{"id":4120,"date":"2014-03-08T11:06:40","date_gmt":"2014-03-08T04:06:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=4120"},"modified":"2014-03-08T11:06:40","modified_gmt":"2014-03-08T04:06:40","slug":"day-hieu-qua-va-hoc-hieu-qua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=4120","title":{"rendered":"D\u1ea1y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ecdi th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng “d\u1ea1y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3” d\u1eabn t\u1edbi “h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3” v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111o “h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3” d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean qua c\u00e1c k\u00ec thi. Thi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1edb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u01a1i sinh vi\u00ean ghi nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00e2u trong s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay sinh vi\u00ean t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i im trong gi\u1edd l\u00ean l\u1edbp. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n d\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, sau 10 t\u1edbi 15 ph\u00fat ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i y\u00ean nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m tr\u00ed h\u1ecd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc m\u1ea5y. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng sau b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 60% \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i trong m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edb 20% \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ea7y n\u00f3i sau \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng “Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay.\u201d<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 b\u1ea9y m\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 d\u1ea1y m\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u0129 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/p>\n

1) M\u1ee9c tri th\u1ee9c: Sinh vi\u00ean n\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc (k\u0129 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng hay phong c\u00e1ch ghi nh\u1edb). Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u0103m pha c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

2) M\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u: Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch “theo l\u1eddi ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd” v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft n\u0103m pha c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

3) M\u1ee9c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng: Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trong pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trong pha vi\u1ebft m\u00e3? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t pha trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

4) M\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch: Sinh vi\u00ean n\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chia s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft cho t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 cho, sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chia ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n r\u1ed3i \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ch\u00fang. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

5) M\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p: Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed theo c\u00e1ch logic: Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c, sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng;<\/p>\n

6) M\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1: Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u t\u1ed1t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00ed do c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

7) M\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia n\u00f3 ra th\u00e0nh chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 hay l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3, d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, vi\u1ebft ra nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean quan, gi\u1ea3i ch\u00fang hay n\u00eau \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 cho, sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u00fang, chia ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng quan ni\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o sinh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng cho h\u1ecd c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, b\u00e0i t\u1eadp tr\u00ean l\u1edbp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf m\u1ee9c tri th\u1ee9c, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0nh qu\u00e3ng 10 t\u1edbi 15 ph\u00fat gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m then ch\u1ed1t r\u1ed3i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sinh vi\u00ean nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 xem li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cho t\u1eebng sinh vi\u00ean m\u1ed9t hay hai ph\u00fat li\u1ec7t k\u00ea v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1ch sinh vi\u00ean \u0111ang ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng cho c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, cho d\u00f9 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng khi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea1nh tranh (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 T\u1ed5 A l\u00e0 gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n T\u1ed5 B v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi) ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn sinh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u, sau b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng ng\u1eafn, t\u00f4i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sinh vi\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb hai t\u1edbi ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Sau 1 t\u1edbi 2 ph\u00fat, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1eebng t\u1ed5 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi theo l\u1eddi ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 t\u00f4i d\u1ea1y. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong pha y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng? Em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o ra pha ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, t\u00f4i n\u00eau ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cho t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. Sau v\u00e0i ph\u00fat (2 t\u1edbi 5 ph\u00fat), t\u00f4i ch\u1ecdn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed5 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean thay v\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu sinh vi\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd cho c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: Em ngh\u0129 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o pha vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? T\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong pha vi\u1ebft m\u00e3? Em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd cho m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft cho t\u1ed5 khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Sau n\u0103m ph\u00fat, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft t\u1ed1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, t\u00f4i cho l\u1edbp m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p hay t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. T\u1eebng t\u1ed5 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u li\u1ec7t k\u00ea ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, sai l\u1ed7i, hay l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nan k\u0129 thu\u1eadt trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 cho l\u1edbp. L\u1edbp s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra l\u1ed7i logic trong lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn cho t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qua m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng trong l\u1edbp, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean hay m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd cho l\u1edbp m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, hay m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u1edbp ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p hay t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd cho l\u1edbp m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. V\u00ec ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng cho n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 t\u1edbi l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

Sinh vi\u00ean c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecd thu nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00ed h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u1edbp, ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—English version—<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Effective teaching and effective learning<\/p>\n

Every teacher knows that an \u201ceffective teaching\u201d leads to \u201ceffective learning\u201d and an effective learning means students will have the knowledge and the skills to achieve their education goals. For many years, schools often measured \u201ceffective learning\u201d based on students\u2019 performance on exams. The traditional exam is mostly based on the ability to recall facts and data where students memorize certain contents. The problem is this type of learning only produces graduates who have good memory and can repeat phrases in books may not be able to apply the knowledge to solve problems.<\/p>\n

Today students are active, they do not stay quiet throughout the class time. If you teach by the lecturing method, after about 10 to 15 minutes many students\u2019 attention will switch to something else. They may sit quiet but their minds are somewhere else and do not learn much. Classroom research found that after a lecture most students can recall 60% of what teacher said in the first ten minutes but only 20% of what teacher said after that. It concluded that \u201cLecturing method is no longer suitable for classroom today.\u201d<\/p>\n

