M\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o vi\u1ebft cho t\u00f4i: “Khi t\u00f4i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, h\u1ecdc sinh ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi h\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i m\u1ea5y. L\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7y khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? Xin th\u1ea7y l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean.”<\/p>\n
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\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n m\u1ee9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u1edbp. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c n\u1ecd l\u00ean m\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y. Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nghe \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f3i quen t\u1eeb th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng sang ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn:<\/p>\n
Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u01a1i th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o h\u1ecfi h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi theo sau b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng. L\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi t\u00ean t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: “James, quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa X v\u00e0 Y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?” Khi James tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u00e0y. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: “Bill, em ngh\u0129 g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a James? Khi Bill tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c: “Bob, em \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi Bill v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao?”\u00a0 M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc h\u1ecdc sinh hi\u1ec3u b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi “C\u00e1i g\u00ec” v\u00e0 “T\u1ea1i sao.”<\/p>\n
Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n: M\u1ee9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh khi h\u1ecd xem x\u00e9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi h\u1ecdc sinh theo t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: “Bob, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho th\u1ea7y t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m X thay v\u00ec l\u00e0m Y?” Sau khi Bob gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp: “Bao nhi\u00eau em \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Bob? N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c em \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd, xin m\u1eddi gi\u01a1 tay l\u00ean.” B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng gi\u01a1 tay b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecfi: “Bill, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 em kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Bob. N\u00f3i cho th\u1ea7y t\u1ea1i sao?” B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u1edbp. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa tri th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang hay sai. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u0129 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n.<\/p>\n
Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tri th\u1ee9c:\u00a0 M\u1ee9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp cho h\u1ecdc sinh nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Trong ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tham gia v\u00e0o th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u1edbp. Th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0o t\u1ed5 (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ba t\u1edbi n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn (10 – 15 ph\u00fat) th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: “M\u1ed7i t\u1ed5 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 5 ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. Sau \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ea7y mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 xem t\u1ed5 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 hay nh\u1ea5t.” Ch\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y n\u00ean r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecdc sinh nh\u00ecn ra ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0n l\u00e2m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. T\u00f4i th\u00edch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang g\u00e2y ra tranh c\u00e3i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 “T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 t\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta”; “V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.” B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f9ng nhau x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1eeb c\u1ea3nh quan h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m (H\u1ecdc s\u00e2u).<\/p>\n
Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb tri th\u1ee9c. M\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdc sinh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng chia s\u1ebb tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n khi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean l\u1edbp. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ed3i \u0111em t\u1edbi l\u1edbp v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Khi h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
L\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 khi h\u1ecdc sinh chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng sang ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o h\u1ecd v\u00e0 g\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd tham gia. Th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o n\u00ean l\u1eafng nghe ch\u0103m ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd n\u00f3i hay kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 s\u00e2u h\u01a1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: “Bill, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u em bi\u1ebft sao? Em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i th\u00eam cho th\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng.” H\u1ecdc sinh di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ch\u00fat \u00edt khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: “Bob, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1t. Th\u1ea7y h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng r\u1eb1ng em h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u00f4m nay.”<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o n\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o n\u00ean cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o hay m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e1i m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 d\u1ea1y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u1edbp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
—English version—<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Class discussion<\/p>\n
A teacher wrote to me: When I have a class discussion, students only give the answers that they found in the textbook. I have tried many times, but students confuse and do not want to say much. How do you encourage class discussion? Please advise.”<\/p>\n
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Answer: There are four levels of class discussion. You need to go from one level to the next and allow students time to get used to this approach. After many years of listening to lectures, it is not easy for them to change their habit from passive to active. Following are the four levels of discussion:<\/p>\n
Discuss to understand: This is the first level where the teacher asks students questions following a lecture to determine their understanding of the lecture. As the teacher, you should call each student by name to answer since many students may not volunteer. For example: “James, what is the relationship between X and Y?” As James answers, you could call another student to comment on the answer. For example: “Bill, what do you think about James’ answer? As Bill answers, you continue: “Bob, do you agree or disagree with Bill and why?”\u00a0 The goal of this type of discussion is to make sure students understand the lecture by asking mostly “What” and “Why” questions.<\/p>\n
Discuss to critique: The next level of discussion involves students’ perspectives when they examine questions and answers. The teacher also calls a student by name to answer a question. For example: “Bob, explain to me why we should do X instead of Y?” After Bob explains, you could ask the class: “How many of you agree with Bob’s answer? If you agree, please raise your hand.” You can select a student who does not raise the hand by asking: “Bill, it seems that you do not agree with Bob’s answer. Please tell me why? By create small conflicts on the topic, you encourage more interactions among students where the class begins to discuss. The goal is to facilitate a discussion between a student’s existing knowledge and other who can provide another perspective. By having more than one view, it leads the class to learn more by going deeper than the right or wrong answers. The goal of this type of discussion is to encourage deeper learning that force students to re-examine their understanding on a topic, an issue, and develop critical thinking skills.<\/p>\n
Discuss to construct knowledge:\u00a0 The next level of discussion gives students more opportunities for interaction and collaboration with others. In this type, students work in a team and discuss among themselves before participating in class discussion. The teacher gives a topic for discussion and assigns students to a team (i.e., three to five per team) to discuss the answer. After a short period (10 – 15 minutes) the teacher begins to ask for debate among groups. For example: “Each team will have 5 minutes to present your view on the topic. Afterward, I like to have the team to debate to see which one have the best argument.” The topic of this type should be broader than the class materials to encourage the student to look outside the traditional academic learning. I like to select controversial topics such as “The impact of the fourth industrial revolution to our society”; “The issue of industrialization of the city and agriculture lands.” By having teams to present and defense their position, it can lead to more vibrant discussion. The goal of this type of discussion is for students to build their knowledge together. From a learning perspective, individuals do not learn in isolation, by having more interaction with others, they learn more and develop a profound understanding of the topic (Deep learning).<\/p>\n
Discuss to share knowledge. The next level of the discussion focuses on building active groups of students who are willing to share their knowledge with others. Students will learn more when they are part of an active learners group. A strong group of active learners who represents an opinion, an idea on the specified class subjects can present their view and engage others in discussing more. The goal of this type is assigned a topic for the group ahead of time and let them lecture in class. For example, the teacher can assign a team to research on a topic then bring to class and teach others. When students learn something as a group, they have a sense of belonging, ready to support each other to learn.<\/p>\n
As a teacher, you can watch the whole class evolves as students move from passive to active learners. It is important for teachers to acknowledge all participants, even those who are not speaking much, by a look at them and nodding to encourage them to participate. The teacher should listen attentively to know what each student needs, what they say or do not say during the discussion. Even students who actively participate still need to be challenged to think deeper. For example: “Bill, is it that all you know? Can you tell me more.” Students who express some confusions may need a little encouragement. For example: “Bob, that is a good effort. I am pleased that you do well today.”<\/p>\n
There are times teacher should guide the discussion and times when a teacher should allow students to do the discussion. One common mistake some teacher make is to attempt to drive every conversation. Occasionally students may need to take charge to learn the material themselves. Teaching science and technology require investigations and deeper learning and having a class discussion is one of the best ways to help students to be active in their learning.<\/p>\n
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M\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o vi\u1ebft cho t\u00f4i: “Khi t\u00f4i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, h\u1ecdc sinh ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi h\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5395","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loi-khuyen-cho-giao-vien"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5395","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5395"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5395\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5396,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5395\/revisions\/5396"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5395"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5395"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5395"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}