Trong l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u1edf CMU, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1edbi l\u1edbp r\u1ed3i tham gia v\u00e0o trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u1edbp n\u01a1i h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi d\u1ea1y \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn sinh vi\u00ean hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ed3i y\u00ean thay v\u00ec tham gia v\u00e0o trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong l\u1edbp. Khi t\u00f4i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra. M\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y t\u1eeb khi h\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen. \u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ec thi l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Sao b\u1eadn t\u00e2m t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c?\u201d<\/p>\n
T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y v\u00ec t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n gi\u00fap h\u1ecd thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f3i quen n\u00e0y. T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc n\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ghi nh\u1edb tri th\u1ee9c. Cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd qua k\u00ec thi th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5.\u201d<\/p>\n
L\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i n\u00f3i v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong b\u00e0i thi. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u1edbp n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n sinh vi\u00ean tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 t\u00f4i h\u1ecfi hay th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5, v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec3m cho m\u1ed7i b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra. Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 cho \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i cho h\u1ecd ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5\u201d n\u00e0y cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1ecdi l\u00fac.<\/p>\n
Khi t\u00f4i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i lo ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5\u201d n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 \u201ctr\u1ebb con\u201d v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y. Trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n, vi\u1ec7c sinh vi\u00ean tham gia trong l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ngay c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng cho \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5. T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1edbi l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u1edbp. H\u1ecd ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng s\u1eeda c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 sai. \u0110\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean h\u0103m h\u1edf di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5.\u201d T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng sinh vi\u00ean ch\u00e2u \u00c1 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ganh \u0111ua v\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5\u201d n\u00e0y ngay c\u1ea3 sinh vi\u00ean y\u00ean t\u0129nh c\u0169ng tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb1ng sau khi m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m thi h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n. Khi sinh vi\u00ean nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u1eafng trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u1edbp k\u00ec t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n
Khi sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5\u201d h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng lo ngh\u0129 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o\u201d r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u00ec s\u1ee9c \u00e9p v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. \u201c\u0110i\u1ec3m ph\u1ee5\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u00f5 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra. Khi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c qua ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp t\u1ef1 tin h\u01a1n, c\u1edfi m\u1edf h\u01a1n cho h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb h\u01a1n, chia s\u1ebb nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia v\u00e0o trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i k\u00ec h\u1ecdc m\u00f9a h\u00e8, nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd th\u00edch k\u0129 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nghe b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1edb nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tham gia, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eeda l\u1eabn nhau. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u qua th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n
Trong ba n\u0103m qua, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u2013 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. Trong khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201ctr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ebb con\u201d v\u1edbi v\u00e0i gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbm sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00edch n\u00f3.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
—English version—<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Learning through class discussion<\/p>\n
In my classes at CMU, most students read materials before coming to class then participate in classroom discussions where they learn by listen to others and express their views. However when teaching in Asia, I found that most students rarely read materials before coming to class and they often sat quietly instead of participated in class discussion. When I asked other professors, they told me that students were told to focusing on lectures and taking good notes to pass tests. One professor said: \u201cThey were trained in this traditional method since they were in elementary school and it had become a habit. In this country, passing exams is very important. Why bother asking them to do something difference?\u201d<\/p>\n
I did not like his explanation since I wanted to help them change this habit. I believe that learning must be active, not passive. Especially in technology fields, learning should be based on applying knowledge, not memorizing knowledge. So I found a simple way to encourage students to actively learning the materials and at the same time, achieve their goal of passing exams through the use of \u201cextra points.\u201d<\/p>\n
At the beginning of the course, I told students that they could get \u201cextra points\u201d to be used on exams. These extra points were given during class discussion if they demonstrate their understanding of the course materials by explain clearly their views in specific areas. Each time students answer a question that I asked or discuss something worthwhile, I would give them one extra point, and students can use a maximum of five points on each test. However I only gave out \u201cextra point\u201d randomly and did not tell them which day I would apply this \u201cextra points\u201d so they must be prepared all the time.<\/p>\n
When I started this technique, I was worried that this \u201cextra points\u201d may be too \u201cchildish\u201d for college students but to my surprise students reacted very well to the idea. Within few weeks, student participation in class improved immediately and continued even on days when I did not give out extra points. I found that students were much more prepared by reading materials before coming to class and ready to contribute to class discussions. They paid more attention during class discussion and ready to correct something wrong. Suddenly the whole class became vibrant with more students eager to express their understanding since everyone wanted to earn \u201cextra points\u201d. I found that Asian students were very competitive and with this \u201cextra points\u201d even quiet students also actively participated as they did not want to be left behind when their friends were getting extra points that can be added to the weekly exam\u2019s points. When students realized that they did not learn something well enough by not getting extra point when other got theirs, they put in more efforts and study harder to make sure that they will win in the next class discussion.<\/p>\n
When students have many \u201cextra points\u201d they did not worry too much about the tests. They could see that the collection of extra points was a \u201cguarantee\u201d that they will pass all tests easily then the pressure on test suddenly diminished. The \u201cextra points\u201d were a proof that they knew the material well without have to take tests. When the pressure of passing test was no longer there, I could feel that the whole class was more confident, more open for learning, more prepared, more sharing of their understanding and more students actively participate in discussion. At the end of the summer term, many students told me that they like this technique better than the traditional lecturing. They did not have to memorize much because they learned by participating, by expressing, by listening and by correcting each other. They all felt that they have learned a lot through class discussion and felt confident that they really knew the materials well.<\/p>\n
For the past three years, I have applied this simple technique to improve students\u2019 participation in several Asian countries \u2013 China, India, Japan and S. Korea with very good results. While it may seem like a \u201cchildish game\u201d for some professors, it worked well and most students liked it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Trong l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u1edf CMU, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1edbi l\u1edbp r\u1ed3i tham gia v\u00e0o trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4430","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loi-khuyen-cho-giao-vien"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4430","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4430"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4430\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4431,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4430\/revisions\/4431"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4430"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4430"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4430"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}