There are seven teaching effectiveness levels that teachers could follow to improve their teaching effectiveness and increase students learning that leads to the development of problem solving skills:<\/p>\n

1) Knowledge level: Students should be able to repeating what they learn (The traditional technique or memorization style) For example: Describe the five phases of the software development life cycle.<\/p>\n

2) Comprehension level: Students should be able to demonstrating their understanding of concepts by explaining \u201cin their own words\u201d of the concept. For example: Explain in detail the five phases of the software development lifecycle.<\/p>\n

3) Application level: Students should be able to solve problems to demonstrate that they can apply the concept well. For example: What would you do if customers are changing requirements during the design phase? What if they add more requirements during the coding phase? Can you skip a phase in the lifecycle?<\/p>\n

4) Analysis level: Students should be able to break things down into smaller elements, formulating theoretical explanations for certain situation. For example, given a requirements specification, students should be able to break them down into smaller elements using Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) technique to smaller tasks then estimate the time and efforts to complete them. From these estimates, they learn how to construct a project schedule and resource needed for the project.<\/p>\n

5) Synthesis level: Students should be able to creating something by combining many elements in a logical ways: For example, using the requirements specification and the Work Breakdown Structure, students can design a software system with features, functions and dataflow diagram within system constraints;<\/p>\n

6) Evaluation level: Students should be able to choose among alternatives to come up with a well construct solution. For example, Students should be able to determine among several design options of the software system and select which design is the best and be able to explain their reasoning.<\/p>\n

7) Problem solving level: Student should be able to solve complex problem by broken down it into a series of steps, such as paraphrasing the problem statement, sketching a schematic or flow chart, predicting a solution, writing the relevant equations, solving them or outlining a solution procedure, and interpreting the solution. For example give a software requirements, students should be able to analyze them, breakdown into several functionalities, each function may be broken down into several tasks, each task is connected to others by a dataflow diagram and organize into a cohesive system diagram on how the entire system will work.<\/p>\n

To apply this effectiveness concept to ensure students will learn, I often give them something to do such as class discussion, class exercise and teamwork.<\/p>\n

To start at the knowledge level, I often spend about 10 to 15 minutes giving lectures, emphasize the key concept then ask students to recall the lecture material to see if they are learning anything. By given each student one or two minute to list as many key points as they can recall about the lecture, I can evaluate how much students are paying attention to the lecture. Sometime students may not be willing to give answers, even they know the answers but when the questions are directed to a team in a competitive environment, (i.e., Team A is better than Team B as they have more members to give answer) most students will try to come up with answers and I get many responses.<\/p>\n

To achieve the comprehension level, after the short lectures, I ask students to form into groups of two or three and begin a discussion about the materials. After 1 to 2 minutes, I then poses questions and require each team to answer in their own word to make sure that they understand the concept that I taught. For example: What are the activities in requirements phase? Can you describe the design phase? Can you elaborate on the testing phase?<\/p>\n

To achieve the application level, I raise a problem for teams to come up with a solution. After few minutes (2 to 5 minutes), I randomly select one or more team to present their solutions. Selecting teams randomly instead of asking for volunteers is important. If the students know that other team will give the answer, many will not even bother to think about the question. For example: Do you think we can skip the design phase and go to coding phase? Why and why not? What happen when requirements are changing in coding phase? What can you do?<\/p>\n

To achieve the analysis level, I will give one member of the team a problem. That team member must be able to explain the problem in more details to the team when other members could ask for clarification if anything is unclear. After about five minutes, I will ask the team to summarize their understanding of the problem and how well they have been able to analyze it in detail.<\/p>\n

To achieve the synthesis level, I give the class a case or situation to analyze. Each team will be asked to list their assumptions, problems, errors, or technical dilemmas in the case then explain it to the class. The class will discuss to find the logical flaw in the argument and come up with a conclusion to that case situation. Sometime I may work through a situation in class, complete some steps then ask a student or a team to continue my work.<\/p>\n

To achieve the evaluation level, I would give the class a case study, or a problem that have been solved and ask the class to review and comment on the solution or find other alternative solutions.<\/p>\n

To achieve the problem solving, I would give the class a complex problem to solve. Since it takes time to solve the problem, I often give it as homework where the team has few days to solve the problem and come to class to present the solution.<\/p>\n

The more practice and feedback the students get in the types of active learning, the better they learn and the more likely they are to acquire the knowledge and develop the needed skills. By following these effective teaching principles, I can prepare better lecturing materials, better assignment and facilitate in-class activities, homework assignments, and tests.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ecdi th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng “d\u1ea1y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3” d\u1eabn t\u1edbi “h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3” v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd c\u00f3 tri … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4120","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loi-khuyen-cho-giao-vien"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4120","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4120"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4120\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4122,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4120\/revisions\/4122"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4120"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4120"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4120"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}