M\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o vi\u1ebft cho t\u00f4i: “Th\u1ea7y vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 “H\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng” th\u00ec d\u1ec5 nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng? L\u00e0m sao h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ghi nh\u1edb? T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u1edf M\u0129 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i v\u00ec h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ec thi h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. Xin th\u1ea7y b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn.”<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e1p: Trong h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi gian tr\u00ean l\u1edbp th\u00f4i. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng ch\u1ec9 bao qu\u00e1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m then ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u TR\u01af\u1edaC khi l\u00ean l\u1edbp, tham gia v\u00e0o th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi TRONG khi tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n SAU gi\u1edd l\u00ean l\u1edbp. H\u1ecd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n
Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i KH\u00d4NG v\u1ec1 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed7 k\u00ec thi, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ghi nh\u1edb n\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. Ghi nh\u1edb l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thu nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp cao h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 suy lu\u1eadn, t\u01b0 duy ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn. C\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m suy di\u1ec5n, d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00ed th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n
Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi tr\u1ebb em c\u00f2n b\u00e9, ch\u00fang h\u1ecdc ghi nh\u1edb c\u00e1c “t\u1eeb” n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u gi\u1eef ch\u1ec9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 c\u00f2n k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. Khi \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb l\u1edbn l\u00ean h\u01a1n, n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 h\u01a1n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. V\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc.” Tr\u1ebb em c\u00f2n b\u00e9 h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn “C\u00e1i g\u00ec” (t\u1eeb), nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00fang l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng h\u1ecdc “T\u1ea1i sao” v\u00e0 \u00a0“Khi n\u00e0o” (l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1eddi gian.) T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc “T\u1ea1i sao” v\u00e0 “Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o” v\u00e0 “L\u00e0m sao” (ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 \u00e1o d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng).<\/p>\n
L\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh (T\u1ea1i sao, Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n (C\u00e1i g\u00ec).\u00a0 N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecdc sinh ghi nh\u1edb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u1edf h\u1ecd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe r\u1ed3i qu\u00ean, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb v\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed7 b\u00e0i ki\u1ec1m tra v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i qu\u00ean ch\u00fang. Sang n\u0103m, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 qua k\u00ec ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c su\u1ed1t n\u0103m h\u1ecdc trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 KH\u00d4NG hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u00e2u cho h\u1ecd v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn l\u00e1i b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0: “Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed7 k\u00ec thi kh\u00f4ng? L\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o, ch\u00fang ta gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u0129 n\u0103ng hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed7 b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra?”<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 c\u00e2u ng\u1ea1n ng\u1eef c\u1ed5: “T\u00f4i nghe, t\u00f4i qu\u00ean; t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y, t\u00f4i nh\u1edb; t\u00f4i l\u00e0m, t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u.” Thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111o\u1ea1n video ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n cho kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 c\u00e1c video gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u00ean YouTube v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn (nh\u01b0, MOOCs) m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng. V\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh, t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1edb cao \u0111\u1ed9, khi h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, h\u1ecd nh\u1edb t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 nghe b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc \u1edf m\u1ee9c s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3; h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ki\u1ec3m tra h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n. T\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ba ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i: ghi nh\u1edb, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. (C\u00e1i g\u00ec, Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o). C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh ch\u00e2u \u00c1 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00f4n t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00f3, h\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, suy lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai khi ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc sinh ghi nh\u1edb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u01a1i h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, suy lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00ed v\u00e0o trong k\u0129 thu\u1eadt d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
—English version—<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
The learning process<\/p>\n
A teacher wrote to me: “It is easy for you to write about “Active Learning” but how do you teach without lecturing? How do your students learn without memorization? I think active learning may work in the U.S. but not in my country because if my students do not memorize things, they will not pass the annual exam. Please comment.”<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Answer: In Active learning, the teachers do lecture but not for the entire class time. The lecturing only cover some key concepts and summarize important facts that students must know. But the students must be actively learning by reading materials BEFORE the class, engage in discussion and ask questions DURING the class, and study more AFTER the class. They are responsible for their learning so they must be actively studied accordingly.<\/p>\n
Learning should NOT be about recalled some facts to pass an exam, although memorization should be a part of the learning process. Memorization is the first step to build the foundation before acquiring higher levels of learning such as reasoning, critical thinking, and innovation. There is a connection between memory and learning processes to develop the deeper knowledge such as making inferences, predictions, and reasoning in the ability to think and process information.<\/p>\n
For example, when children are young, they learn to memorize certain “words” such as vocabulary, and from these, they create language. However, the brain does not store just data but connect them together. When the children are growing older, their brain is functioning and connecting more things together. It allows information be related to individual knowledge. With this knowledge, they can make a decision, and we called it “Learning.” Young children learn mostly the “What” (words), but when they are growing older, they also learn the “Why” and When” (Reasoning and Timing.) Of course, as an adult, we learn “Why” and “How” and “How to” (analyzing, reasoning, and applying to create knowledge and skills).<\/p>\n
As teachers, we must emphasize more on the context and purpose (Why, How, and How to), not just fact (What).\u00a0 If we only ask students to memorize facts, we deny them the ability to develop profound knowledge and skills. If we lecture, students may listen then forget, they may memorize some facts to pass the test and then forget them. Next year, they may have to learn it again to pass another test, and it continues throughout their school year. This is NOT effective as what they learn is shallow, not deep enough for them to function well in this technology-driven world. My question is: “Is the purpose of learning just to pass the exam? As teachers, do we help students to develop knowledge or pass test?<\/p>\n
There is an old saying: “I hear, I forget; I see, I remember; I do, I understand.” Instead of a lecture, I often use some short video to demonstrate the concepts. Today there are educational videos on YouTube and online courses (i.e., MOOCs) that all teachers can use. For the students, imagery is highly memorable, when they see some experiments, they remember better than just listen to a lecture. But to make them learn at a deeper level, they need analyze, discuss, and apply it; they will make mistakes, but learn from it and develop their skills.<\/p>\n
To assess students’ learning, I often give a weekly quiz. I often use questions based on three categories: memorization, explanation, and application. (What, How and How to). Quizzes are an excellent way to assess students’ learning and adjust my teaching accordingly. For many years of teaching, I found that some Asian students often tend to review material and memorize facts passively, but in doing it, they miss the advantage of deeper learning such as analyzing reasoning, and application. Of course, there is nothing wrong when we want students to memorize facts and data needed to understand the concepts, but it is NOT enough, especially in college where students need to develop a deeper knowledge and be able to solve problems. By adding analyzing, reasoning and applying principles into our teaching techniques, we can teach better and make our class more productive and efficient.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
M\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o vi\u1ebft cho t\u00f4i: “Th\u1ea7y vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 “H\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng” th\u00ec d\u1ec5 nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng? L\u00e0m … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5468","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loi-khuyen-cho-giao-vien"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5468","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5468"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5468\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5469,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5468\/revisions\/5469"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5468"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5468"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5468"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}