{"id":3393,"date":"2013-07-20T08:44:34","date_gmt":"2013-07-20T01:44:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3393"},"modified":"2013-07-20T08:44:34","modified_gmt":"2013-07-20T01:44:34","slug":"lap-ke-hoach-du-an-phan-mem-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3393","title":{"rendered":"L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i: \u201cSao nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eabn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho ch\u00fang c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn r\u1ed3i?”<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed do l\u00e0m cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n phi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0ng trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m sai ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 nhau. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 n\u00e0o c\u00f9ng tham gia th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tri th\u1ee9c” ch\u1ee9 KH\u00d4NG l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadt l\u00ed” do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u00e1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u1edf trong \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u00e0o k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft ra t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 kh\u00e1c \u0111i; v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n mu\u1ed1n. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Trong \u201cc\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tri th\u1ee9c\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n, trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb, \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn, v\u00e0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tu\u00e2n theo m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra. Trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao vi\u1ec7c tham gia c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u1edbi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 m\u1ea5t bao l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m trong bao l\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n phi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u cho n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u00e1m l\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch g\u1ed1c, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i cho d\u00f9 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

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—English version—<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Planning a software project<\/p>\n

A software developer asked me: \u201cWhy so many software projects still failed although the project managers have planned them carefully?<\/p>\n

Answer: There are reasons that cause software projects to fail and most are depending on the project managers\u2019 skills. In non-software projects, the managers plan the projects but in software, planning is a team activity not individual. This is a common misconception in many training programs where people assume that all projects are the same. If the manager plans the software project himself without any team members participate then only he knows how the work must be done. Software is \u201cKnowledge work\u201d NOT \u201cPhysical work\u201d therefore it must be planned differently because it is impossible for team members to guess what is on project manager\u2019s head when he plans the project.<\/p>\n

Some people believe that if they write everything on project plan than it will be implemented as the way it is written. The fact is no matter how good is the writing, each team members may understand it differently; and their implementation may not be what the project managers want. Sometime team members may disagree with the plan and implement the way they think it should be done instead.<\/p>\n

In \u201cKnowledge work\u201d, the project manager needs to communicate, exchanges ideas, and obtains agreement on everything with team members. Managers cannot give direction, issue instructions, and expect developers to follow without questions and implement as they are written. In software, team members need to be involved in the planning of the tasks that they will have to do. Most developers are highly educated people, they are trained to do their works and know how to make the right decision on what is best for the project. That is why team\u2019s participation is important when it comes to determine what and how they should do things. They should be able to voice their opinion on how long would it take to complete their tasks rather be told of how much time that they have.<\/p>\n

In other non-software projects, the project plans do not change much so it is easy to implement accordingly. However, software projects often change and no matter how good you plan, no one can predict the future. The project plan will never reflect the reality because things will change therefore project plan must change too. If you stick with the original plan, you will fail. That is why people keep asking why so many software project failed even they have planned them carefully.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i: \u201cSao nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eabn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3393","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an","category-hoi-va-dap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3393","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3393"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3393\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3395,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3393\/revisions\/3395"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3393"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3393"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3393"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}