{"id":5194,"date":"2017-01-13T23:50:48","date_gmt":"2017-01-13T16:50:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=5194"},"modified":"2017-01-13T23:50:48","modified_gmt":"2017-01-13T16:50:48","slug":"cai-nhin-vao-xa-hoi-so-thuc-cua-estonia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=5194","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Estonia"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Estonia t\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c do c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (xem B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb Estonia https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3689<\/a>). T\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ti kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Skype n\u0103m 2003. Skype \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp b\u1edfi Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m, t\u1eeb Thu\u1ef5 \u0110i\u1ec3n, Janus Friis, t\u1eeb \u0110an M\u1ea1ch. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m Skype \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, v\u00e0 Jaan Tallinn t\u1eeb Estonia. Nhi\u1ec1u sinh v\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cho t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

H\u00f4m nay t\u00f4i t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 Estonia do Tan Wee Kwang vi\u1ebft cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Estonia<\/p>\n

Tan Wee Kwang<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

L\u00e0m sao m\u00e0 Estonia, v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 1.3 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi?<\/p>\n

Sau vi\u1ec7c s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1991, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1eeba t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ho\u00e1 k\u00ecm h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i, Estonia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed – ch\u1eef k\u00ed s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c, \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qua internet.<\/p>\n

Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2002, Wi-Fi c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cung c\u1ea5p trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2007, 94% vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 thu\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1n theo c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

\u201cQui qu\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed E-governance kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 qua m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef k\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed; nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn. \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1eadn ra v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111i ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 Estonia cung c\u1ea5p cho to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi,\u201d Kersti Kaljulaid, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Estonia n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Estonia:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0E-Residency (c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed)<\/p>\n

Estonia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i ti\u00ean phong theo \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 “\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5”, cung c\u1ea5p chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. e-Residency l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed doanh nghi\u1ec7p trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed. Nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed E-residents c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ti tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ed v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eadt m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an ninh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u00f4ng ti t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u00a0T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Estonia trong h\u01a1n th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 qua. Tr\u00ean 13,000 th\u1ebb c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed e-residency \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p cho t\u1edbi nay.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Th\u1ebb c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/p>\n

T\u1eebng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Estonia \u0111\u1ec1u mang th\u1ebb c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng minh m\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c truy nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o tr\u00ean 1,000 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng. Chip g\u1eafn tr\u00ean th\u1ebb mang c\u00e1c file nh\u00fang s\u1eb5n m\u00e0, d\u00f9ng m\u1eadt m\u00e3 kho\u00e1 c\u00f4ng 2048-bit, t\u1ea1o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Th\u1ebb c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u2013 ch\u1eef k\u00ed s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c, truy nh\u1eadp c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, giao th\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ch\u1eef k\u00ed s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef k\u00ed s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Estonia \u0111\u00e3 bao ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c cho nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed i-voting t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1n thu\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 do b\u1edfi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean web. H\u01a1n 242 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1eef k\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 do hai ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t – N\u0103m 2000, qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i Estonia \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua lu\u1eadt cho ch\u1eef k\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f9ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1p l\u00ed nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef k\u00ed tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Th\u1ee9 hai, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u1ecbnh danh an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trao \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u X-Road<\/p>\n

X\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a e-Estonia, X-Road l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111a d\u1ea1ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u1ea3 trong khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0. Estonia \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng phi t\u1eadp trung ho\u00e1, m\u1edf, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eaft \u2013 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f3c n\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 n\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o khi ch\u00fang s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 hay doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho h\u1ecd.\u00a0M\u1ecdi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i ra \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ed v\u00e0 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp. X-Road t\u1ea1o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec1n c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3m tra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c khai thu\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Tr\u00ean 2,000 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 900 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00f9ng X-Road h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u1edf Estonia.<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0i-Voting b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qua Internet c\u1ee7a Estonia cho ph\u00e9p c\u1eed tri \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp d\u00f9ng th\u1ebb c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u00ec m\u00e1y t\u00ednh n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i internet, \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u1eed tri c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tu\u1ef3 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. C\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i ra kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi phi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 t\u1edbi U\u1ef7 ban b\u1ea7u c\u1eed qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfm, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh v\u00f4 danh.\u00a0N\u0103m 2005, Estonia \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 2007, l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u00f9ng i-voting trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n. Ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Estonia c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 2011 l\u00e0 11,000 ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, hay 504,000 euros l\u01b0\u01a1ng trung b\u00ecnh. Trong b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 2015, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu qua Internet chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 30.5 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu chung. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Estonia tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb 116 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0e-Cabinet n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/p>\n

