{"id":497,"date":"2013-06-19T21:46:04","date_gmt":"2013-06-19T14:46:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=497"},"modified":"2013-06-19T21:46:04","modified_gmt":"2013-06-19T14:46:04","slug":"ban-ke-hoach-nghe-nghiep","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=497","title":{"rendered":"B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p"},"content":{"rendered":"

Khi c\u00e1c k\u00ec thi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng qua r\u1ed3i; khi l\u1ec5 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p qua r\u1ed3i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd t\u00ecm c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. V\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p trung b\u00ecnh 9% \u1edf M\u0129 v\u00e0 16% \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 28% \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong t\u00ecm c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i suy tho\u00e1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec t\u1edbi suy tho\u00e1i m\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u0111ang h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u cao. M\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc, khi s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng l\u00ean nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p k\u00edn b\u1edfi v\u00ec KH\u00d4NG c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xin vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u201cNhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt cung v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn. Trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea1nh tranh n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1edbm ngay khi h\u1ecd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u00fang d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p.\u201d<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc than: \u201cTrong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m ch\u00fang ta bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c sinh vi\u00ean tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd th\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecd y\u00eau th\u00edch r\u1ed3i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba \u1ea5u tr\u0129 v\u1eeba qu\u00e1 l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u00e1. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u00e0y nay b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n n\u1eefa. V\u1edbi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed.\u201d<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 h\u1ecfi: \u201cL\u00e0m sao v\u1edbi Internet, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m? T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u00ec m\u1ed9t khi h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n xin vi\u1ec7c, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh cho h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u00f4ng ti tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean.\u201d \u0110i\u1ec1u b\u00e0 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01a1n xin vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb l\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1edbt nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n. Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u1ecdc n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f4ng ti t\u00ecm c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kho\u00e1 trong \u0111\u01a1n. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb kho\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh cho b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n cho n\u00ean ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i ra.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn: \u201cL\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 nhau. Kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ecdn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0o, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00ean l\u1edbp, l\u1ea5y b\u00e0i thi, v\u00e0 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng nhau n\u01a1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecdn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u00fang m\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t. V\u00e0i n\u0103m n\u1eefa k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb gi\u1edd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n trong ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t, l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3 l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, mua xe v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec t\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh ri\u00eang v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 h\u1ecd. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 tr\u1ec5 r\u1ed3i, t\u00f4i \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ai \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1edbm h\u01a1n.\u201d<\/p>\n

Theo m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o; b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o; v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00ec h\u1ecd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p; l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh; t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao khi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean; m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p v\u00ec h\u1ecd tin b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p s\u1ebd cho h\u1ecd vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng tin b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd. V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y nay, b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p hay \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Sau khi c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eebng h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9ng im trong ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Khi m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00ec c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng ng\u1eafn. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u00edch, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111i v\u00e0 d\u1eebng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 v\u00e0 trong t\u1eebng ch\u1ed7, h\u1ecd n\u1eafm gi\u1eef c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m r\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111i l\u00ean th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m r\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng tin. V\u1edbi t\u1eebng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 h\u1ecd gi\u1eef, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ed3i nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch \u0111i l\u00ean. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd sang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ti\u1ebfp. T\u1eebng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nhau cho n\u00ean khi h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean c\u00f9ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n tri th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd gi\u1ecfi c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00e0 k\u00e9m c\u00e1i g\u00ec. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecfi: \u201cT\u00f4i n\u00f3i chung th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong khu v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0o? V\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1i g\u00ec?” \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp khi v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi: \u201cL\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0o s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t khi t\u00f4i t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p? L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ch\u1ecdn? C\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn hay ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n hay \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb “mu\u1ed1n” sang “c\u1ea7n” h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecfi: \u201cT\u00f4i c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng? Hay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf, t\u00f4i tin t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 n\u00e0o? N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n, h\u1ecd n\u00ean h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi: \u201cT\u00f4i c\u00f3 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i khi l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng? V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i?\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ch\u1ecdn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t khi h\u1ecd \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecd s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m ra m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo qui t\u1eafc h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i gi\u1edd tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd d\u00e0nh ra hai gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1n b\u00e8. B\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecd s\u1ebd d\u1ef1 l\u1edbp n\u00e0o. H\u1ecd n\u00ean t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh: \u201cT\u00f4i c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec? T\u00f4i s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o? L\u00e0m sao n\u00f3 gi\u00fap cho t\u00f4i? N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho t\u00f4i c\u00e1i g\u00ec? N\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quanh t\u00f4i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?” B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean cho n\u00f3. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, b\u00e0i b\u00e1o m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e0i b\u00e1o, websites, blogs m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. T\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m h\u1ecdc, li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc xong danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: t\u00f4i khuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc 2 t\u1edbi 4 s\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i n\u0103m; \u0111\u00e2y KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch k\u0129 thu\u1eadt cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: \u201cTh\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1eb3ng\u201d c\u1ee7a Thomas Friedman; \u201cTi\u1ec3u s\u1eed Steve Job\u201d c\u1ee7a Walter Isaacson; \u201c\u0110\u1eafc nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m\u201d c\u1ee7a Dale Carnegie)<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00ec v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n (n\u00ean theo tu\u1ea7n hay c\u1ee9 10 ng\u00e0y) n\u01a1i b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp cho b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1eebng ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 xong. Thay v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 cho t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

