{"id":3810,"date":"2013-11-30T12:30:23","date_gmt":"2013-11-30T05:30:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3810"},"modified":"2013-12-01T11:00:53","modified_gmt":"2013-12-01T04:00:53","slug":"pha-kien-truc-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3810","title":{"rendered":"Pha ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecfi: \u201cKh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec gi\u1eefa pha ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf? Em b\u1ecb l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u00ec v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. C\u00e1i g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf? Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0m g\u00ec trong pha n\u00e0y? Xin th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e1p: V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, pha ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 \u0111un v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, giao di\u1ec7n, v.v.) cho c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 giao di\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng cho t\u1eebng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 nh\u01b0 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng, tr\u1ee5 nh\u00e0, m\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ebfp chi ti\u1ebft hay ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ee7 trong nh\u00e0. Nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trang tr\u00ed n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Khi b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n chia h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n. Pha ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00f4i khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi pha ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 pha “thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ee9c cao” v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 pha “thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chi ti\u1ebft”. V\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5 coi c\u1ea3 hai pha n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 “thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf” \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n cho sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc. V\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Tuy nhi\u00ean trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m) cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

Trong pha ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn qui tr\u00ecnh, c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn logic, c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u1eadt l\u00ed, c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn giao di\u1ec7n, c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n, c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn an ninh cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng). B\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e2m v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 sau v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ebfm khi nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111ang l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00ec h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y nhanh “, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 m\u00f4ng lung. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. (\u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n nhanh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u00d4ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd g\u00ec b\u1edfi nhanh? Bao nhi\u00eau gi\u00e2y? v.v.) H\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng khi ch\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed5i qui m\u00f4, t\u00ednh s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh an ninh v.v. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ebf trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, pha ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ch\u00fang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 khi x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00f3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t gi\u1eef cho ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u00e0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee1 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0. B\u1edfi l\u00ed do n\u00e0y pha ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn. Khi m\u1ecdi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch t\u1eebng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Trong pha n\u00e0y, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng, c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong nh\u00e0, c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 chi ph\u00ed, c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p, quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p, t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v.v. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m r\u1ee7i ro ch\u1ed7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p hay b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh cao b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u. M\u1ecdi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1edfi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0m sao nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ho\u00e1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t – Unified Modeling Language (UML) \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u1ed5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 (\u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m SQA v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m SCM, chuy\u00ean gia c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, chuy\u00ean gia an ninh v.v.) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u b\u1edfi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, t\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u ch\u00fang v\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1u trong ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c. Chuy\u00ean gia an ninh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v.v.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn, b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qui tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho t\u1eebng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 cho c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c gi\u00fap c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang l\u00e0m n\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang b\u00ean trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n pha ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00edt v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 sau nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t cao. M\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00e9m s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1edf v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1edf s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1edf v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m bao qu\u00e1t m\u1ecdi pha c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n cho m\u1ecdi sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—English version—<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Software architecture phase<\/p>\n

A student asked: \u201cWhat is the difference between an architecture phase and a design phase? I am confused because the software lifecycle only mentions requirements, design, code, and test. What happen in the architecture phase? What does an architect do in this phase? Please explain.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Answer: Basically, architecture phase is the highest level of abstraction of a software system and the design phase is the lower level that focuses on the details such as modules and components. Architecture is the allocation of system requirements (Hardware, Software, Interface etc.) to system components as well as the interaction between these components. Design usually deals with the functioning of each component in more details. For example, when you build a house you need an architect to design all the components of a house such as foundation, columns, roofs and walls but you do not need the architect to design the detailed kitchen or a bed rooms in the house. These details are often given to construction workers and the interior decorators.<\/p>\n

