{"id":395,"date":"2013-06-18T23:15:10","date_gmt":"2013-06-18T16:15:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=395"},"modified":"2013-06-18T23:15:10","modified_gmt":"2013-06-18T16:15:10","slug":"xu-huong-toan-cau-moi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=395","title":{"rendered":"Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi"},"content":{"rendered":"

So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n “n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tri th\u1ee9c.\u201d D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u01b0u th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn m\u1ea1nh, m\u1edbi b\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng th\u00eam c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed5i l\u00ean trong n\u0103m qua.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn ra khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u0169, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi hay hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m. Cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra xu h\u01b0\u1edbng kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n vi\u1ec7c ra h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi gian d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Trong ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 M\u0129, Anh, \u0110\u1ee9c v.v \u0111\u00e3 kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, trang b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y; h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u0169 v\u00ec ch\u00fang r\u1ebb, v\u00e0 m\u1edf nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. Khi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00ean v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n y\u00ean t\u0129nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng “d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean” sang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng “d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tri th\u1ee9c” \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i hay ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn m\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ho\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c m\u1edbi, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00f9ng robots v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec3n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p c\u0169. N\u0103m ngo\u00e1i, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o l\u1edbn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u “kho\u00e1n trong” hay chuy\u1ec3n vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: h\u1ecd chuy\u1ec3n vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.) Trong suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tin t\u1ed1t, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf l\u1eabn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tin x\u1ea5u cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

Trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m t\u1edbi, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a xu h\u01b0\u1edbng “kho\u00e1n trong” v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n trong c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd \u0111ung \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi, trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u0169 to\u00e0n t\u1ea1o ra \u00f4 nhi\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra cho c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u0169 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m? Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p cao, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u Phi n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb “th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o” sang “th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin” \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “Kinh t\u1ebf tri th\u1ee9c” v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 then ch\u1ed1t (b\u1ed1n c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5): C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin, C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc, C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 na n\u00f4, v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin (CNTT) l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Qua vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng di \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi. N\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u00f4ng tin. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a CNTT \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh. CNTT c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0i khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 kinh doanh tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, app di \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, m\u1ea1ng, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 an ninh m\u1ea1ng v.v. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p CNTT b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 v\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo c\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3. Ng\u00e0y nay 75% nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea7u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1edbi t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p CNTT.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cho vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c qua l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 lai gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng; \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cao, c\u00f3 m\u00f9i v\u1ecb, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p. N\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i gen v\u00e0 protein \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra thu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi, d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh. V\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee1 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la hay m\u01b0\u1eddi hay n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u1ea7n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ed1 Wall gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cB\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c men n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u h\u01a1n. Ng\u00e0y nay nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 70 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec gi\u00e1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef m\u1ea1nh kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh nh\u00e2t v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc.\u201d<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 na n\u00f4 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00ed , ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch, h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hay ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. N\u00f3t t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c v\u1eadt t\u01b0 m\u1edbi hay thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1edbi c\u1ee1 100 nanometers hay nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. T\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 na n\u00f4 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, \u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 na n\u00f4 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1ebb m\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i b\u00e2y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng minh. N\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m l\u00ed, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc. Khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, k\u00ed \u1ee9c, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00ed ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. Ng\u00e0y nay n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o robots ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111ang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean n\u00e0y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn n\u01a1i tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong b\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c STEM (khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc). V\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o, c\u00f3 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng trong l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng (c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7).<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u1eadt di tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n t\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c di tr\u00fa m\u1edbi. D\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng trong s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p. \u0110i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The new global trend<\/p>\n

Compare with developing countries, developed countries have better education, training, and research. These are key factors to develop a \u201cKnowledge-based economy\u201d. Based on this advantage, developed countries are rebuilding a new, stronger and innovated manufacturing industry because manufacturing of products adds wealth to the economy. This is part of a global economic strategy that is beginning to emerge in the past year.<\/p>\n

To innovate the manufacturing sector, developed countries must get rid of old machines, equipments, and obsolete factories and retrain their workers. How do they do that? It takes time, at least ten or twenty years. So they created an outsourcing trend to move works oversea during this rebuilding transition time. In the past thirty years, developed countries such as the U.S, UK, Germany etc. have outsourced most of their works, exported machineries, equipments to low cost countries. Of course many countries were happy to get works; they imported equipments, many old ones as they were cheaper, and opened more factories to accommodate these works. As their economies prospered with more jobs, more manufacturing works, developed countries are quietly rebuilding their basic infrastructure for the new industries.<\/p>\n

