{"id":461,"date":"2013-06-19T21:24:03","date_gmt":"2013-06-19T14:24:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=461"},"modified":"2013-06-21T10:53:19","modified_gmt":"2013-06-21T03:53:19","slug":"phong-trao-chat-luong-moi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=461","title":{"rendered":"Phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, c\u1ea1nh tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u00e1. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u00ec gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt t\u01b0 th\u00f4 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 n\u01a1i b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p. M\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ra t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 65% c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00f3i: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0a trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. N\u0103m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng khi th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb cao xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao. Sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra g\u1eaft gao, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf v\u1eadt t\u01b0 chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt t\u01b0 r\u1ebb h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra th\u00eam ti\u1ec1n. T\u01b0 duy ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong kinh doanh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u; n\u00f3 l\u00e0m hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i danh ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng v\u1eadt t\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf M\u0129 n\u01a1i tr\u00ean n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i n\u0103m t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1c meo v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ra ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u tra n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00ed b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f4ng ti x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e3 kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt t\u01b0 n\u00e0y cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ki\u1ec7n ra to\u00e0 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecdn ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf do c\u00e1c v\u1eadt t\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00e0y. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00ed b\u1eb1ng ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho ch\u00fang tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n: \u201cTrong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea1nh tranh ng\u00e0y nay, b\u1ecf qua v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed c\u00f4ng ti.\u201d \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00ed do m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 thay v\u00ec kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch Ph\u1ed1 Wall tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cKho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ebft, tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2015; ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u1edf nh\u00e0.\u201d Theo c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn c\u00f4ng ti M\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0.\u00a0 \u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n \u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eef trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u1ede Anh, b\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh (CEO) ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean do ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng ti to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tu\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 M\u0129 Edward Deming t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n r\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti M\u0129 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tin c\u1eady thay v\u00ec gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ts. Deming \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Ts. Deming vi\u1ebft: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong n\u0103m n\u0103m ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c theo “c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9” v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3, kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nghe.\u201d M\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ea5p cao v\u1ec1 sau gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cHai tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ng\u1ed3i c\u00f9ng nhau v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u Ts. Deming n\u00f3i. Trong v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m n\u00f3 c\u00f9ng nhau cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u \u201cMade in Japan,\u201d t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y.\u201d M\u1ecdi quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb Honda, Toyota, Sony, Matsushita, JVC, Hitachi, v\u00e0 Komatsu \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn “ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9.” Trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i n\u0103m, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ti n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eafm th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb 1974 t\u1edbi 1990, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 Seiko, Casio, v\u00e0 Citizen \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb 9% t\u1edbi 78% v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u xa hoa h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 Movado, Cartier v\u00e0 Rolex. T\u1eeb 1980 t\u1edbi 2010, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 Sony, JVC, Hitachi, Panasonic v\u00e0 Sanyo \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 gi\u1eef 72% th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed nh\u01b0 TV, Radio, v\u00e0 Video. N\u0103m 1970 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o xe h\u01a1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 Toyota, Honda, Nissan, v\u00e0 Mazda ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 2% th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm 78% khi Toyota tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o xe h\u01a1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t cao nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng cao nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u00e0y nay Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 60% th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u thu\u1ef7, l\u00f2 vi s\u00f3ng, m\u00e1y sao ch\u00e9p, piano, \u0111\u1ed3 da, v\u00e0 Robotics. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 sau khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o n\u00e2ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng chi ph\u00ed gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m t\u0103ng l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cho m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng ti.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay Singapore, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan nh\u1eadn b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea1nh tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y nay. Trong suy tho\u00e1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd chi ti\u00eau v\u00e0 h\u1ecd mong \u0111\u1ee3i chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u1ecd mua. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ed1 Wall gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cPh\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng tr\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m r\u1ebb v\u00e0 v\u1ee9t \u0111i. Cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 120% h\u01a1n cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i gi\u1ea7y t\u1ed1t, 75% h\u01a1n cho \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1c, 66% h\u01a1n cho tivi v\u00e0 42% h\u01a1n cho xe h\u01a1i ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng theo nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u nhanh h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng dung th\u1ee9 cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n giao \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y v\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay v\u1edbi Internet, tin t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i ra nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tin x\u1ea5u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau tan nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The new quality movement<\/p>\n

