{"id":410,"date":"2013-06-19T19:17:52","date_gmt":"2013-06-19T12:17:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=410"},"modified":"2013-06-19T19:17:52","modified_gmt":"2013-06-19T12:17:52","slug":"phong-trao-chat-luong-toan-bo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=410","title":{"rendered":"Phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u00ean ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm l\u1ed7i. Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hay b\u00e1c b\u1ecf s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m theo s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t khi s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. Khi doanh nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p, s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhanh cho n\u00ean c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u00ean nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec c\u00f4ng ti t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea3i thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u1ecd. Kh\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u00ean cho n\u00ean ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng. Khi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t v\u00e0o l\u00e0m gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u00ean b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n k\u00e9m k\u0129 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ra l\u1ec7nh cho nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u00ean ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u00e1i ra (c\u00e1i ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng ti \u0111o nh\u01b0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t) l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u00ean d\u1eabn t\u1edbi chia t\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 qua th\u1eddi gian, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u1edbi “Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh” nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u00f3m m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n, \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ed7i. C\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb \u201cNh\u00f3m gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m “Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng” v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a “Phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng” b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf M\u0129.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc t\u00ean l\u00e0 Walter Shewhart \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t chu k\u00ec L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, L\u00e0m, Ki\u1ec3m, H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng – Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA). Trong pha \u201cL\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch\u201d, c\u00f4ng ti thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n giao k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. Trong pha \u201cL\u00e0m\u201d, c\u00f4ng ti ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111o c\u00e1i ra. Trong pha \u201cKi\u1ec3m\u201d, c\u00f4ng ti nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp trong pha L\u00e0m. Trong pha \u201cH\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d, c\u00f4ng ti l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i ra \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra.<\/p>\n

Edward Deming l\u1ea5y l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Shewhart v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt c\u00f4ng ti mu\u1ed1n theo chu k\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y v\u00ec c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn chung v\u1eabn l\u00e0 “gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh” h\u01a1n l\u00e0 “ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba” v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u00ean th\u00edch ki\u1ec3m s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m sau khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m thay v\u00ec \u0111o n\u00f3 trong khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u1ec1u sinh l\u1eddi cao, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0ng” c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00ec s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a M\u0129 chi ph\u1ed1i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed cho t\u1edbi \u00f4 t\u00f4. Khi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u00f2n t\u1ed1t, ch\u1eb3ng ai mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1i g\u00ec. Deming th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n r\u1eb1ng “Kh\u00f4ng ai mu\u1ed1n nghe l\u00ed do t\u1ed1t th\u00eam n\u1eefa.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn 2, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch l\u1ed1i t\u1eaft b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p, b\u00e1n ch\u00fang v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n nhanh. Deming nh\u1eadn ra c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y cho n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u1ea5y \u0111i sang Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ea1y h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 “Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.” Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u1eadn ra l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 trong c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh trong tri\u1ebft l\u00ed qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 cho ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1ecb ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i hi v\u1ecdng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1ea3o nhau r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thua cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1eafng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb gi\u00e0 t\u1edbi tr\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb “ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng” tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ‘m\u1eadt ch\u00fa’ c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0y.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0o M\u0129 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, do s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn ki\u1ec3m v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thay v\u00ec \u201cx\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.\u201d\u00a0 N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 ch\u1ed7 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed M\u0129 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, \u00f4 t\u00f4 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 M\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m xe gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn 2 v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ee7a thang, b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 trong 30 n\u0103m (1945-1975)? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: Phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Total Quality Movement<\/p>\n

In the early days of manufacturing, most products were checked by inspectors for defects. The inspector made decision on whether to accept or reject the product depending on the severity of the defect. It worked well as the number of product is small as many works were done by mostly by hands. As businesses became larger with automation, better machinery and the application of the assembly lines, the number of products is increasing fast so companies need more inspectors.<\/p>\n

In the past most inspectors were experienced workers who got promoted into inspector positions but as the company growing big with more workers, there were not enough experienced workers to fill the inspector positions. Therefore company had to hire people and train them. It is difficult to train people without experience to be inspector so the product quality went down. As more skilled workers were promoted into inspectors leaving less skilled workers to perform the work in factories so quality also went down too. To maintain profit, managers ordered inspectors to accept defective products to increase output (Output is measured by company as productivity) resulting in more defective and low quality products.<\/p>\n

Having more inspectors led to the separation of inspection with operation and over time, a new group emerged with a \u201cChief inspector\u201d as the boss. With the creation of this new group, many inspectors began to develop standards, metrics, and trainings to improve their inspection process and manage the defect issue. The named was changed from \u201cInspection group\u201d into \u201cquality control\u201d group and the birth of a \u201cQuality movement\u201d began in the U.S.<\/p>\n

In the late 1920s, a Mathematician named Walter Shewhart develop a statistical theory to control quality by advocated a cycle called Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA). During the \u201cPlan\u201d phase, company establishes the goals and processes to deliver results according with the goals. During the \u201cDo\u201d phase, company develops the product and measures outputs. During \u201cCheck\u201d phase, company studies the results and data collected in the Do phase. During the \u201cAct\u201d phase, company takes corrective actions to make sure that the outputs meet the set goals.<\/p>\n

Edward Deming took Shewhart\u2019s theory and began to apply it in factories but at that time few companies wanted to follow this quality cycle because the common view was still \u201cinspect\u201d rather than \u201cprevent\u201d and most inspectors liked to check the product after it was built rather than measure it during the development. It is also noted that during this time, most companies were highly profitable, it was the \u201cgolden age\u201d of manufacturing as U.S products dominated the world market, from electronics to automobile. When things were good, nobody wanted to change anything. Deming often complained that \u201cNo one wants to listen to good reason anymore.\u201d<\/p>\n

After World War 2, Japan\u2019s industrial system was completely destroyed and as Japanese started to rebuild them, many preferred the short cut by create low quality products, sell them at cheap price to make money fast. Deming recognized this opportunity so he went to Japan and began to teach them about \u201cQuality control\u201d. The Japanese recognized his good advice and began to apply it in their factories. During the 1950s, quality management practices developed rapidly in Japanese factories and eventually become a major part in Japanese management philosophy.<\/p>\n

By 1960s, Total Quality Management had become a national preoccupation with every Japanese citizen wanted to make everything into perfection. A senior manager later wrote \u201cWe were depressed and humiliated with the war but quality gave us some hopes. We told each other that we may lose a military war but we shall win the quality war and it became our motivation and obsession. Everybody from old to young, suddenly the word \u201cquality\u201d became our everyday \u2018s mantra.\u201d<\/p>\n

By 1970s, Japan\u2019s imports into the US and Europe increased significantly, due to its higher quality products, when most western companies were still had the view of checking and rejecting products instead of \u201cbuilt quality into the process that creates the product.\u201d\u00a0 It started with electronics products in the 1970s where Japanese completely destroyed most U.S and European electronics companies and dominated the entire market. By 1990s, Japanese automobile also surpassed the U.S automobile industry and compete directly with the best car makers of Europe.<\/p>\n

What make a country that was completely destroyed during World War 2 and its economy was rated at the bottom the scale, equal to countries in Africa to become the world\u2019s second most powerful economy in just 30 years? (1945-1975). The simple answer: The Total Quality Movement and the commitment of its citizens to make it into a reality.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u00ean ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm l\u1ed7i. Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u00ean … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-410","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-he-thong-tin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/410","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=410"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/410\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":412,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/410\/revisions\/412"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=410"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=410"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=410"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}