{"id":3543,"date":"2013-08-28T15:38:46","date_gmt":"2013-08-28T08:38:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3543"},"modified":"2013-08-28T15:38:46","modified_gmt":"2013-08-28T08:38:46","slug":"nguoi-quan-li-du-an-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3543","title":{"rendered":"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 d\u00f9 d\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng, hay ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau tu\u1ef3 theo ki\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m chung. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh: L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch: M\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u00f3ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecfi: \u201cL\u00e0m sao d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti\u201d. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ed ph\u1ea1m ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec cho c\u00f4ng ti.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t bao l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. N\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c cho th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, trong chi ph\u00ed, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ecdi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 tu\u00e2n theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 ai \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean h\u1ecd, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c tham gia cho t\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n, d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian c\u00f9ng t\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng, b\u1ecb t\u1ed5 coi ch\u01b0 che gi\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed.<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n l\u00ean 10% \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i t\u1eebng th\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c (SOW), m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec. B\u1ea3n SOW ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Tu\u1ef3 theo k\u00edch c\u1ee1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n SOW v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. M\u1ed9t SOW t\u1ed1t n\u00f3i chung ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c sau:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00f3m t\u1eaft \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh: M\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng quan ng\u1eafn v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u1ea3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1ee9c cao.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau: M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n g\u00ec, t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n, khi n\u00e0o n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v.v.)<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch: M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hay kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ng\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n giao.<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ph\u1ea1m vi: M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (L\u01b0u \u00fd: Ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a SOW. Do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh khi vi\u1ebft n\u00f3.)<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0V\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n giao: Danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c v\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ea1o ra. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1eebng v\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n giao m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho n\u00f3 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 n\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c; k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed; s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i v.v.<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro d\u1ef1 \u00e1n: V\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean SOW v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb r\u1ee7i ro. R\u1ee7i ro \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, ng\u00e2n qu\u0129 v.v.<\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng: Danh s\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec m\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00ec s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay “s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o” do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—English version—<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Project manager<\/p>\n

In theory, all project managers do similar types of tasks whether managing a factory, an organization, a restaurant, or a software development. In reality the implementation differs depend of the type of work. Managing a construction project is not the same a managing software project although at the high level, there are commonalities. Basically, project management consists of four major tasks: Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling.<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Planning: Every project must have a project plan with a clear goal. Project goal must also be in alignment with the company\u2019s business goals. Project manager must ask: \u201cHow does this project help achieve the goals of the company\u201d. Without clearly understand this, it is easy to be confused and lose control of what you are doing and the project could be a waste of money, resources and bring no benefit to the company.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Organizing: Project managers are responsible for managing people and resources of the company. They must know how many people are needed for the project and how long will it takes to complete the project. Therefore, project managers must know how to estimate the time and resources needed for the project and organize the project accordingly. If the project does not have enough people or necessary resources then it may not be done correctly and nothing will be accomplished. Without a well organized plan with specified schedule and resources, team members may think that the manager is unprepared, incompetent, and may not respect him. Unorganized project is a formula for failure.<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Leading: Project managers must be able to manage people and makes sure that projects are completed on time, within costs, and meet all requirements. Team members follow project managers because they see them as someone that direct them, motivates them, guides them, help them meet the company\u2019s goals. Project managers need to know what motivates their team members and encourage them to reach their objectives. Effective managers must meet with team members often to understand their concerns, needs, and issues. This builds trust and a feeling of involvement for the team. Managers who are too busy, spend more time in meetings and not spending time with teams are often lose respect, being considered by the team as hiding their incompetents in being busy and not managing.<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Controlling: Project managers must monitor the project\u2019s performance on a timely basis to make sure goals are being met. For example, if the company has a goal of increasing sales by 10% by the end of the year, the manager must check the progress toward the goal at the end of each month.<\/p>\n

Every project must have a Statement of Works (SOW), a document that specifies what the project must do. The SOW must be updated frequently based on changes from customers\u2019 requests and uses as a baseline for the project. Depending on the size and complexity of the project, the manager must work with customers to develop the SOW and get it approved before starting the project. A good SOW generally contains the following sections:<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0An Executive Summary: A short overview on the purpose of the project, its background, its scope and sometimes a high-level project plan.<\/p>\n

2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Objectives: Clearly describes the objectives of the project. (i.e., what is the project, why it is needed, when it must be done etc.)<\/p>\n

3)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Goals: The project goals must be measurable so manager knows whether you are meeting the objectives or not. The goals have to be realistic and achievable with the date of delivery.<\/p>\n

4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Scope: Describe the work that will be done as well as what will not be done (Note: the Scope is one of the most important sections of the SOW. Therefore, be very specific when writing it.)<\/p>\n

5)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Deliverables: A list of the deliverables to be produced by the project. Project manager must describe each deliverable clearly so team members who are responsible for it will understand it well. For example, design document; architect chart; workflow chart; testing plan; final product etc.<\/p>\n

6)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Project assumptions and risks: Since there may be some unknown issues while project managers work on the SOW and they make assumptions and they could be risks. Typical risks are associated with schedule, resources estimates; funding etc.<\/p>\n

7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Customers: A list of all customers in the project.<\/p>\n

A good project manager must be able to keep employees motivated throughout the project and ensure that things are accomplished accordingly. In most types of project, planning is important because things do not change much once the project starts but for software project, changes continue throughout the project because software product is an intangible product or \u201cBrain product\u201d therefore it requires more trainings, more experienced project manager than other projects.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 d\u00f9 d\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng, … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3543","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3543","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3543"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3543\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3544,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3543\/revisions\/3544"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3543"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3543"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3543"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}