{"id":3570,"date":"2013-09-05T13:06:59","date_gmt":"2013-09-05T06:06:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3570"},"modified":"2013-09-05T13:06:59","modified_gmt":"2013-09-05T06:06:59","slug":"ki-nang-tu-duy-phe-phan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3570","title":{"rendered":"K\u0129 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0 duy ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n\u201d nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. C\u00f3 v\u00e0i cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc hay nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Sinh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i l\u00e0 h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u k\u0129 n\u0103ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 k\u0129 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n. M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu em kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec, l\u00e0m sao em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?\u201d Cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi quan tr\u1ecdng: T\u1ea1i sao? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u “c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u” th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u00f2 m\u00f2 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o trong th\u00f4ng tin hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecfi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n “k\u0129 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n” c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Isaac Newton th\u1ea5y qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1o r\u01a1i v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao t\u00e1o bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 suy ra lu\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, Jeff Bezos \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1ng s\u00e1ch n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i mang nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch th\u1ebf t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng?\u201d \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eabn \u00f4ng \u1ea5y t\u1edbi m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch Kindle c\u1ee7a Amazon.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u201cT\u1ea1i sao?\u201d v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c h\u1ecfi cho t\u1edbi khi b\u1ea1n t\u1edbi c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t. Ki\u1ec3u t\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cho b\u1ea1n s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Xem x\u00e9t b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n b\u1ed9. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi A v\u00e0 B v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ghi danh th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

A: Kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

B: T\u1ea1i sao?<\/p>\n

A: Nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

B: Sao sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta?<\/p>\n

A: C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

B: Sao \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u?<\/p>\n

A: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng.<\/p>\n

B: Sao ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng?<\/p>\n

A: Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o trong khoa c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

B: Sao ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 thu\u00ea c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c?<\/p>\n

A: Ch\u00fang ta tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y, B bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, anh ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u” v\u00e0o trong ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 nhau trong \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y khoa. Li\u1ec7u ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. N\u1ebfu B quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3i ti\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ghi danh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0 thu\u00ea c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong khu v\u1ef1c. Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i ni\u1ec1m tin chung, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho vi\u1ec7c ghi danh th\u1ea5p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u01b0 duy ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o trong n\u00f3 cho t\u1edbi khi b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—English version—<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Crtical thinking skills<\/p>\n

One of the important skills today is \u201cCritical thinking\u201d but few people would be able to explain it clearly. There are several books written about critical thinking but mostly for philosophy scholars or advanced mathematicians than ordinary people. Students often told me that they understand technical skills, soft-skills but not critical thinking skills. A student said: \u201cIf I do not know what it is, how can I develop it or improve it?\u201d So I come up with a simple guide, based on my own intuition to share with students as follow:<\/p>\n

Critical thinking often begins with an important question: Why? This question leads to many interesting \u201cinsights\u201d because you are challenging the way ordinary things happen and want to know more. It is your curiosity to go deep into the current information and beliefs to learn more and by asking this question, you are beginning to develop your \u201ccritical thinking skills.\u201d<\/p>\n

The simplest example of critical thinking is the story that Isaac Newton saw a falling apple and asks why the apples always fall on the ground and derived the law of gravity. Few years ago, Jeff Bezos saw a number of students go to school with heavy book-packs and asked similar question: \u201cWhy do they have to carry so many books to school?\u201d that led him to create the Amazon Kindle.<\/p>\n

By starting with \u201cWhy?\u201d and continue to ask until you get to the core of the issue will allow you to understand many things at the deepest level. This type of thinking will give you the insight to develop solution to complex problems. To examine anything critically means to go deep into the problem in order to understand it totally. The following is a simple example of the discussion between two people A and B about the lower enrollment of a university.<\/p>\n

A: It is difficult to get a lot of students to go to our university.<\/p>\n

B: Why?<\/p>\n

A: Many students do not know about our university.<\/p>\n

B: Why students do not know about our university?<\/p>\n

A: There are many universities in this area and we are not a top university.<\/p>\n

B: Why our university is not a top university?<\/p>\n

A: Our training programs are not unique and our faculties are not famous.<\/p>\n

B: Why our training programs are not unique and our faculties are not famous?<\/p>\n

A: We have common training programs just like any other universities and our faculties have the same qualifications as others.<\/p>\n

B: Why do we have common programs and hire faculties with the same qualifications as others?<\/p>\n

A: We believe that every university should have the same trainings and faculties must have similar qualifications.<\/p>\n

By this time, B knows that by going deeper, he already gets an \u201cinsight\u201d into the belief that every university should be the same in trainings and faculty qualifications. Whether this belief is correct or not is irrelevant but by challenging this belief, thing could happen. If B decides to improve the enrollment by having unique trainings that other universities do not have and hires top quality faculties, he could improve the status of the university as the top university in the area. And assume that it happens; maybe he can have more students to attend the university. By changing the common belief, he can find a solution to the lower enrollment of the university. Basically critical thinking\u00a0is a way of deciding whether a belief is correct or not by going deeper into it until you find the answer.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0 duy ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n\u201d nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3570","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loi-khuyen-cho-sinh-vien"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3570","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3570"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3570\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3572,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3570\/revisions\/3572"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3570"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3570"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3570"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}