e-Cabinet \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p l\u00ed ho\u00e1 qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd.\u00a0Th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt theo th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c, cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed5ng quan r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng m\u1ee5c \u0111ang th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng truy nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eebng m\u1ee5c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ec9 ra li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i hay s\u1ebd l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tranh c\u00e3i, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.\u00a0 V\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng e-Cabinet, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft \u0111i t\u1eeb 4 t\u1edbi 5 gi\u1edd xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 30 t\u1edbi 90 ph\u00fat. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nhu c\u1ea7u in v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n giao h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn trang t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n \u2013 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0e-School tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/p>\n

e-School l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f9ng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng tin d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc. Th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o nh\u1eadp \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin d\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u0103ng ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. Ph\u1ee5 huynh d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec tham gia ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd, v\u1edbi truy nh\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn t\u1edbi ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1, th\u00f4ng tin d\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd. H\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd v\u00e0 gi\u1eef d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed qu\u1eadn c\u00f3 truy nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, l\u00e0m cho d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong qu\u1eadn. \u00a0Tr\u00ean 85 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Estonia d\u00f9ng e-School, bao qu\u00e1t qu\u00e3ng 95 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m m\u1ecdi h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0e-Healthcare ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y b\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Estonia t\u00edch h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ed5 y b\u1ea1 chung cho t\u1eebng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. N\u00f3 truy l\u1ee5c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u khi c\u1ea7n t\u1eeb \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng tin d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c chu\u1ea9n. Y b\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef an ninh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i gian l\u1eadn.\u00a0C\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o y b\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 qu\u00e9t \u1ea3nh tia x ngay khi ch\u00fang s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 k\u00ea \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ed1c cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n theo ki\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1nh kho\u1ebb, theo d\u00f5i d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ti\u00eau kh\u00f4n ngoan.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0http:\/\/www.enterpriseinnovation.net\/article\/look-estonias-digital-society-1789935226<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—English version—<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

A look into Estonia ‘s digital Society<\/p>\n

Few years ago, I wrote an article about Estonia\u2019s transformation to the digital age due to the fast improvement of its education system (see Lesson from Estonia https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3689<\/a>). I also mentioned that one of their most successful startups was Skype in 2003. Skype was founded by Niklas Zennstr\u00f6m, from Sweden, Janus Friis, from Denmark. The Skype software was created by Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and Jaan Tallinn from Estonia. Many students wrote to me that they were excited and found inspiration from that article.<\/p>\n

Today I found another article about Estonia written by Tan Wee Kwang so I would like to share with you:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

A look into Estonia\u2019s digital society<\/p>\n

By Tan Wee Kwang<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

How did Estonia, with a population of just 1.3 million, established itself as one of the most advanced digital societies in the world?<\/p>\n

After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the country had to find a low-cost solution for providing public services for its citizens. Without much legacy administrative and computerised systems to hold them back, Estonia successfully developed numerous e-government services – digital signatures, online tax filing, paperless cabinet meetings and internet voting systems.<\/p>\n

As early as 2002, free public Wi-Fi was provided by the government in populated areas, and by 2007, 94% of tax returns were filed electronically.<\/p>\n

\u201cE-governance is not a technical innovation. The services connecting people and businesses via the e-signature and e-contracting model, sometimes are; but more often these, too, are no cutting edge innovation. What is, is the societal change. My role is to try and help people around the world to recognize and understand this, in order to help them gain from the outbound services Estonia offers to the whole world,\u201d said Kersti Kaljulaid, President of Estonia.<\/p>\n

We take a look at some of Estonia\u2019s most successful digital initiatives:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0E-Residency<\/p>\n

Estonia made headlines by pioneering the idea of \u201cCountry-as-a-Service\u201d, offering its suite of digital services to entrepreneurs across the world. e-Residency is a transnational digital identity available to anyone in the world. It offers digital nomads the ease of running a business in a digital and transparent environment, independent of geographical location. E-residents can set up a company online within a day, digitally sign documents and contracts, encrypt and transmit documents securely and administer the company from anywhere in the world. \u00a0All of these digital services have been available to Estonians for over a decade. Over 13,000 e-residency cards have been issued to date.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Electronic ID Card<\/p>\n