For many years, global competition is based on price. In order to keep price low, companies must find lower cost labor since the price of raw materials is the same regardless where you build the product. Outsourcing is the activities of relocate factories to low cost labor countries to keep price low. However, with low cost product, the quality is also being compromised and low cost is now associated with low quality. A new industry report on quality from outsourced products in China reveals a situation where over 65% of these products do not meet quality standard. A manager said: \u201cWe brought our equipments to China, trained workers to follow our process and standard. The first year, everything was good but as time passes, the quality changed from high to low and we did not know why. After intensive investigation, we learned that they have completely modified our process and replaced our standard materials with cheaper materials to make extra money. This short term thinking is unacceptable in global business; it ruined our reputation and brand names. Recently, one of the largest issues is the use of Chinese construction materials in the U.S where over half million houses were built and within few years the walls began to grew molds and emitted toxic chemical. Investigation revealed that all materials were treated by toxic chemical glue that can cause cancer in human. The construction company that outsourced these materials building to China was sued by homeowners as they have to move out of their house as they were inhabitable due to these construction materials. Another issue is about foods imported from China that have been treated with unknown chemical to keep them look good but could also cause severe cancer disease. Some countries have ordered a ban on certain imported food products from China.<\/p>\n

A senior executive explains: \u201cIn today\u2019s competitive environment, ignoring the quality issue is to commit corporate suicide\u201d. That is one reason that many companies are moving their factories back home instead of outsource. A Wall Street analyst declares: \u201cOutsourcing is dead, by 2015; most companies will build products at home.\u201d According to industry reports, thousands of U.S. companies have decided that the focus on quality is essential for their long term survival and growth, and have quickly relocated their works back home.\u00a0 In Europe, many large companies have embraced the relocation with equal favor. There has been increasing recognition by European governments of the role of quality can play in the development of commerce and industry. In the U.K, the department of Trade and Industry has stressed that in practice the quality of the product, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) must take on this responsibility himself.<\/p>\n

The sudden interest in quality is not new but it has been emerged due to the poor quality control associated with outsourcing. The evidence suggests that every global company which intend to prosper, have no option but to incorporate quality as a major part of their strategy. During 1950s, Japanese manufacturing were known for cheap products, it took an U.S professor Edward Deming to explain to Japanese owners that by focus on quality, they could take on and beat U.S companies by supplying reliable products instead of lower prices. The wisdom of Dr. Deming changed everything in Japan. Dr. Deming wrote: \u201cI told the Japanese that they could capture the world market in five years just by follow a \u201cTotal Quality approach\u201d and if they continue the sloppy way, their economy would never recover. And they all listened.\u201d A senior executive later explained: \u201cTwo hundreds of us get together and discuss on what Dr. Deming said. In our culture, consensus is everything. If we do it, everybody must do it together so we do not have some do and some don\u2019t. In the end, we all agreed that for the \u201cMade in Japan\u201d brand, we all must follow his advice.\u201d All executives from Honda, Toyota, Sony, Matsushita, JVC, Hitachi, and Komatsu ordered their companies to use the \u201cTotal Quality\u201d approach. Within few years, these companies all seized major shares of their international market and Japan\u2019s economy prospered to the second most powerful economy in the world.<\/p>\n

From 1974 to 1990, Japanese watches manufacturers such as Seiko, Casio, and Citizen increased their share of the world market from 9% to 78% and destroyed most watch manufacturers, except the few top luxury brands such as Movado, Cartier and Rolex. From 1980 to 2010, Japanese electronics manufacturers such as Sony, JVC, Hitachi, Panasonic and Sanyo controlled and held 72% of electronics devices market such as TV, Radio, and Video. In 1970 Japanese car manufacturers such as Toyota, Honda, Nissan, and Mazda only accounted for 2% of the world market but today they have 78% as Toyota become the largest car manufacture in the world. Not only have the Japanese increased their share in world market but in every case, its performance is considered as of the highest quality with the highest customer satisfaction. Today Japan goes further and have over 60% of the world market in Ship building, Microwave ovens, Copier machines, Pianos, leathers, and Robotics. The interesting fact was after most of their industry focus on raising quality, they also found that costs came down also which increase profits for all companies.<\/p>\n

Today Singapore, S. Korea, and Taiwan take the lesson of Japan and apply it to their industries with significant results. However, this lesson is not well learned in other low cost countries and in this global competitive environment, if you do not change, your competitors will. What might have been acceptable twenty years, ten or even five ago may no longer be acceptable to today\u2019s customers. In this global recession, customers are very careful on what they spend and they are expecting high quality standard in the products they buy. A Wall street analyst explained: \u201cMost people are willing to pay more for quality products than cheap and throw away products. A recent poll indicated that people would pay 120% more for a pair of good shoes, 75% more for furniture, 66% more for television and 42% more for a car as long as they perceive it to be of high quality product. Part of that have something to do with people, in general, more highly educated and living in a faster pace than before. They will not tolerate the waste time from products that do not deliver what they promise. Global companies must keep up with this trend as today with the Internet, news can go out fast and with social network, bad news even go faster and brand names can be ruined quickly. In this Information age, quality is essential for success.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, c\u1ea1nh tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u00e1. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-461","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nha-doanh-nghiep","category-quan-li-he-thong-tin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/461","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=461"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/461\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":595,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/461\/revisions\/595"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=461"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=461"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=461"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}