The transform manufacturing from a \u201cResource-based\u201d to a \u201cKnowledge-based\u201d activity has been taking place for the past twenty or thirty years but now it is almost completed and begins to deliver new innovated products. Many manufacturing factories are now completely remodeled and equipped with new machineries, most are fully automated. Many are using robots and computer control systems to expedite works much faster and higher quality than the old assembly lines. Last year, large manufacturing companies began to \u201cinsource\u201d or moved works back home. (Note: they move works but not equipments). During the economic recession, this was good news, both economically and politically but it was bad news for low cost countries, especially China, where most of the wealth created in the past twenty years were based on exports of manufacturing products.<\/p>\n

In the next few years, we will see a continuation of \u201cinsourcing\u201d trends and the shift in economic power will swing back to some developed countries. What will happen to countries with obsolete factories, old equipments that produce toxic pollutions? What will happen to old machineries and large unskilled labors without jobs? Many economists predict that to avoid high unemployment, workers will be send to other countries to work and compete for jobs with local people. It already happened in many countries in Africa where Chinese workers are competing with local workers for jobs.<\/p>\n

The shift from the \u201cManufacturing age\u201d into the \u201cInformation age\u201d is taking place now. Many economists called it the \u201cKnowledge economy\u201d as it is built on four key technologies (The four pillars): Information Technology, Biotechnology, Nanotechnology, and Cognitive Science.<\/p>\n

Information Technology (IT) is the study, design, development, implementation, and management of computer-based systems, mostly software applications and computer hardware. Through the implementation of computers, mobile hardware, network systems, software applications, and databases; these systems are the fundamental of everything in the new economy. It connects businesses, automate processes, manage data, and control information. The economic value of IT is estimated at several trillion dollars and growing fast. IT also created several new economic sectors such as online businesses, software applications, mobile apps, hardware, network, electronic products, and software as services, gaming and network security etc. IT industry started in the mid 70s with the personal computer and has changed the world in an unprecedented manner. Today 75% of the richest people in the world come from IT industry.<\/p>\n

Biotechnology is the application of technology into biological systems, living organisms to make or modify products for specific use. It started with the modifications of plants into food crops through artificial selection and hybridization to improved yields and resistance to environment; to create food with increased nutrition, taste, texture and appearance. It modified genes and protein to create new drugs, new pharmaceuticals products that can cure diseases. As people are living longer now than before, healthcare and pharmaceuticals industry has potential to grow much quicker. The economic value of Biotechnology is estimated at hundreds of trillion dollars or ten or fifty times the value of Information technology sector. A Wall street analyst explained: \u201cYou can live without computer but you will need medicine and drugs if you want to live longer. Today more people are living past 70s and they will pay whatever costs to keep healthy and the industry that has the fastest growth and highest profit is biotechnology.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nanotechnology is the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials at the atomic level or the molecule level. It seeks to develop new materials or new devices of 100 nanometers or smaller. At this nano levels, the properties of materials change. These changed properties can come in useful in electronics, medicine and solar panels, for example. Nanotechnology is still a young science that will take many years before it can be useful so it is more a promise than a reality for now.<\/p>\n

Cognitive Science is defined as the study of the nature of intelligence. It is based on various disciplines such as psychology, linguistics, computer science, engineering, and biology. Cognitive science study human issues as attention, learning and development, memory, perception and language processing, as well as artificial intelligence. Today it is being used to train robots to think like human being and work like human being. It is a fast development area with a lot of promises and potentials.<\/p>\n

These four emerging technologies promise an innovated manufacturing vision where knowledge is more important than raw materials and labor. They have potential of create many new jobs in developed countries and providing a significant wealth to their economies. To advance in these four technologies, education systems must change and adapt to the new direction by focusing on STEM education (Science, technology, Engineering and Math). Since the speed of change is happening much faster than predicted, there is turmoil in many developed countries as they do not have enough skilled workers to meet the needs and it also creates an imbalance in the wages of skilled workers and unskilled workers (Workers that do not have technology skills).<\/p>\n

Some developed countries are beginning to change their immigration laws to allow more skilled workers to come in and work even that create a public issue with the new immigration reform. The shift of works back home also creates an imbalance in economic power in the world with the problem of job losses in developing countries that are relying on traditional manufacturing and low cost labors. What will happen next is remaining to be seen.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-395","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-xu-huong-toan-cau"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/395","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=395"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/395\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":396,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/395\/revisions\/396"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=395"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=395"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=395"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}