A Career Plan<\/p>\n

When the final exams are over; when the graduation ceremony is over, new college graduates will be looking for work. With unemployment rate for graduates averaged about 9% in the U.S and 16% in Western Europe and 28% in Asia, many graduates will have difficulty in finding work. Many people blame the global recession but the fact has nothing to do with the recession but because these graduates are studying in fields that are no longer in high demand. A global study confirmed that in every country, as numbers of unemployed graduates continue to go up but there are also many jobs that go unfilled because there are NOT enough qualified applicants.<\/p>\n

A market analyst explained: \u201cMany students do not understand the job market which is dictated by the law of supply and demand. Some still think college degree is a guarantee for job and it is a big mistake. In this competitive market, if they do not plan their career ahead, they will be disappointed. To succeed, students must plan their career as soon as they get into college by select the right fields of study based on market demand and constantly monitor the market changes to make sure that they will get job when graduate.\u201d<\/p>\n

A college professor lamented: \u201cFor many years we always urge students to follow their own interest; to study what they like and get degree in a field that they love then everything would be fine. As academicians, we are either na\u00efve or too idealistic. We do not know that the world today is not the same as twenty years ago. Today a college degree is no longer a guarantee for job and companies are not training workers anymore. With globalization, students must compete for work with thousand others who also want the same position.\u201d<\/p>\n

A mother asked: \u201cHow come with the Internet, search engines, and social media graduates could not find jobs? I think it should be easier because once they create an application, they can submit to hundreds of companies online. Out of hundred companies, I am sure some would need an employee.\u201d What she did not know is today where most applications can be submitted online, companies have installed filtering devices to eliminate unwanted applications. These filter software allows companies to search for keywords in the applications. And if the applications do not have the right keyword, it will be eliminated. A company can program the filter to only accept applications that have the skills they need so most applications would be discarded.<\/p>\n

An unemployed graduate admitted: \u201cAs college students, we are all the same. It does not matter what field of study that we choose, we all go to class, take exams, and enjoy our time in college together where all are friends. However, after graduate there is a big difference between people who have job and some who do not. Now we realize that selecting the right fields of study that the market need is critical. Few years from now there will be more differences among us as some have good job, get married, establish family, buy car and house and some will have to work low paying job that has nothing to do with their education. They will not be able to establish their own family as some will be depending on the support of their parents. Now we understand that career planning is so important but it is too late, I wish that someone could explain to us earlier.\u201d<\/p>\n

