Khi Estonia\u00a0gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i; ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 hay c\u00f4ng ti l\u1edbn m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u00cdt ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi Internet hay nghe n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Apple hay Microsoft. Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau, Estonia l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin (CNTT) \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p CNTT. Ng\u00e0y nay Estonia nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u1ec1 v\u1ed1n h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ecbp v\u1ec1 GDP v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y \u00c2u nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1edbi GDP t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 34% n\u0103m 1996 t\u1edbi 75% n\u0103m 2010 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong \u00edt n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao n\u01a1i chu\u1ea9n s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 M\u0129, Anh hay \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n
T\u1ea1i sao Estonia \u0111ang l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf khi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n? N\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ebb 32 tu\u1ed5i Mart Laar. Trong cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u0103m 2000, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y n\u00f3i: \u201c\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn 2, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Ba Lan, Hungary v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Czech v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o hay c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. V\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang x\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u1ed1n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin (CNTT) v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t, \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1993, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u1ecf h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin cho m\u1ecdi sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.\u201d<\/p>\n
V\u00ec Estonia ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch Ph\u1ea7n Lam 80 kilomet, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1eedi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o sang Ph\u1ea7n Lan \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh c\u0169 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng Laar n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. V\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ngay m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.\u201d<\/p>\n
Trong kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y s\u00e1u n\u0103m, Estonia \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u0169 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua t\u1eeb X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft sang h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2y m\u1edbi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao ph\u1ee7 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Estonia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 trang b\u1ecb cho m\u1ecdi l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn 1998 m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. C\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh trong CNTT, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Estonia c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u201cch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed\u201d hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u00e0ng d\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n CNTT c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u01b0 m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng v\u1eadt l\u00ed truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003 khi hai sinh vi\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Estonia, Niklas Zennstrom v\u00e0 Janus Friis \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i qua Internet v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ti kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Skype. V\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau, s\u00e1u sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ng chia s\u1ebb t\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Kazaa, \u0111i\u1ec1u khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c website chia s\u1ebb \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 phim. Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb video th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 YouTube.<\/p>\n
N\u0103m 2005, c\u00f4ng ti M\u0129 eBay mua Skype v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 $2.6 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean hai sinh vi\u00ean Estonia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u2018t\u1ec9 ph\u00fa t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi\u201d. Bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 n\u00e0y khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p CNTT v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p CNTT b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u00f4ng ti kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p. B\u1edfi v\u00ec Estonia l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o kinh doanh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. C\u00f4ng ti t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 TransferWise, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec1n v\u1edbi v\u00e0i tri\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 M\u0129.\u00a0 Theo World Bank, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao c\u1ee7a Estonia b\u00e2y gi\u1edd chi\u1ebfn qu\u00e3ng 28% GDP c\u1ee7a Estonia. Ng\u00e0y nay Tehnopol, m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m kinh doanh \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Tallinn c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 150 c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh. Estonia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed doanh nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do m\u1ea1nh; \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n m\u1ea1nh n\u01a1i c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed trong v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi k\u0129 n\u0103ng CNTT cao nh\u1ea5t, Estonia c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i; nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edf trung t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n k\u0129 n\u0103ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u gia t\u0103ng th\u00eam cho kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n
N\u0103m 2007 Estonia l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea7u c\u1eed tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn trong t\u1ed5ng tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng nhanh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0m kinh doanh d\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ecdi s\u1ed5 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u trong m\u00e2y v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai b\u00e1o thu\u1ebf h\u00e0ng n\u0103m tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch Ph\u1ed1 Wall n\u00f3i: \u201cNg\u00e0y nay Estonia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f2n ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3 M\u0129, Anh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e2y \u00c2u. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (e-country) n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c ho\u00e1, t\u1eeb e-banking, e-paying, e-vote, e-tax v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed e-government c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\u201d<\/p>\n
L\u00e0m sao m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh th\u1ebf trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn? M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb Ph\u1ea7n Lan v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng l\u00ed do ch\u00ednh cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. M\u1ecdi th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o, t\u1eeb s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng cao. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn qu\u00e3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m, Estonia c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sang n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao. Trong cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3i: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i may m\u1eafn v\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u1ea3. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u cho n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u1ea5y n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Estonia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 M\u00c0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf \u201ct\u01b0 duy c\u0169\u201d. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y n\u00f3i: \u201cEstonia l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. N\u00f3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft l\u1eabn nhau; ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f9ng nhau. Sau \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u khi t\u00f4i m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 32 tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe th\u1ea5y \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u201cc\u00e1ch ngh\u0129\u201d m\u1edbi, t\u01b0 duy m\u1edbi m\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201cProgeTiiger\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh H\u1ed5) \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y cho m\u1ecdi sinh vi\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng.<\/p>\n
