i n\u00f3.<\/p>\n
Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 “\u0110\u00fang hay Sai” ho\u1eb7t “\u0110\u1ed7 hay Tr\u01b0\u1ee3t.” Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00ed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc v\u00ec h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. L\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i “quan ni\u1ec7m c\u0169” v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra hay nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p, h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 sai, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t \u1edf n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c thay v\u00ec n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0y nay hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3. “C\u00e1ch c\u0169” v\u1ec1 ghi nh\u1edb c\u00e1c l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i thi l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi; h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u0129 n\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb sai l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi d\u1ea1y m\u00f4n l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 trong ba tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Khi h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng lo ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 “\u0111\u1ed7 hay tr\u01b0\u1ee3t,” h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong l\u1edbp l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: “Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd s\u1edbm vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c em vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 trong ti\u1ebfng Anh. Khi vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c em c\u0169ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c em kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng sai l\u1ea7m l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. C\u00e1c em c\u00e0ng vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng \u00edt ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i sai l\u1ea7m h\u01a1n v\u00e0 qua th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 gi\u1ecfi.” \u0110\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd, t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: “Ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian khi c\u00e1c em c\u00f2n \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c em m\u1ea5t bao l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u hay? C\u00e1c em s\u1ebd vi\u1ebft sai ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 v\u00e0i t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e1c em kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa v\u00ec c\u00e1c em \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1c em vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c em nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean, nh\u1ea1c s\u0129, hay ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc r\u1ed3i, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1eebng lo ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc v\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc nhanh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ch\u1eadm, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o c\u00e1c em c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t.”<\/p>\n
Khi h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi \u1edf m\u00f4n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i h\u1ecfi: “Em s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec khi em ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc m\u00f4n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m? N\u1ebfu em kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch To\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a em y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng em ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft To\u00e1n, em s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec? Khi h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd, t\u00f4i th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd: “C\u00e1c em \u0111\u00e3 bao gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c em ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c em kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? V\u00e0i th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c em \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00e1i g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra? C\u00e1c em c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t khi c\u00e1c em \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft? N\u00f3 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng? Cho d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc nhanh h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c em \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o c\u00e1c em c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o. \u0110\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf; \u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c em kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o c\u00e1c em c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0o trong n\u00f3, c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc n\u00f3.”<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o h\u1ecdc sinh khi h\u1ecd b\u1ecb ng\u00e3 l\u00f2ng:”\u0110\u1eebng lo ngh\u0129, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m chung m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft h\u1ecdc sinh th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c em s\u1eeda n\u00f3.” Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc thay v\u00ec s\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u01b0\u1ee3t, th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o n\u00ean khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3i: “C\u1ed1 g\u0103ng l\u00ean.” “Ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0o.” “C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a em cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1eebng lo ngh\u0129.” V\u00e0 khi h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t, th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o n\u00ean ca ng\u1ee3i h\u1ecd: “\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t, m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a em \u0111ang t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n r\u1ed3i, n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o.”<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
—English version—<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Teaching a subject<\/p>\n
Today teachers must have a specialty in order to teach effectively. If they teach history, they must be an expert in history; if they teach computer, they must know computer well. For example, a history teacher should not teach computer, and a computer teacher should not teach literature, etc.\u00a0 Students learn better from someone who has strong knowledge on the subject that they teach than someone who only read materials from a textbook. An expert in the subject can make the class exciting and students would benefit from the course because the expert teachers could explain things in a way that is easy to understand, as they know exactly what to say and how to say it.<\/p>\n
In the past, students were taught to avoid making mistakes as there was only “Right or Wrong” or “Pass or Fail.” Today, making mistakes is an inherent part of learning. The current education principles state that making mistakes does not equate with a lack of ability, but a part of learning as students could learn from their mistakes. As teachers, it is important for us to change the “old concept” about students’ ability to learn. If students fail a test or receive a lower grade, they believe that they probably cannot learn it and often give up on learning. The fact is mistakes are how they learn, but the fear of failure let them believe that they do not have the ability to learn a particular subject. Therefore, teachers must explain that learning from mistakes is much better than learning well on the first attempt and focus more on the effort rather than their ability.<\/p>\n
Today understand a concept is not enough, but students must know how to apply it. The “old way” of memorizing theories to pass exams is obsolete; students must demonstrate the skills by applying the theories into practice. But skill performance depends on practice, and learning from a mistake is a part of the practice. For example, when teaching programming course, I would let the students write code in the first three weeks without grading their works in order for them to have time to learn from their mistakes. When students do not worry about “Pass or Fail,” they can focus more on learning. For example, in my programming class, I explained: “Soon most of you would write code just like you write a letter in English. When coding, you will make mistakes, but you also learn from them, so you do not make the same mistake again. The more you code, the fewer mistakes you will make and over time, you will code well.” To encourage them, I use a simple explanation: “Think about the time when you are in elementary school, how long would it take you to write a good sentence? You would misspell some words several times and corrected them, but today you do not make that mistake anymore because you have learned from those mistakes. The same thing will happen as you write code. Learning to do anything well requires a lot of practice. If you look at athletes, musicians, or artists, they all focus on practicing their skills to perfection, and even when they are excellent, they still practice. Do not worry about the time to learn because there are some who learn fast and others who learn slow, but as long as you put in the effort and learning, you will do well.”<\/p>\n
When students told me that they were not good at the certain subject, I asked: “What would you do when you have to do this subject in order to get a job? If you do not like Math but your job requires that you must know Math. What would you do? When students were not sure of themselves, I challenged them: “Have you ever learned something you did not think that you could? A few months ago, you did not know how to write code but what happens now? How did you feel once you had learned to write code? Is it too difficult? Even some learn faster than others, but in the end, you all learn the same thing as long as you put the efforts in. Never give up; never feel that you cannot learn something. As long as you put your mind into it, you will be able to do it.”<\/p>\n
It is essential for all teachers to emphasize that learning is based on effort, not ability. For example, I often told students when they were discouraged:”Do not worry, this is the common mistake that most students often make, and this is how you fix it.” When there is no fear of failure, students can focus on learning instead of fear of failing . Even when a student fails, teachers should encourage them by saying: “Keep trying.” “Be patient.” “It may take longer to improve your skill so do not worry.” And when the students do well, teachers should praise them: “That is good, your code is getting better, it is almost perfect.”<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ng\u00e0y nay th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd d\u1ea1y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia trong l\u1ecbch … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5622","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loi-khuyen-cho-sinh-vien"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5622","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5622"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5622\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5625,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5622\/revisions\/5625"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5622"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5622"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5622"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}