When you build a large and complex software system, you need to divide the system into smaller components for easier implementation. Architecture phase is an essential step to make sure all these components are defined and the interaction between them is clearly identified. Sometime people consider architecture phase as the \u201chigh design\u201d phase and design as the \u201cdetailed design\u201d phase. The waterfall lifecycle considers both phases as \u201cdesign\u201d to keep it simple and easier for students to learn. Since most projects in school are small and simple where hardware and the interaction with software are known, students do not concern with hardware can start with the design phase of software. However in the industry, most software projects are large and complex and you need to know all components of the entire system (Both hardware and software) so you must learn software architecture well in order to build a quality system.<\/p>\n

In the architecture phase, you must identify the context and scope of the project by set up boundary based on the customers\u2019 requirements. You need to define both functional as well as non-functional views and all constraints. You need to identify all components such as the process view, logical view, physical view, interface view, infrastructure view, operational view, and security view for a complete software system.<\/p>\n

Most software developers often pay attention to the functions of the system but not pay enough attention to the non-functional views (The quality attributes). Because most non-functional views are not well defined, projects often get into problem later because these are what customers\u2019 expect but rarely mention in the requirements. This is where experienced developers are doing better than inexperienced ones as they learn through years of working by knowing what to ask customers. The customers may say: \u201cThe system must be fast”, it is a non-function requirements but that is too vague. Experienced developers know how to ask customers for more specific details to make sure that this request is measurable, and testable. (How fast do you want? What do you mean by fast? How many second? Etc.) They know that to achieve customers\u2019 satisfaction they need to make sure that all of the important non-functional views are defined. These include the runtime characteristics such performance, scalability, availability and security etc. That is why the role of requirements engineers is so important in larger and complex system to clearly define these non-functional requirements.<\/p>\n

Because most of the non-functional requirements are systemic issues, the architecture phase must identifies them as well as defines the interaction among them just like when building a house the architect must calculate the strength of the foundation and all the columns that keep the house in place. For example, larger house requires better foundation and more columns to withstand the weight of the house. For this reason the architecture phase is important in large software system. When all the functional and non-functional requirements are defined, the next step is to focus on how each component is implemented. In this phase, the software architect decides on what technologies are used, which components are built in house, which ones are brought from vendors, which one can be outsourced. They have to make decision based on factors such as cost, licensing, vendor relationships, compatibility, interoperability, support, and user environments etc. These decisions are vital to the success of the project because they are risks that must be deal with. Software architect must reducing risk where there is high degree of complexity or uncertainty by conducting trade-off analysis to manage risks and make sure the project can be done within costs and schedules. All decisions must be reviewed and evaluated by the architect, team leaders, project manager and customers.<\/p>\n

The main problem with large and complex software system is that it is difficult for people to understand how these components work together. That is why software architect must use tool such as the Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams to convey the architecture to others. The architect review is where the project team, the support team (SQA and SCM, database specialists, security specialists etc.) as well as management and customers must participate to understand how the entire system will work. The software architect must make sure that the defined architecture is understood by everybody involved. Of course, development team must understand them since they will have to design and implement each component but support team must also know the architecture well. Configuration Management people must set a baseline to assure that all changes are under controlled. Quality Assurance must review all architecture components and make sure that they comply with standards and procedures. Security specialist must make sure that the architecture has taken necessary steps to ensure the integrity of the system etc.<\/p>\n

If the architecture is approved, the next step is assign team members to start the design process for each component. Although the architect does not involved in the design and coding tasks, but he must actively helping team members to make sure that they are doing it correctly within the defined architecture. Basically the architecture phase is the most important in large software project. If it is done well, there will be les problems later but if it is not well defined, the chance that the project will fail may be very high. A poorly defined architecture will lead to bad design and bad design will lead to project failure and that is why so many software projects fail. They never fail because of coding but because of bad design and poorly defined architecture. That is why I think software engineering that covers all phases of software development is needed for all software students.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecfi: \u201cKh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec gi\u1eefa pha ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf? Em b\u1ecb l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u00ec v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ec9 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3810","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-va-dap","category-ki-nghe-phan-mem"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3810","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3810"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3810\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3812,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3810\/revisions\/3812"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3810"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3810"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3810"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}