Th\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nan t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1<\/p>\n
Trong h\u01a1n 30 n\u0103m, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00ec chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p, \u00a0Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau ba th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, “ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o” c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang ch\u1eadm d\u1ea7n nhanh ch\u00f3ng do nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111ang d\u1eddi \u0111i. \u1ede m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ti n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n
Trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i, \u0111\u00f3ng c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. Th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p cao trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gay g\u1eaft \u0111e do\u1ea1 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cNg\u00e0y nay Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1edbi. Chi ph\u00ed cao, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u t\u1ec9nh m\u1ecdi l\u00fac, tham nh\u0169ng \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m. Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a robotics cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti \u0111em vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, robots gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o.\u201d<\/p>\n
Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t “\u01b0u th\u1ebf chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p,” nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u s\u1edbm n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o. Th\u00e1ng 5\/2015, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 “k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m” c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201cMade in China 2025\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 robotic, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Foxconn, c\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c mu\u1ed1n robots ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh 70% c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2018. Khi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i chi nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 mua robots t\u1eeb M\u0129 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00ec Robots Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n: \u201cTrong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 h\u00e0ng t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed5 h\u00e0ng t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la \u0111\u1ec3 mua robots t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c hay M\u0129. Khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng giao t\u00e1c n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u00ec ti\u1ec1n t\u1edbi nhanh nh\u01b0ng r\u1eddi \u0111i c\u0169ng ch\u00f3ng.\u201d<\/p>\n
K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gay c\u1ea5n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ecd khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eddi b\u1ecf th\u00f4n l\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Gi\u1edd h\u1ecd b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 th\u00f4n l\u00e0ng l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng robots. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970.\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i, h\u1ed3 ao \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m cao v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ebf th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng. H\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i cho n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec v\u1eady?\u201d<\/p>\n
V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 thanh ni\u00ean v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950.\u00a0 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1o ra tr\u00ean b\u1ea9y tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 l\u1ed7 l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. Ng\u00e0y nay con s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean cao m\u1ecdi l\u00fac v\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f2n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n v\u00ec ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng cao h\u01a1n m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. N\u0103m ngo\u00e1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao l\u00e0m t\u0103ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i: Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee7 k\u0129 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
—English version—<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
The Automation Dilemma<\/p>\n
For over 30 years, China was the manufacturing center of the world because of the lower cost of labor. By having the strong government support and lowest labor cost, \u00a0China has increased its manufacturing capacity and attracted a lot of investment. However, after three decades of growth, China\u2019s \u201cmanufacturing miracle\u201d is slowing down rapidly due to many foreign companies are moving out. In every city, factory workers stop work and demand higher salaries, people also demonstrate against environmental devastation, and the government is changing its support for some foreign companies.<\/p>\n
In the past few years, more foreign companies were moving out, closed their factories and put millions of workers out of work. The high unemployment among factory workers is now reaching a critical stage that threatens China\u2019s economy of its stability. A western manager explained: \u201cToday China is no longer a right place to move manufacturing to. The cost is high, workers demonstration all the time, corruption is everywhere, quality is bad. The advancement of robotics allows companies to bring their manufacturing back home with better quality and lower costs. In other word, robots kill manufacturing outsourcing.\u201d<\/p>\n
Chinese government understands that the country has lost \u201cthe low-cost advantage, \u201d but it could also lose the export market soon if they do not take any action. In May 2015, the government declared a \u201cten-year plan\u201d called \u201cMade in China 2025\u201d to modernize all of its factories with robotic technologies, and automation software to compete with western countries. For example, Foxconn, which has more than a million employees in China wants robots to complete 70% of its works by 2018. As Chinese factories begin to invest in automation, it has to spend a lot of money to buy robots from the U.S. and Europe because Chinese Robots have not been able to perform complex works yet. A Chinese manager complained: \u201cIn the past, foreigners poured billion dollars to invest in our country but now we are pouring billions of dollars to buy robots from Germany or the U.S. when we look into this transaction, it does not make sense because money comes in fast but also leave quickly.\u201d<\/p>\n
The government\u2019s automation plan is putting hundreds of million workers out of work, and the anger is reaching a critical stage with huge workers demonstrations in many cities. A Chinese economist complained: \u201cThere is no strategy at all. Thirty years ago, they encouraged people to leave their village and go to cities for better factory jobs. Now they tell people to return to their villages for agriculture works so they can modernize their factories with robots. However, most of the fertile agriculture land are gone as part of the factory building plan in the 1970s.\u00a0 Most of our rivers, lakes, ponds are highly polluted with toxic wastes from factories. What can millions of people do? There is no land left for agriculture. What kind of strategy is that?\u201d<\/p>\n
Another bigger problem for China is its unemployed educated workforce. In the past twenty years, the government encouraged more people to go to college, and the number of young people attending college has increased four times as compared to 1950s.\u00a0 Chinese university systems produced over seven million graduates every year, but the education system is archaic resulting in many graduates are not employable. Today the number of unemployed college graduates has risen to all-time high and will get worse because advanced manufacturing requires higher skills that most of them do not have. Last year, Chinese leaders began to encourage the phasing out of low-end exports for promoting the high-tech manufacturing to increase employment for the highly educated, but the question remain: Can China improve its education system to produce enough skilled people to develop its high technology industry?<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Th\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nan t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 Trong h\u01a1n 30 n\u0103m, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00ec chi ph\u00ed lao … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5098","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-xu-huong-toan-cau"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5098","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5098"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5098\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5099,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5098\/revisions\/5099"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5098"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5098"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5098"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}