{"id":339,"date":"2013-06-18T22:35:44","date_gmt":"2013-06-18T15:35:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=339"},"modified":"2013-06-18T22:35:44","modified_gmt":"2013-06-18T15:35:44","slug":"bang-cap-cao-nhat-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=339","title":{"rendered":"B\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean vi\u1ebft cho t\u00f4i: \u201cTh\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u1edf M\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng. Em mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xin h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1m \u01a1n th\u1ea7y.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e1p: B\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 (Ph.D) l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0n l\u00e2m cao nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0n l\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng th\u1ea1c s\u0129, r\u1ed3i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 ngay khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec1u bao g\u1ed3m ba pha c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0n l\u00e2m. Pha th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u khi sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4n trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 qua k\u00ec thi vi\u1ebft, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u.” N\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf pha n\u00e0y, sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, sinh vi\u00ean b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng th\u1ea1c s\u0129. (N\u1ebfu sinh vi\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n.) Pha th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i qu\u00e3ng 2 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

Pha th\u1ee9 hai bao g\u1ed3m t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u trong \u0111\u00f3 sinh vi\u00ean l\u1ef1a ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 cho lu\u1eadn \u00e1n, t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng lu\u1eadn \u00e1n, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c M\u0129 g\u1ecdi lu\u1eadn v\u0103n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3 v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea1c s\u0129. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng lu\u1eadn \u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m n\u0103m th\u1ea7y c\u1ea5p cao trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m (ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn)v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean khoa b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i hay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.) M\u1ed9t khi sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c pha nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Pha th\u1ee9 hai th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i qu\u00e3ng 1 t\u1edbi 2 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

Pha th\u1ee9 ba hay nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ba t\u1edbi n\u0103m n\u0103m tu\u1ef3 theo ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho lu\u1eadn \u00e1n. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Khi c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadn \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng lu\u1eadn \u00e1n. Sinh vi\u00ean g\u1eedi n\u00f3 cho m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 l\u1eadp l\u1ecbch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn \u00e1n. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch m\u1eddi. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n minh ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ecdi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00eau ra. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hay d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thu th\u1eadp trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. M\u1ecdi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 trong pha th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n

S\u1ed1 n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u1edf M\u0129 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean theo ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 theo th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Th\u1eddi gian trung b\u00ecnh qu\u00e3ng 8 n\u0103m sau khi thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o trung b\u00ecnh 4 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, sinh vi\u00ean thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh ra qu\u00e3ng 12 n\u0103m hay h\u01a1n \u1edf trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u to\u00e0n th\u1eddi. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hay nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n

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—-English version—-<\/p>\n

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The highest degree<\/p>\n

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A student wrote to me: \u201cCan you explain about the doctorate program in the U.S. I would like to know more before applying. Thank you\u201d<\/p>\n

Answer: The doctorate degree (Ph.D) is the highest academic degree in college education. It is always awarded for independent research in particular academic\u2019s field of study. After complete a bachelor\u2019s degree, a student could continue to a Master degree program, then to a doctoral degree program. In some fields of study, it is possible to start a doctorate program immediately upon receiving a bachelor\u2019s.<\/p>\n

All doctoral programs involve three phases of academic work. The first phase involves the completion of required studies as student takes a numbers of course in a particular special area and passing a written examination, usually called “comprehensives.” If successful at this phase, the student is permitted to proceed with doctoral studies, called advancement to candidacy. If not, the student is dropped from the program. In some cases the student may earn a master’s degree. (If the student starts from the Bachelor\u2019s degree) The first phase is often lasted about 2 years.<\/p>\n

The second phase consists of a set of advanced studies during which the student selects a subject for the dissertation, creates a dissertation committee, and designs the research. The research has to be something new in a particular field. U.S education calls the doctoral thesis a dissertation to distinguish it from the Master\u2019s thesis. The dissertation committee usually consists of five senior faculties in the student’s research field, including the academic adviser and one member from outside department or from other university. (Note: To maintain the integrity and independent view.) Once the student has developed and presented a research design acceptable to the adviser and committee, the independent research phases begins. The second phase usually last about 1 to 2 years.<\/p>\n

The third phase or Independent research, including the writing of the dissertation can take from three to five years depending upon the topic selected and the research work necessary to prepare the dissertation. During this time the candidate establish the hypothesis, conduct research, gather data, validate data and discuss with the adviser on a frequent basis. When the academic adviser is convinced that the dissertation is of an acceptable standard, he will approve to put it before the dissertation committee. The student delivers it to all committee members to review and schedule the dissertation defense. The defense consists of an oral examination in depth before the committee and invited guests. During this time, the student must establish mastery of the subject matter, explain and justify the research findings, and answer all questions put by the committee. A successful defense results in the award of the degree.<\/p>\n

Some doctoral programs may include additional requirements such as fieldwork, evidence, practice, or data gather in the industry. All doctoral programs require that certain technical skills be mastered in the first phase, including mathematical and computer skills and other specialized professional competencies relevant to the field being studied.<\/p>\n

The number of years required to complete a U.S. doctorate vary by subject as well as the time required for the research. The average time is about 8 years after obtaining a bachelor’s degree. This means that, when added to the average of 4 years for a bachelor’s degree, a student who earn an doctorate have spent around 12 or more years in school as full-time students and researchers. Most people with a doctorate degree work as professors in university or research scientists in research laboratory.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean vi\u1ebft cho t\u00f4i: \u201cTh\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u1edf M\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng. Em mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-339","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loi-khuyen-cho-sinh-vien"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/339","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=339"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/339\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":340,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/339\/revisions\/340"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=339"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=339"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=339"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}