According to an university study, many college students do not have career plan. A career plan is a roadmap to achieve your career goals, its objective is to plan your career by identifying what skills that you need to learn; what skills that you needs to have; and what abilities that you must develop to achieve your career goals. Many students confuse career goals with a job as they all wish to have good job, good salary, and good relationship. They fail to distinguish a job and a career; a salary and a financial goal; a friendship and a relationship. That is why when they are students; their goal is a degree as they believe a degree will get them a job. They also believe by having a good job, they can live comfortably and establish a family of their own. Few understand that today, a college degree is no longer a guarantee for a job and unless they have a high paying job, they may not be able to live comfortably and establish their own family. Even when they get a good job, many do not think about a career or set a financial goal. After get jobs, many stop learning new things which lead to them to stand still in their career with no advancement or get better salary. As things change they may not be able to maintain their jobs as their skills are obsolete and may be replaced by younger workers that have the current skills that companies need.<\/p>\n

To develop a career plan, students must understand that a career is a long journey with many short stops. To reach the destination, they must travel and stop in many places and during each place; they assume certain positions and responsibilities. For example, software engineering graduates may start as software testers then move to software developers, with experience some will move up to software designers, software architects, requirements analysts, project managers and software managers, software directors then Chief Information Officer. For each position that they hold, they must know their strengths and weaknesses then identify how to move up. They need to know what skills they need to develop that will get them to the next position. Each position commands a different salary so as they make progress, their salaries are also go up with their skills. They must know which weaknesses that they need to improve and what knowledge they need to have to get to the next position and better salary. Only by setting a clear career plan and achieve financial goal, they can live comfortably, establish a family of their own and be able to make sure that they will be able to support their children in the future.<\/p>\n

All students have strengths and weaknesses but few would take time to know what they are good at and bad at. To plan a career, students must begin by asking: \u201cWhat area of study do I generally have success in? And what do I frequently fail at? This will help them to select the field of study when enter college. They also need to ask: \u201cWhat field of study that will allow me to get good job when I graduate? How does this field of study differ from the field that I select? Is there a big difference or only a minor one? This is where they will have to make decision on whether they should select what they want or what they need for their future. If they decide to switch from \u201cWant\u201d to \u201cNeed\u201d they must ask: \u201cDo I need a stronger foundation to succeed in this field of study? Or since there is only a minor difference, I believe I can handle it without any help? If needed, they should take some remedial classes to build strong foundation to ensure that they will do well in the field of study that they have decided on. They also need to ask: \u201cWill I be comfortable doing this? And what do I feel uncomfortable about?\u201d to validate their decision about selecting the field of study.<\/p>\n

Once they settle on the field that they will study in college, they need to make a list of things that they want to focus on to ensure that they will do well. They need to plan the time to study by following the college study rule that for every one hour in class, they will spend two hour to study on their own and one hour with a group of friend. The next step is deciding what class that they will take. They should ask themselves: \u201cWhat do I need to know? What skills do I develop? How does it help me? What can it give me? How does it impact my life and those around me? By having answers to these questions, they are ready for college learning.<\/p>\n

The next step is to identify what they need to practice in order to achieve their goals and what and where they can get the resources for it. Beside the textbooks, articles that professors assigned to them, they also need to identify certain books, articles, websites, blogs that could help them to develop the needed skills to achieve success. I often recommend students to make a list of books that they want to read at the beginning of the school year and ask them at the end if they have finished their list. (Note: I recommend 2 to 4 good books per year; these are NOT technical books for school but books that can help them to broaden their knowledge. For example: \u201cThe World is Flat\u201d of Thomas Friedman; \u201cSteve Job Biography\u201d by Walter Isaacson; \u201cHow to win friends and influence people\u201d by Dale Carnegie)<\/p>\n

The final step in planning your career is to periodic reviews on your progress (Should be weekly or every 10 days) where you can assess the situation and how effective your approach is and subsequently make adjustments to your career development plan. Try not to view your plan as a finished fixed schedule. Rather it is something that is always a work-in-progress and evolving for the better.<\/p>\n

By following this simple career plan, you will be able to achieve your career goal.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Khi c\u00e1c k\u00ec thi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng qua r\u1ed3i; khi l\u1ec5 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p qua r\u1ed3i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd t\u00ecm c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-497","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loi-khuyen-cho-sinh-vien"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/497","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=497"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/497\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=497"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=497"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=497"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}