Each Estonian citizen carries a national ID smart card which provides access to over 1,000 public services. The chip on the card carries embedded files which, using 2048-bit public key encryption, enable it to be used as definitive proof of ID in an electronic environment. The ID card can be used for numerous purposes \u2013 digital signatures, accessing government databases, electronic voting, pre-paid transport and logging into bank accounts.<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Digital Signature<\/p>\n

Estonia’s digital signature system has paved the way for its numerous e-services, from i-voting systems to electronic tax filing. The system is freely used by businesses as well, and have been applied to a variety of web-based services. More than 242 million digital signatures have been made since the system became available. Its success is due to two crucial developments – In 2000, Estonia\u2019s parliament passed a law giving electronic signatures the same legal weight as traditional paper signatures. Secondly, the nation’s electronic ID infrastructure created an effective and universal system for secure identification.<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0X-Road Data Exchange<\/p>\n

The backbone of e-Estonia, X-Road is the data exchange layer that connects the nation\u2019s various services and databases, both in the public and private sector. Estonia opted for an open, inexpensive and decentralized system \u2013 existing components can be linked up regardless of platform, new services can be added as they are ready, and every government agency or business can choose a system that is best suited for them.\u00a0All outgoing data is digitally signed and encrypted, and all incoming data is authenticated and logged. X-Road enables a range of complex services for citizens, such as checking one\u2019s personal data from national databases and declaring taxes electronically. Over 2,000 services and 900 organizations make use of X-Road daily in Estonia.<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0i-Voting<\/p>\n

Estonia\u2019s Internet voting system allows voters to login using an ID card, and cast their ballots from any internet-connected computer, anywhere in the world. Voters can change their vote as many times as they want during the voting period. The voter’s identity is removed from the ballot before it reaches the National Electoral Commission for counting, thereby ensuring anonymity.\u00a0In 2005, Estonia became the first country in the world to hold nation-wide elections using this method, and in 2007, the first country to use i-voting in parliamentary elections. The cumulative time savings in the Estonian parliamentary elections of 2011 were 11,000 working days, or 504,000 euros in average wages. In the 2015 Parliamentary Elections, Internet voting accounted for 30.5 percent of the votes cast. Estonians worldwide cast their votes from 116 different countries.<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0e-Cabinet<\/p>\n

e-Cabinet is used by the government to streamline the decision-making process, allowing ministers to prepare for cabinet meetings, conduct them and review minutes, entirely without paper.\u00a0Relevant information is organized and updated in real time, giving ministers a clear overview of each item under discussion. Before each weekly cabinet session, ministers access the system to review each agenda item and determine one\u2019s own position, indicating if they have any objections or would like to speak on the topic. This way, the ministers’ positions are known beforehand, and decisions that have no objections are adopted without debate, saving considerable time.\u00a0 With the e-Cabinet system, the average length of weekly cabinet meetings was cut from 4 to 5 hours to just 30 to 90 minutes. The government also eliminated the need to print and deliver thousands of pages of documents each week \u2013 a significant reduction in environmental impact and cost.<\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0e-School<\/p>\n

e-School is a platform for education stakeholders to collaborate and organize teaching and learning information. Teachers enter grades and attendance information in the system, post homework assignments and evaluate students\u2019 behavior. Parents use it to stay closely involved in their children’s education, with online access to children’s homework assignments, grades, attendance information and teacher’s notes. Students can read their own grades and keep track of what homework has been assigned each day. District administrators have access the latest statistical reports on demand, making it easy to consolidate data across the district\u2019s schools. \u00a0Over 85 percent of Estonia’s schools use e-School, covering about 95 percent of all grade school students.<\/p>\n

8)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0e-Healthcare<\/p>\n

Estonia\u2019s nationwide Electronic Health Record system integrates data from different healthcare providers to a create a common record for each patient. It retrieves data as needed from the various providers, who may be using different systems, and presents it in a standard format. Health records are secured using blockchain technology, to protect against fraud.\u00a0Doctors can access a patient\u2019s records from a single electronic file, read test results and x-ray scans as soon as they are ready, and prescribe medication to patients electronically. The system also compiles data for national statistics to measure health trends, track epidemics and ensure that health resources are being spent wisely.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Source:\u00a0http:\/\/www.enterpriseinnovation.net\/article\/look-estonias-digital-society-1789935226<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Estonia t\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c do c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u1ec7 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5194","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-xu-huong-toan-cau"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5194","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5194"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5194\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5195,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5194\/revisions\/5195"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5194"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5194"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5194"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}