{"id":3777,"date":"2013-11-09T16:21:55","date_gmt":"2013-11-09T09:21:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3777"},"modified":"2013-11-09T16:31:39","modified_gmt":"2013-11-09T09:31:39","slug":"bat-dau-mot-du-an-moi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3777","title":{"rendered":"B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edbi"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1edbi vi\u1ebft cho t\u00f4i: \u201cT\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edbi. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh k\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 nh\u1ecf (ba t\u1edbi b\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh k\u0129 thu\u1eadt V\u00c0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 b\u00ean trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edbi, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00eam v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ri\u00eang cho b\u1ea1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m hay b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ai. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n; ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u; ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi t\u00ednh n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eeb d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 g\u00ec. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c mong \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch \u01b0u ti\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m v\u00ec b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t l\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n th\u1ea9m tra danh s\u00e1ch \u01b0u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n V\u00c0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn, danh s\u00e1ch \u01b0u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c (WBS) \u0111\u1ec3 chia t\u1eebng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u01b0u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng nhau, b\u1ea1n \u0111i t\u1edbi “l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn” cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 s\u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi mong \u0111\u1ee3i l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u tho\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng. T\u1eeb danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u01b0u ti\u00ean, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v.v. B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft: Ai l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng; m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec; nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng; n\u00f3 m\u1ea5t bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eddi gian; v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n; b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0o cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u trong b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u01a1 b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

Sai l\u1ea7m chung m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 ngay v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng chi ti\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f3 KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng cho b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f9ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec r\u1ee7i ro n\u00e0o li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1n v\u00e0o b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n; n\u00f3 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eddi gian; n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n bao nhi\u00eau v.v.). Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c l\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1eebng. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng cho b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra cho h\u1ecd ph\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00ec trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i thu g\u1ecdn ph\u1ea1m vi hay t\u0103ng th\u1eddi gian ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed1t m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u00ed, b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea1m vi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng) hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u (nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n hay \u00edt th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n); hay th\u00eam hay gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v.v. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. B\u1eb1ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec r\u1ee7i ro hay v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 sau n\u1eefa. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed1t. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang, hay l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n cho n\u00ean c\u00f9ng nhau b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111i t\u1edbi b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro.<\/p>\n

Sau khi c\u00f3 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Th\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ebf b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai ph\u1ea3i \u1edf trong t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng b\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y hay b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m, v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fac b\u1ea1n chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. T\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1ea1n. Cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp t\u1ed5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn sang b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp, n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean chi ti\u1ebft d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—English version—<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Starting a new project<\/p>\n

A new manager wrote to me: \u201cI was a team leader who just gets promoted to manage a new project. I want to be a successful project manager and start the project in the best way possible. What skills from team leader can I use in this new job and what else do I need to improve?\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Answer: There is a difference between a team leader and a project manager. Team leader is responsible for the technical aspect of a project by provide leadership to a small team (Three to seven people) to implement some functions of the project. Team leader motivates team members to work toward the project success. Project manager is responsible for the entire project, both technical AND management aspects. Project manager controls and manages several teams within the project to accomplish the project\u2019s goals. As a new project manager, you need additional training and experiences to be successful. If your company does not provide training then you need to take training on your own because software project manager is NOT something that you can learn on the job or by reading a book.<\/p>\n

To start a software project, you need to know who your customers and users are. Customers are people who pay for the project; users are people who use your product. Customers are concerned with the schedule and cost of the project; users are concerned with the features and quality of the product. As project manager, you need to talk with both customers and users to find out exactly what they expect from the project and what their needs are. If there are several customers and users than you need to talk to all of them since they may have differing views and expectations and you need to know all of their viewpoints.<\/p>\n

From these viewpoints, you must organize them into a priority list of thing to do because you cannot do everything at once. You need to verify this priority list with both your manager AND customers to make sure that they agree with it. Once approved, the priority list will be the preliminary requirements for your project. You must use the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) to break each requirement into several functions and each function is broken down into several smaller tasks. You must estimate the time needed to implement each task according to the priority and dependency. By adding the time to complete these tasks together, you come up with a \u201ctentative schedule\u201d for the project. You need to determine whether your tentative schedule matches customer\u2019s schedule expectations. If not, you will need to discuss with your manager and customers to come up with a reasonable schedule. From the list of priority tasks, you need to estimate the number of people that you need to implement them. There are designer, developers, testers, support personnel such as configuration manager, quality assurance etc. You also need to make decisions on which method and tools to use for your project.<\/p>\n

By reaching this step, you must know: Who the customers and users are; what the project goals are; which tasks are priority and which are not; how long it may take; and how many people you need to do the project; what method and tools that you need for the project. All of these items must be documented in a preliminary project plan.<\/p>\n

The common mistake that technical people often make is focusing on the detailed functions right away. That is NOT the best way to start a software project. It is important for you to understand the entire project context and the reason why the customers need this project. In other words, the best way to start the project is to understand where you are supposed to finish. What is this project supposed to accomplish that will benefit the customers and your company. That means you should take the project plan and review with your customers to come up with an agreements about schedule, resources, tools, methods as well as any risks associated with the project. The more the customers know about your plan, the better confident they will have on you and it is easier to negotiate with them on project resources and schedule (i.e., how many people you need to implement the project; how long it will take; how much it will cost etc.). Most customers often place unrealistic schedule on the project because they have no idea about schedule so they just guess. It is important for you to show them your work breakdown, your estimates and your plan of the project because during the discussion, you may have to reducing the scope or increasing the time for completion. Without a good project plan that have clearly identify the amount of time needed to complete each task and the numbers of people needed to do the tasks, you cannot convince the customers to support you.<\/p>\n

Project negotiation is a critical skill that project managers must do. To get the project starting in the best possible way, you will need to negotiate the schedule with customers to come up with something reasonable, else the project will fail. It is possible to change the scope of the project (reducing functionality) or change schedule (more time or less time); or adding or reducing number of people etc. You may not get what you want and the customers may not get what they want also but having a discussion to come up with some agreements before starting the project will help both sides avoid a lot of problems later.<\/p>\n

Project negotiation is the time when you can really developing a clear understanding of the project\u2019s objectives and customers\u2019 expectations. By discussion and negotiation, you will be able to aware of any potential risks or problems you might encounter later too. Risk management is a fundamental aspect of a good project management. By knowing the risks, you can avoid them, change them, or lessen their impact on your project. This is the time to let customers know about project risks so together you and customers can come up with a risk management plan.<\/p>\n

After having an agreement with customers, you can modify your project plan accordingly. Then and only then you will determine who should be on your project team whether you have people that have worked with you previously or you may have to hire additional new people. You need to discuss with the project team about your understanding of the project’s objectives, communicate with them on what you have been asked to do, and discuss with them about any training needs to get the project start in the best way possible. This is the time where you share with the team about your vision for the project, the goals of the project and how do you monitor the progress of the project. The team must fully understands and commit to support you. This team meeting is the critical foundation of moving on to the next step, where the team will begin to work on the detail the project.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1edbi vi\u1ebft cho t\u00f4i: \u201cT\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edbi. … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3777","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3777","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3777"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3777\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3779,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3777\/revisions\/3779"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3777"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3777"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3777"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}