Trong ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 M\u0129, Anh, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p. T\u1eeb 2012, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti Trung Qu\u1ed1c, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 gia nh\u1eadp xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd. L\u00ed do l\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n do vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u00f3i: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u1eefa. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh.\u201d M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd: \u201c\u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ef1ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sang ch\u00e2u Phi.\u201d Khi nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e2ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n
D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tan ch\u1ea3y kinh t\u1ebf x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o xe h\u01a1i n\u01a1i n\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. Theo m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, 60% xe c\u1ee7a Toyota b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 Thailand v\u00e0 Mexico. Nissan c\u00f3 t\u1edbi tr\u00ean 70% xe c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u1edf Mexico. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, Honda \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng xe \u1edf M\u0129 nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng sang Mexico \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xe th\u00eam r\u1ed3i xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u1edf g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i. V\u1edbi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea3i \u0111i theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n chi ph\u00ed v\u00ec gi\u00e1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i.\u201d C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed nh\u01b0 Panasonic v\u00e0 Sony \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 58% s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c khi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111ang \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
T\u1eeb 2012, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra ngo\u00e0i Trung Qu\u1ed1c sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay Mexico l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n M\u0129 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, n\u01a1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb 2014, Nissan, Honda, Toyota, and Mazda \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 Mexico b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed s\u1ebd \u0111i theo khi h\u1ecd t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 sang Mexico v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i tr\u1ea3 cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e3ng $400 \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tr\u1ea3 cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Mexico ch\u1ec9 $250 \u0111\u00f4 la v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ch\u00e2u Phi $150 \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n; to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang t\u00f4i chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao nh\u1ea5t. Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ph\u00ed ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ebb h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u; ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t\/nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u00ednh s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1edbi kh\u00e1c h\u00e0ng \u1edf M\u0129 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.\u201d<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0y nay Mexico l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t sang M\u0129 do lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n r\u1ebb h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 khi so v\u1edbi l\u00e0m xe t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf ch\u00fang qua \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u1edbi $40 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la trong \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1edbi m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Mexico \u0111ang b\u1eebng n\u1edf v\u00ec l\u00ed do l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: Mexico c\u00f3 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi 44 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 M\u0129. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: 80% xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf Mexico \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. N\u0103m t\u1edbi, Infiniti, Mercedes, Hyundai, v\u00e0 BMW s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u1edf Mexico n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m ngh\u0129, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Khi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n tkinh t\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ti Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u00f3i: \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra qu\u00e1 nhanh, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u1ea5t \u0111i. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec khi m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t trong nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft.\u201d M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1c than th\u1edf: \u201cTo\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i hi v\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng n\u1eefa. N\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra qu\u00e1 nhanh v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 g\u00ec n\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i sang ch\u00e2u Phi. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 h\u01a1n.\u201d C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i: \u201cC\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ea5t \u0111i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ea5t cao?”<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
—English version—<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
The impact of the globalization<\/p>\n
For the past thirty years only Western countries such as the U.S, the UK, and Germany have outsourced manufacturing works to lower cost countries. Since 2012, Chinese, S. Korea, and Japanese companies were joining this trend by moving their factories abroad and created turmoil in their country\u2019s economy. The reason was their costs of manufactured products were getting higher due to rising wages so they could not compete in the global market. A Japanese executive said: \u201cWe cannot keep works in Japan anymore. We must reduce higher wage works in Japan and increase lower wage works overseas to stay competitive.\u201d Another Chinese executive agreed: \u201cThere was time when we built things in China but the time is changing and now we must move our factories to Africa.\u201d As more factories were relocated somewhere, the number of unemployed workers began to rise and the economy began to deteriorate.<\/p>\n
The first sign of economic meltdown happened with the car manufacturing where it employed hundred thousands of workers. According to an industry report, 60% of Toyota cars are now built in lower cost countries such as Thailand and Mexico. Nissan has over 70% of its cars made in Mexico. For years, Honda had built cars in the U.S. but now it expands its factories in Mexico to produce additional cars then export to other countries. A manager explained: \u201cIt is an economic necessity. We must build things outside of Japan and closer to our customers to reduce transportation costs. With globalization, many companies must follow this way to lower costs to compete as prices continue to change.\u201d Electronic companies such as Panasonic and Sony already had over 58% their products built oversea and this trend will continues as more electronic companies are relocating their factories to lower cost countries.<\/p>\n
Since 2012, more manufacturing companies were relocating their factories out of China to lower cost countries and today Mexico is the top destination as it is much closer to the U.S. where most products are sold. Beginning in 2014, Nissan, Honda, Toyota, and Mazda have opened new factories there and Mexico is now the world\u2019s auto manufacturing center. Many industry analysts predict that it is only the beginning as more electronic firms will follow as they relocating their factories from China and Asia to Mexico and Africa. A manager explains: \u201cWe pay Chinese workers about $400 dollars a month but we pay Mexican only $250 and African $150 a month. It is simple mathematics; globalization allows us to move works to where companies can achieve the highest profits. Twenty years ago, China and South East Asia were the center for manufacturing but things changed and now Mexico and Africa are better places. We can get lower cost of manufacturing, much cheaper labor; we can avoid import\/export taxes and improve product availability and shorter distance to transport products to customers in the U.S and Europe.\u201d<\/p>\n
Today Mexico is the number one exporter to the U.S due to its cheaper labor and logistics as compared with building cars in Japan and China and shipping them across the ocean. With $40 billion in new investment each year, Mexico\u2019s economic is booming as the reason is simple: Mexico has most liberal free trade arrangements in the world. It has agreements with 44 countries, making it an ideal export base for automakers from Europe, China, Japan and America. The result: 80% of the cars built in Mexico are exported to other countries. Next year, Infiniti, Mercedes, Hyundai, and BMW will start to build cars in Mexico too.<\/p>\n
However there is a strong sentiment among Asian countries, especially in China and Japan where factory workers are losing good paying jobs. When an economy is overly depending on foreign investment and export, many things can turn the economy upside down quickly. A Chinese company owner said: \u201cIt happens too fast, we just beginning to enjoy good time for a very short time then suddenly everything is gone. I do not know what to do when all the jobs are disappearing at the blink of an eye.\u201d Another analyst lamented: \u201cGlobalization gives us hope but it also gives us despair too. It happens too fast and too soon and we do not know what our future will be if all the jobs are going to Africa. We wish that we should have known better.\u201d The question remain: \u201cWhat will happen when most manufacturing jobs are gone and a country has very high number of unemployment?”<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Trong ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 M\u0129, Anh, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4538","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-xu-huong-toan-cau"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4538","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4538"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4538\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4539,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4538\/revisions\/4539"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4538"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4538"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4538"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}