Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng. H\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecdc, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t khi h\u1ecd quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n
Khi d\u1ea1y l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, t\u00f4i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ecdc sinh: “C\u00e1c em ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, ph\u1ea1m nhi\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m, r\u1ed3i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c em s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng sai l\u1ea7m l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. C\u00e1c em kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng nghe b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng hay \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch; c\u00e1c em ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m n\u00f3 cho t\u1edbi khi n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft.” M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ee3 ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m, cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u qui t\u1eafc h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 hi v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 “kh\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft”. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00ec h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. C\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra cho to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ecfi to\u00e1n. M\u1ecdi nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3i h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn hay ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi. C\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u0129 s\u01b0, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i sai l\u1ea7m, c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh sai tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. M\u1ecdi k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i t\u1edbi t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd gi\u1ecfi v\u00e0 t\u00f4i tin b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u00e0m, KH\u00d4NG ch\u1ec9 nghe b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng hay \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea1n t\u00f4i b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec1u Khoa h\u1ecdc, C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (STEM) trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u00f4i h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn l\u00e1i b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u0169ng nh\u1eafc h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t. \u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y STEM, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y n\u1eefa. V\u00ec h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng, v\u00ec h\u1ecd coi n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n
N\u0103m ngo\u00e1i, Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m khoa h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c gia M\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u0103m n\u0103m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng “Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh trong khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (STEM).” H\u1ecd c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 KH\u00d4NG hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c STEM. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft: “Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sai trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng quan s\u00e1t, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn.” C\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1edbi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n
D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n t\u00f4i: “B\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n” v\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c h\u1ecd xem x\u00e9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd d\u1ea1y STEM cho h\u1ecdc sinh. T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u00a0 C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c STEM \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u phong tr\u00e0o STEM b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y m\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
L\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 m\u1edf ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau.<\/p>\n
Th\u00f4ng tin th\u00eam:<\/p>\n
http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/111\/23\/8410.abstract<\/a><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24821756<\/a><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/why-we-are-teaching-science-wrong-and-how-to-make-it-right-1.17963<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n —English version—<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Teaching method<\/p>\n For many years of teaching software engineering, I have used Active learning methods and found it more effective than lecturing. Active learning is a process where students are actively learning by reading, analyzing, synthesizing, applying , discussing, and problem-solving to develop their personal skills. Most students told me that once they are familiar with this method, they did not want to take classes with teachers who lecture anymore.<\/p>\n When teaching programming, I always told the students: “You have to write code, make a lot of mistakes, then learn from them, so you will not make the same mistake again. You cannot learn to program by listening to lectures or reading books; you must actively doing it until it becomes as natural as reading and writing.” Some students are afraid of making a mistake, so they spend the time to read more books, more rules, and hope that they can write “defect-free” code. But in fact, it does not work as they must learn by doing it, not reading about it. The same thing happens to mathematics. No one is born to be good at math. All the best mathematicians learn from their mistakes. They probably had actively solved thousand or ten thousand of equations and complex problems before they became good mathematicians. The same thing also happens to scientists and engineers, all of them must actively learn their subject, making mistakes, having wrong assumptions before they understand the subject well and became good at it. All these skills must come from actual practices before they are good and I believe by actively learning by doing, NOT just listening to a lecture or reading a book is a better way.<\/p>\n Recently, some of my friends told me about their attempt to teach more Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) in their school. I am happy that they are doing it because it is necessary in this technology-driven world, but I also remind them that they cannot change the content and expect students to do well. To teach STEM, they need to start with changing the teaching method too. Because active learning is relatively new, some want proof, as they consider it is just my personal opinion.<\/p>\n Last year, the U.S. National Academy of Science had published their five-years research on the teaching methods that concluded that “Active learning increases student performance in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. (STEM). They also found that the traditional way of teaching by lecturing is NOT effective, especially in STEM areas. The authors wrote: “We have been teaching science and technology wrong for many years, science cannot be taught by lecturing and memorization but by observation, discovery, exploration, and discussion.” There are other studies in Europe with similar conclusions that active learning is more effective than lecturing.<\/p>\n Based on these reviews, I told my friends: “Now it is a matter of science, not personal opinion” and I urged them to consider changing the way they teach STEM to students. I believe that we should create more incentives for teachers who use active learning methods.\u00a0 It may take some time to make STEM education better and more efficient, but I think it is important to start the STEM movement with the new teaching method. We need to educate our students that they are responsible for their learning and they must be more active and engage in the learning process.<\/p>\n As teachers, we must lead this education trend and open more opportunities for our students. The world is changing fast, and we must adjust our teaching to provide our students with better knowledge and skills. Change is never easy, but unless we try, we never know how much we can make a difference.<\/p>\n Additional information:<\/p>\n http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/111\/23\/8410.abstract<\/a><\/p>\n https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24821756<\/a><\/p>\n