V\u00ec h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, v\u00ec t\u01b0 duy m\u1edbi n\u00e0y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u1ede c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn sinh vi\u00ean trung h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u201cng\u00f4i sao nh\u1ea1c rock\u201d, hay \u201cng\u00f4i sao \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Estonia, h\u1ecdc sinh trung h\u1ecdc mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p CNTT. V\u00c0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang t\u00f4i coi l\u00e0 \u201cd\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u01b0 duy\u201d h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.\u201d<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u2014English version\u2014<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Lesson from Estonia<\/p>\n
When Estonia\u00a0regained its\u00a0independence in 1991, only a third of its people had a telephone; only government offices or large companies had personal computers. Few people even knew about the Internet or heard of Apple or Microsoft. Twenty years later, Estonia is\u00a0a world leader in Information Technology (IT) in Europe with hundred thousand new jobs created in IT industry alone. Today Estonia receives more foreign investment per capita than any other country in Europe and quickly catching up in GDP with western European countries such as France, Germany with GDP growing from 34% in 1996 to 75% in 2010 and currently is rated as one of a few high income country where standard of living is similar to advanced countries such as the U.S. UK or Germany.<\/p>\n
Why Estonia is doing so well when other Eastern European countries are still struggling? It all begins with the vision and leaderships of a young 32 years old prime minister Mart Laar. In an interview with European newspapers in 2000, he said: \u201cOur country is very small with a population over one million people. Before World War 2, we were a small agriculture country with very limited resources. We could not compete with larger countries such as Poland, Hungary and CzechRepublic in manufacturing or heavy industry so we have to rely on the capabilities of our people. Since we are no longer part of the Soviet Union, we have to find something that is least expensive, with minimum capital investment, to rebuild our economy and create jobs to our citizens. We select Information Technology (IT) because it does not require a lot of money, the only investment we need is good education, which fit our culture very well. Began in 1993, we stared with a small education improvement program that focus strictly on information technology to all college students.\u201d<\/p>\n
Since Estonia is only 80 kilometers from Finland, it is easy to adopt trainings from its technology advancing neighbor. The government began sending teachers to Finland to receive trainings in Information Technology to update its old curriculum. Mr. Laar said: \u201cEducation improvement must start with the teachers. Everything in education depends on the abilities, the motivation, and the skills of teachers. Without the teachers, nothing works so we invest everything in the development of teachers. We want every child in our country to have the best education possible because they are the future and they can rebuild our economy. Since we cannot do everything at once, we focus on only one thing: technology education.\u201d<\/p>\n
In less than six years, Estonia was able to replace its old phone system infrastructure built by the Soviet to a new wireless digital system that covers the whole country. Estonia government began a nationwide project to equip all classrooms with personal computers and by 1998 all schools were online. Having strong skills in IT, Estonian was able to implement an effective \u201ce-government\u201d system where everything was placed on line to get rid of the traditional long line in front of government offices. Skilled IT workers were also developing a strong private sector e-business with online stores to replace traditional physical stores. The most exciting success came in 2003 when two students in EstoniaUniversity, Niklas Zennstrom and Janus Friis developed a new technology to make phone calls over the Internet and created a small startup called Skype. Few months later, six students developed the first file sharing network called Kazaa, which encouraged others, all over the world, to develop music and movies sharing websites. Among them the most success video sharing is You Tube.<\/p>\n
In 2005, U.S company eBay bought Skype for $2.6 billion and suddenly the two Estonian students became \u201cInstant billionaires\u201d. This event encouraged a new generation of IT entrepreneurs and the entire IT industry exploded with hundreds of startups. Because Estonia is a small country with limited domestic market, most startups are focusing on global business. The fastest growing company is TransferWise, a money-transfer service with several million customers across Europe and America.\u00a0 According to the World Bank, Estonia high-tech industries now account for about 28% of Estonia\u2018s GDP. Today Tehnopol, a business center in the capital Tallinn has over 150 major technology companies. Estonia is considered country with a friendly business atmosphere, strong free trade policy; strong currency where new businesses could be registered in few days without delays and everything can be done online. As a country with the highest IT skills, Estonia is able to attract a lot of foreign investments; many technology companies open development centers there to take advantage of the plentiful of skills workers which add more to the local economy.<\/p>\n
In 2007 Estonia was the first country in the world that allow online voting in a general election. It has the fastest broadband speeds and most of its citizens do business using their smartphones. All citizens\u2019 health records are digitized and stored in the cloud and people filling annual tax online. A Wall Street Analyst said: \u201cToday Estonia is one of the most advanced countries in technology in the world, by far more advance than the U.S. UK and many western European countries. It is an e-country where everything is digital, from e-banking, e-paying, e-vote, e-tax and its e-government system is the best in the world.\u201d<\/p>\n
How does a very small country develop such a strong technology culture in a very short time? Although it began with a completely new education system based on the best training programs from Finland and Germany but the main reason to its success was the development of its teachers training that focus on technology. All teachers, from elementary to universities were trained in technology to develop the next generation of highly skilled workers. In a short time of ten years, Estonia also changed from an agriculture focus country to a high technology country. In the interview with European newspapers, the Prime Minister said: \u201cWe are lucky because we started from nothing. As a small country, we do not have much so it is easy to begin with a blank paper.\u201d But he added that Estonia\u2019s success is not about technology BUT about shedding the \u201cold thinking\u201d. He said: \u201cEstonia is a very small country. It is more a small village than a country where everyone knows each other; we work together and change our thinking together. After independent, we realized that the future belong to the young generation so our people select mostly young people to government offices and let them decide their faith of our country. I was selected when I am only 32 years old as Prime Minister which is unheard of in any country. We focus on a new \u201cmind set\u201d, a new thinking that begin with education. We have a program called \u201cProgeTiiger\u201d (Programming Tiger) to teach all students the basics of computer and programming as we want to catch up quickly with other neighbor countries.<\/p>\n
Because of this technology focus, because of this new thinking we succeed. In other countries, most high-school students want to be a \u201crock star,\u201d or \u201cmovies star\u201d. But in Estonia, high school students want to be IT entrepreneur. AND that is what we consider \u201cShifting the thinking\u201d toward building our knowledge society.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Khi Estonia\u00a0gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i; ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5198","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loi-khuyen-cho-sinh-vien"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5198","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5198"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5198\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5199,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5198\/revisions\/5199"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5198"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5198"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5198"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}